GRUSCHA, grfi'ahd, ANTON JOSEF: Roman Catholic cardinal; b. at Vienna, Austria, Nov. 3, 1820. After the completion of his studies he was in charge of various parishes and instructor in religion at the Theresianum gymnasium of his native city. He was then cathedral preacher and for many years was the confessor of the Archduchess Sophie. In 1863 he was appointed professor of pastoral theology at the University of Vienna and fifteen years later was made apostolic chaplain of the Austrian army and consecrated titular bishop of Carrhae. In 1890 he was enthroned prince archbishop of Vienna, and in the following year was created cardinal priest of Santa Maria degli Angeli. Throughout his life he has been deeply interested in the cause of the working men, and is a member of the Roman Congregations of the Propaganda, Index, Discipline, and Indulgences.

GRYNAEUS, gri-nf'us (GRYNER): A family of Swabian origin which produced several celebrated Reformed theologians.

1. Simon Gryn us was born at Vehringen (40 m. s. of Stuttgart), Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 1493; d. at Basel Aug. 1, 1541. He studied at Pforzheim and at the University of Vienna and became professor of Latin (1524) and of Greek (1526) at Heidelberg. In 1529 he was summoned to Basel to succeed Era-emus, who had left the city upon the introduction of the Reformation. Delay in the reorganization of the university, which was not effected till 1531, afforded him opportunity for a journey to England, where he was entrusted by Henry VIII. with the task of obtaining the sanction of the Reformed theologians to the king's desired divorce from Catherine of Aragon. This favorable attitude to Henry's plans, which he shared with the majority of Swiss theologians, he was induced to change by the influence of Butzer. After the death of (Ecolampadius in 1531 Grynaeus refused to contend with Myconius for the post of antistes of the church in Basel, but received in addition to his chair in Greek the appointment of extraordinary professor in theology, in which capacity he delivered lectures on New Testament exegesis. In 1534 he was entrusted by Duke Ulrich of Württemberg with the establishment of the Reformation in his territories and the reorganization of the University of Tübingen. In 1536 he took part in the drawing up of the so-called First Helvetic (Second Basel) Confession and in 1540 was the only Swiss represent-

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ative at the Conference of Worms. He died of the plague in the following year. Grynwus was one of the greatest scholars of his time; in Greek especially few were his rivals. As a theologian he die` tinguished himself by his broad knowledge, clear insight, and repugnance for controversy.

2. Johann Jakob Grynaus, grandnephew of Simon, was born at Bern Oct. 1, 1540; d. at Basel Aug. 13, 1617. He studied at the universities of Basel and Tübingen, and in 1565 succeeded his father in the pastorate at Rotelen near Basel, whence he went to the city, in 1575, as professor of the Old Testament at the university. At this time he definitely abandoned his Lutheran views on the Eucharist. In 1584 he was entrusted by the Elector Palatine John Casimir with the reorganization of the University of Heidelberg, but returned to Basel in 1586 as successor to Sulzer in the post of antiates of the church. Connected with this office were the duties of pastor at the cathedral, president of the city clergy, archdeacon of the territory of Basel, and professor of theology at the university. In the internal history of the church at Basel his administration is important as marking the downfall of the movement toward Lutheranism fostered by Sulzer and the assimilation of the doctrines of the church of Basel with that of the other Swiss churches. The Basel Confession of 1534, set aside by Sulzer, was reissued by Gryneeus in 1590. Blindness, which overtook him in 1612, did not prevent him from continuing his duties as pastor and professor.

S. Johann Grynteus (1705-44) was an Orientalist of note and one of the founders of the Frey-Grynwan Institute at Basel.

4. Simon Grynteus (1725-99), the last of the name, is known as a translator of antideistic writings from French and English, and as the author of a Bible version in the taste of his time (Basel,

1776).

(R. Stähelin†.)

Bibliography: 1. The Literce, with an index of the works of Simon Gryneaue, were edited by G. T. Streuber, Basel, 1847, who in the Baaler Taechsnbwh for 1853 wrote a sketch of the life. Consult also R. Thommen, Geschichte der Un4veradfSt Basel 16,2-IB32, Basel, 1889.

2. The EgiatoLca f omiliaree of J. J. Grynarus, ed. 8. A.

Apinus, appeared Frankfort, 1715; a Vita, by J. J. and H. a Brun, gathered from his own. writings, was published Basel, 1818. Consult K. R. Hgenbach, Hr%tieche Geschichte . . . der crates Basler Confession, pp. 137-158, Basel 1827; idem, Die theologische Schule Bawl&, pp. 1617, ib.1880; R. Thommen, utsup., pp. 117-131.