Henry of Ghent

HENRY OF CLAIRVAUX: Abbot of Clairvaux, cardinal bishop of Albano; b. at Marcy, near Cluny; d. at Arras Jan. 1, 1189. He joined the Cistercians at Clairvaux in 1156, and was made abbot of the monastery in 1176. He had already taken part in an undertaking against the Cathari (see New Manicheans, II.). In compliance with his request, he was called to attend the council of 1179, and against his expectation was made a cardinal there. He took part in 1181 in the campaign against the Cathari, in which the fortress Lavour was taken. Finally he was active in bringing about the third crusade. Through his efforts a reconciliation took place between the Emperor Frederick I. and Archbishop Philip of Cologne, as well as between the kings of England and France. At the "Tag Gottes," at Mainz in 1188, he finally induced the Emperor Frederick to take the cross. He did not live to see the beginning of the crusade. His importance in church history rests on the fact that he favored ardently the use of force and all worldly power to extirpate heresy, and helped to make them an essential factor in church policy.

S. M. Deutsch.

Bibliography: His letters and fragments of a work are

given in MPL, ociv. 215-402; other notices are found in the Chronioon Claraevallense, MPL, elaaxv. 1247-52. Consult: Histoire littéraire de la Prance, xiv. 451-462; H. Reuter, Geschichte Aleaanders 111 ., vol. iii., Leipsic, 1864; W. von Giesebreeht, Geschichte der deutecAtenKaiser wit, vols. v., vi., Brunswick, 1874; KL, v. 1701-03.

HENRY OF GHENT, (called in Latin, Henricus a Gandavo, Henricus Gandavensis, Henricus Mudanus; and sometimes Hendrik Goethals): Archdeacon of Tournai; b. at Mude (a village near Ghent) about 1217; d. either at Paris or at Tournai (35 m. s.w. of Ghent) 1293. In 1276 he was a famous teacher in Paris, where he held a disputation on do quolibet, and in 1277-78 he was archdeacon of Tournai. These are the only certain data concerning him, although medieval historians and Servite authors add many unauthentic details. It is not probable that he was a member of a mendicant order, since he sided with the secular clergy in the controversy concerning the right of these orders to hear confession. As shown by his works, the QuodlZeta and the Summa theologise, he was a realist and a Platonist, if such a atatemen tmay be made of one who scarcely knew Plato in the original and thought that the tenets of Plato and Aristotle were essentially the same. Though ranked among the great scholastics and much read, he never founded a school.

(R. Schmid.)

Bibliography: F. Huet, Recherehes historiques s ur la vie . de Henri de Gand . . . , Ghent, 1838; K. Werner,

Hsanrich von Gent, sin Reprdmntant des christlichen Pla tonismus, Vienna, 1878; F. Ehrle, in Archiv fear Litteratur and Kirchenpeachuhte des Mittelalters, vol. i., 1885; H. Delehaye, Nouvelles recherches sur Henri de Gand, Ghent, 1886; A. Wauters. Sur les documents apop Vphea qui con csrnaient Henri de Gand, Brussels, 1888.