GRATRY, grd"trf', AUGUSTE JOSEPH ALPHONSE: French Roman Catholic; b. at Lille Mar. 30,1805; d. at Montreux (14 m. s.e. of Lausanne) Feb. 6,1872. He was educated at the college of his native city, at the Acole Polytechnique, and at the College Stanislas, Paris. Entering the priesthood at Strasburg, he was successively professor at the Catholic seminary there (1832-42), director of the College Stanislas (1842-47), and almoner of the Itcole Normale (1847-52). He was decorated with the order of the Legion of Honor in 1845. In 1852, with Abby Petetot, he established anew the Oratory of the Immaculate Conception, and devoted himself chiefly to the education of Parisian youth till 1869, when his connection with Pyre Hyacinths and the International League of Peace forced him to retire from the Oratory. He was appointed vicar-general to the bishop of Orléans in 1861, and professor of morals at the Sorbonne in 1863, and elected a member of the Academy in 1867. During the Vatican Council he published four letters against the doctrine of papal infallibility, but accepted the dogma when it was promulgated. His principal works are: Coors de philosophic (6 vols., Paris, 1855-57); Les Sources, coraseils pour la conduits de l'esprit (2 vols., 18612); La Philosophie du credo (1861); La Paiz (1861); Ctrmmentaire sur l'Evangite selon saint Matthieu (2 vols., 1863-65); Les Saphistes et la critique (1864); Jesus-Christ. Mponse h M. Renan (1864; Eng. transl., London, 1868); and La Morale et la lai de l'histoire (2 vols., 1868).

Bibliography: Besides Gratry's (Euvrea poathumea, aouvenira de ma jeunesae, Paris, 1874, consult: B. Chauvelot, Le Pyre Graft, Paris, 1862; A. L. A. Perraud, Le Pyre Gratry; sea derniera 9oura, Paris, 1872, Eng. transl., Last Days of Pyre Gratry, London, 1872; E. Peyrat, Le Pyre Gratry, Paris, 1890; A. Chauvin, La Pyre Gratry, ib. 1901; Lichtenberger, ESR, v. 865-674.

GRAU, RUDOLF FRIEDRICH: German Lutheran; b. at Heringen-on-the-Z'ferra (4 m. a.e. of Nordhausen), Hesse, Apr. 20, 1835; d. at Königsberg Aug. 5, 1893. He studied at Leipsic under Liebner and Kahnis, under Hofmann at Erlangen, and under A. F. C. Vilmar at Marburg. After being a private tutor from 1857 to 1860, he returned to Marburg, fast as lecturer and then (1861) as privatdocent. In 1865 he was made professor extraordinary, but in 1866 was called to Königsberg as ordinary professor of New Testament exegesis. He also lectured occasionally on dogmatics and apologetics, and was an admirable speaker upon subjects outside his official sphere.

In harmony with the influence of Hofmann and Vilmar, Grau's theological position was decidedly Lutheran, and he emphasized it by entering the Lutheran Union of his province and by his active association, both personally and by correspondence, with the leading Lutheran theologians of his day. In this same spirit he took a warm interest in American Lutheranism, although he was not in entire sympathy with the conservatism of the latter body. His Lutheranism was far more practical than dogmatic in character, and throughout his activity the apologetic defense of Christian belief against the hostile tendencies of the period found frequent presentation in his writings.

Grau's writings fall into two categories, apolo-

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getic and exegetic, the former being both the more numerous and the more important. Here belongs his Semiten and Indogermanen, eine Apologie des Christentums vom, Standpunkte der VolkerpsYchoWie (Stuttgart, 1864), in which he assailed Renan's view that the Semites were an inferior race, and emphasized the Biblical presentation of the monotheism of the Semitic stock. This work was, in a certain sense, continued and supplemented in his Ursprunge and Ziele unserer Kulturentwickdung (Gütersloh 1875; Eng. transl., by Sir M. Williams under the title of Goal of the Human Race, London, 1892),which emphasized the importance of the Hamites as a leading factor in the ancient culture-history of mankind, while at the same time the "Hamitization of Rome and the Roman spirit" at the end of the republic and during the empire was emphasized as a warning precedent for certain tendencies of modern times. He likewise wrote numerous minor apologetic essays, chiefly in the Beweis des Glaubens, of which he became associate editor at its establishment in 1865. Among these essays special mention may be made of his Ueber den Glauben als die h6ehste Vernunft (1865); Der Glaube als die wahre Lebensphilosophie (1881); Das Geheimnis der Judenfrage (1881); Ueber J. G. Hamanas Stellung zu Religion and Christentum (1888); and Einem unbekannten Gott (1889). Many of his later essays express considerable bitterness against modern theology especially of Ritschl's school.

Grau's first exegetical work was his Zur Einfuhrung in das Schrifttum des NeuenTestaments (Stuttgart, 1868), which was fully developed in his F,ntwickelungSgeschichte des neutestamentlichen Schrifttums (2 v ols., 1871). These were followed by his Bxblische Theologie des Neuen Testaments (Nördlingen, 1883; 3d ed., 1889) and Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu (1887). During the final years of his fife Grau began a more comprehensive work on the theology of the Old Testament, but only a fragment appeared after his death under the title of Das Volk Gottes und sein Gesetz (Gütersloh, 1894). He likewise wrote several briefer monographs on Old Testament themes, and prepared two works for a more general circle of readers. In collaboration with other scholars, he edited a New Testament Bibelwerk für die Gemeinde (2 vols., Bielefeld, 1887-1880; 2d ed., 1889-90), to which he himself contributed the exegesis of Matthew, John, the two Epistles to the Corinthians, and Revelation. Two years before his death appeared Luther, Katechismus erkldrt aus biblischer Theologie (Gütersloh, 1891).

(O. Zöckler†.)

Bibliography: C. W. von Kugelpn, Rudolf Grau, ein

akademischer 'e-e der dutkeriechen Kirche, Munich 1894; O. Zöckler, in Beweia dea Gtaubew, 1893, pp. 357-370.