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GOOD, JAMES ISAAC: German Reformed; b. at York, Pa., Dec. 31, 1850. He was educated at Lafayette College (B.A., 1872) and Union Theological Seminary (1872-75). He was pastor of Heidelberg Reformed Church, York, Pa. (1875-

1877), Heidelberg Reformed Church, Philadelphia (1877-90); Calvary Reformed Church, Reading, Pa., (1890-05). He was connected with Ur einus College, Philadelphia, first as professor of church history from 1890 to 1893, and then as pro fessor of dogmatics and pastoral theology and dean of the school of theology from 1893 to 1897. Since 1907 he has been professor of Reformed Church history in Central Theological Seminary, Tiffin, O. In theology his position is conservative and positive. He has written Origin of the Re formed Church of Germany (Reading, Pa., 188?); Rambles around Reformed Lands (1889); History of the Reformed Church of Germany (1894); History of the Reformed Church in the United States (1899); Famous Women of the Reformed Church (Philadelphia, 1902); and Famous Missionaries of the Reformed Church (1903).

GOOD TEMPLARS. See Total Abstinence.

GOOD WORKS.

Ethnic and Jewish Conception (§ 1).
The Teaching of Jesus (§ 2).
Pauline Teaching (§ 3).
Patriotic and Roman Catholic Doctrine (§ 4).
In the Eastern Church (§ 5).
The Teaching of Luther and Melanchthon (§ 6).
Modern Lutheran Teaching (§ 7).
Roman Catholic Doctrine Criticised (§ 8).

1. Ethnic and Jewish Conception

tiona that the "table of good works" and Jewish might be written upon and the " table Conception. of sine " destroyed. The former table is identical with the "table of life" upon which Nebo registers man's length of life.

In the Egyptian religion Thoth corresponds to this writing god, the heart of the dead is weighed in a scale and Thoth notes the result. The dead man puts in a claim, for example, for charity, "I have given bread to the hungry, water to the thirsty, clothes to the naked, and passage to those without ship." The Greek conception of the judgment of the dead was influenced by the Babylonians (cf. L. Rub], De mortuorum judicio, Giessen, 1903). In the Zoroastrian eschatology the conceptions, good thoughts, good words, good works, are important (see Zoroaster, Zoroastrianism). These accom pany the soul in its flight to heaven. At the judgment of the dead good works are weighed against bad works. Here may be found the idea of a treas ury of superfluous good works and that works of pity are decisive. These ideas probably had an influence upon the Jewish religion. Their influence upon Islam is well known. These parallel features are especially noteworthy: books of good and bad works, the' weighing of them, and emphasis on works of pity. God accepts repentance. Faith and good works moat follow in order to drive away former evil (J. B. Ruling, Eschotologie des Islam, pp. 18-25, Leipsic, 1895). In the Jewish religion ma'oaim forum, "good works," are frequently men tioned along with mizwoth, "fulfilment of the law."

Ma'aseh signifies the practical fulfilment of the law, and comes neat to its study, and might include the conception of mizwoth. It was not limited to the giving of alms and acts of kindness. It can not be

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maintained that all good works of these two sorts were regarded as extralegal (cf. Deut. xv. 7 sqq.). But although they were commanded by the law, the measure and degree in which they were to be performed were left'to individual initiative. The idea of `deeds=-ofleiselaes~tc~e ~asadhim3first appears in Ecclesiasticus and Tobit; these acts relate to the dead, mourners, the sick, strangers, and prisoners, and are dependent upon personal motive. They have justifying and atoning power. They are written down in books in heaven, and on the judgment day God opens the books and judges accordingly (Jubilees, xxx. 19 sqq.). Another conception is that of the garnering up of good works. On the judgment day they "awake" (IV Ezra. vii. 35, 77). In Pirke Aboth iv . lla, vi. 9b, good works are represented as companions of the departing soul and witnesses in his favor before the judgment seat. The idea sometimes appears of the superfluity of the good works of the Fathers being vicariously accredited to Israel (IV Ezra 8, 26 sqq.).

On the expression kala or agatha ergs., which occurs in the New Testament first in Matt. v. 16, cf. H.

Cremer, Wbrterbuch der neutestament-

2. The lichen Grdcitat (Gotha, 1902), and Teaching of Zahn, Das Evangelium deg Matthdus,

Jesus. p. 203 (Leipsic, 1905). The image of a

"treasure in Heaven" is used also by Jesus (Matt. vi. 20), who retains the conceptions relating to the reward for good works. The image of bookkeeping with reference to good works appears in Rev. xx. 12; that of the companionship of good works in Rev. xiv. 13. Jesus' criticism of the righteousness of good works is aimed at the Presumption of claiming credit with God, at the confusion of the distinction between moral and ritualistic works, at the increasing of the necessary number of good works to an intolerable degree, and at the pride and love of glory accompanying it. The Jews commonly associated almsgiving, prayer, and fasting as types of good works. Jesus approved of fasting as an expression of a sorrowful mood, but not as a means of purification. He emphasized the importance of words as indications of the character of the spirit (Matt. xii. 36-37), but he also praised the doing of the will of God in contrast to the mere utterance of words (Matt. vii. 21, xxi. 28 sqq.). He taught also that only those acts of love are good that arise from adequate motives (Matt. xxv. 37 sqq.). In Luke x. 20 he uses the old image of a book of life, meaning that his disciples had cOnfeseed God and been chosen to salvation.

Paul was not only a man of deep religious feeling, but an active character and an ethical genius.

It is an exaggeration to assert that 3. Pauline his denial of justification by works Teaching. meant an alienation from works (A.

