GUIZOT, gf"z8', FRANCOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME: French historian and statesman; b. at Nimes (32 m. w.s.w. of Avignon) Oct. 4, 1787; d. at Val-Richer, a former Augustinian monastery near Lisieux (35 m. e. of Caen), Sept. 12, 1874. He was descended from a family of Huguenot pastors. His father, an advocate of liberal views, having been guillotined during the Reign of Terror, he was taken by his mother to Geneva and educated there under her care. In 1805 he went to Paris to study law, but soon devoted himself to literature, and in 1812 became professor of history at the Sorbonne. He belonged to the school of doctrinaires, who sought to unite liberalism and conservatism and retain under a limited monarchy the liberties won by the Revolution. His lectures found an enthusiastic reception; but for this very reason they were soon prohibited. From 1830 to 1848 he devoted himself to politics and held various posts including that of minister of public instruction (1832-34), and that of premier (1840-48). He reformed the educational system of France from top to bottoM, introducing particularly valuable improvements in the primary and secondary schools. During the revolution of 1848 the popular indignation against him was so great that he sought safety in England. After his political fall he lived mostly in retirement and took an increasing interest in religious affairs. In 1852 he became president of the consistory, in which capacity he fought the liberals tooth and nail. Whether in the consistory, or the cabinet, or the professor's chair, he showed always the same firm and unyielding disposition. He was the chief support of orthodoxy in the Reformed Church in France and was largely responsible for the division of the Church which occurred at and after the Synod of 1872. He believed strongly in the necessity for authority and had no patience with criticism, either of religion or politics., F,W, him religion was above all, the sanction of order and authority. Hence his great admiration for the Roman Catholic Church.

Guizot was thoroughly unselfish and a man of unimpeachable integrity. Though he filled the highest political offices and as premier had the entire power of France in his hands, he died a poor man. It may be added that he took part in founding the Socidt6 Biblique in 1826, and the Soci&k de 1'Histoire du Protestantisme, 1857. A few of his most important works are: Histoire gfn&aL de la civilisation en Europe (Paris, 1828), and Histoire de la civilisation en France (5 vols., 1829-32), both translated into English by W. Hazlitt under the title, The History of Civilisation (3 vols., London, 1856); Histoire de la Rdvolution d'Angleterre (2 vols., 1826-27, extended to 6 vols., 1850-56; Eng. transl., 2 vols., Oxford, 1838; also transl. by W. Hazlitt, London, 1856);' Vie, correspondance et &rits de Washington (6 vols., 1839-40, Eng. transl., London, 1840); M�moiree pour servir d l'histoire de mon temps (8 vols., 1858-67; Eng. transl. in part, Memoirs to Illustrate the History of My Time, 4 vols., London, 1858-61); Llglise et la soci6tg chrétienne (1861; Eng. transl., The Christian Church and Society in 1861, London, 1861); Mdditations sun l'essence de la religion chrétienne (1864; Eng. transl., Meditations on the Essence of Christianity, London, 1864), subsequently supplemented; Les Vies de quartre granda ChrUiena françai8 (viol. i., 1868; Eng. transl., Saint Louis and Calvin, London, 1869); and L'Histoire de France . . . racontkx h mss petite-enfants (7 vols., 1870-79; Eng. transl., History of France . . . to the Year.1789, 8 vols., London, 1872-81). Other works of his have . ap-: peared under English titles, and illustrate the range of his activities, e.g.: Memoirs of George Monk, Duke of Albemarle (London, 1838); Democracy and its Mission (1848); On the Causes and Success of the English Revolution of 16.¢0-1888 (1850); Essay on the Hist. of the Origin of Representative Government (1852); The Fine Arts, their Nature and Relations (1853); Hist. of England (3 vols.,

1877-79). His Life of Oliver Cromwell (1854 and often) is an extract from his " History of the Eng lish Revolution."

(C. Fender.)

Bibliography: Henriette de Witt, Guizot daps sa famine et avec sea amis, Paris, 1880, Eng transl., Guizot in Private Life, London, 1$$0 (by big dgllfty)i D. 01arle, The Life and Writings of M. Guizot, Boston, 1875; J. F. Simon, Mors, Guizot, RJmusat Paris, 1885; C. A. SainteBeuve, Essays on Men and Women, London, 1890; A. BardOux, Guixot, Paris, 1894.