Sehlatter, Der G laube im N. T., pp. 327 sqq., 381 sqq., Stuttgart, 1905). Paul opposes the doctrine that man may demand recompense from God for doing that which God has bidden him do. It is impiety from the standpoint of the religion of salvation and faith in Christ. He opposes to the Jewish formula, " works and faith," the principle " out of faith alone." Faith is trust in .the grace of God, which alone brings salvation and would no longer be grace if the principle "by works" were valid. The sole efficacy of predestined grace is lauded in Rom. xi. 6; its relation to works in Eph. ii. 9-10. Paul certainly valued highly the activity of Christians in works, which, religiously considered, is nothing less than God's "good works." The saving power of good works arises from the fact that at the judgment decision will be based upon them. This seems contradictory of the doctrine of justification by faith alone. It will not do to regard the former of these views as a mere survival in Paul of a Jewish mode of thought., Paul not only felt that Christ was producing all those heroic works which he, Paul, was able to do through love of Christ, but he also recognized in himself freedom, power, and responsibility. He was filled with the spirit of selfsacrifice and joy because he was able to do something for the love of Christ, for which he hoped to receive not " reward "from Christ, but favor and friendly recognition. Faith in Christ as judge because of his "meekness and gentleness" (II Cor. x. 1) made the idea of man's hoping in his littleness to deserve anything of God because of his works seem less presumptuous. The ethical conception that salvation must be dependent upon activity, responsibility, and duty was developed in Paul's mind by the idea of the atonement. The pastoral letters mention frequently the idea of good works, which then passed into church doctrine and terminology. While these letters do not contain the phrase " faith and works," they do contain the phrase " faith and love."

For the evolution of the idea of justification by works see Justification. The best material bearing on the common postapostolic view of 4. Patristic good work is presented in A. Titius, and Roman Die neutestamentliche Lehre von der

Catholic Seligkeit, vol. iv., chap. iv. (Tübingen, Doctrine. 1900). For the apostolic fathers, E. J.

Goodspeed, Index patristicus (Leipsic, 1907) is valuable. Their ethicism is currently explained as due to Jewish influence. The significance of Tertullian, Cyprian, and Augustine for the Roman Catholic doctrine of good works is very great (see Justification). Augustine's De ,fide et operibus established in the Church Paul's doctrine of " faith which worketh by love " (Gal. v. 6). The specific Roman Catholic combination of a religion of salvation and a religion of justice began after the time of Tertullian to be formed by means of an elastic and complicated conception of Merit (q.v.). The thesis of Augustine that God crowns as human desert his own gifts of grace made the combination possible. The scholastics treat many problems relative to this subject not under the title of bona opera, " good works," but under actus humani, "human activities," as belonging to ethics. As they recognized seven principal virtues, seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, and as especially good acts, eight evangelical beatitudes, so also they counted seven corporal and seven spiritual works of charity. The corporal were the Jewish "deeds of kindness" (Lactantius, Epitome, Ix.; Augustine, De moribm ecclesim catholicce, xxvii.). These works of pity especially, but also the other categories mentioned, are still important in the Roman Church. The prevailing,

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external, reward-hungry doctrine of the Middle Ages was undermined by mystics like Bernard, Eckhart, and Tauler (qq.v.). The Tridentine council defended the "regard for reward" (see Reward) and the fear of hell and judgment. Christ is not only the Savior whom one should trust, but the lawgiver whom one must obey. The Gospel is not a bare and unconditioned promise of eternal life without the requirement of observing the commands of God and of the Church. As works of satisfaction are mentioned " fasting, works of charity, prayer, and other exercises of the spiritual life." The point of view is not alone that of the observance of the, commandments. Good works are regarded also as sufferings with Christ (Rom. viii. 17), as war with the flesh; and especially noteworthy is the connection with Johannean mysticism. The current Roman Catholic doctrine of good works may be sketched briefly as follows: even a man who has committed a sin deserving of death may perform naturally good works, which, although they will not bring him to Heaven, " are very useful in obtaining from the Divine pity the grace of conversion, and in winning temporal reward or avoiding temporal punishment " (Katholischer Katechismus für das Apostolische Vikariat im Königreiche Sachsen, p. 89). The commands of God and of the Church, the performance of which will win Heaven for the doer, are to hear mass, to fast, to confess and partake of the communion, to pay church tithes, and not to marry at forbidden times. To the question, which works . are especially recommended by the Bible, the catechism quoted, p. 90, mentions prayer, fasting, and almsgiving, in which are included all works of reverence, mortification, and love of neighbors. A great theological-ethical tradition beginning with Augustine lies back of the doctrine of the catechism that. God " especially regards the good intention, through which even with slight works we may obtain great reward of God." The good intention should be awakened every morning with prayer; to renew it frequently through the day increases the merit. A good intention that does not coincide with the proper aim and direction of a good work adds a new species of goodness to the good work, makes it doubly good. An alms, an action or suffering of anything irksome, is spoken of as being "brought as a sacrifice" to God. The good intention then makes doubly good the deed good in itself. The awakening of the good intention is an act of explicit love of God. The acts of faith and hope also should frequently be awakened. These three theological virtues are, together with sanctifying grace, an inpoured ornament of the soul disposing to a fulness of good works. It is evident how great is the number of possible good works. The Catholic needs many of them not only to obtain merit in order to attain blessedness, but also as acts of penance in order to escape temporal punishment for his sins. The acts of penance imposed by the confessor (prayer, fasting, and alms) must be supplemented by voluntary deeds, which avail to help the poor soul suffering the fires of purgatory.

In the Eastern Church the spirit of an Augustine has been lacking to lead the way beyond the formula

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