Grammont, Order of

GRAFTON, CHARLES CHAPMAN: Protestant Episcopal bishop of Fond du Lao; b. at Boston Apr. 12, 1830. He studied theology under Bishop W. R. Whittingham of Maryland, and was ordered deacon in 1855 and ordained priest three years later. He was assistant at Reisterstown, Md., and a city missionary in Baltimore, Md., from 1855 to 1858, and curate of St. Paul's, Baltimore, as well as chaplain of the Maryland Deaconesses, from 1858 to 1865. He was rector of* the Church of the Advent, Boston, from 1872 to 1888, and in the following year was consecrated bishop of Fond du Lao. While in England from 1865 to 1872 he helped to establish the Society of St. John the Bap tist, popularly known as Cowley Fathers, and also founded a community of the English St. Margaret's Sisterhood in Boston in 1888, in addition to estab lishing the mother house of the Sisters of the Holy Nativity at Providence, R. I., in the same year. He is one of the leaders of the High-church school in America, and has written Vocation, or Call of the Divine Master to a Sister's Life (New York, 1889); Plain Suggestions for a Reverent Celebration of the Holy Communion (1897); Christian and Catholic (1905); and A Catholic Atlas, or, Digest of Catholic Theology (1908).

GRAMMONT, grü"man' (GRANDMONT), ORDER OF (known also as Boni Homines, q.v.): One of the chief orders of the latter part of the eleventh century. Its founder, Stephan, was born in Auvergne in 1046. He was educated for the religious life by his kinsman, Bishop Milo of Benevento, and from 1070 to 1074 resided in Rome. His petition to. be permitted to establish - religious order was refused by Alexander II. on aceG int of Stephan's youth. In 1073, however, Gregory VII. granted his request, and Stephan returned to France, where he built a little but of boughs iii Muret, a desolate spot in Auvergne, near Limoges where he lived according to the strict Calabrian rule. For several years his asceticism found few imitators, but gradually the fame of his sanctity led many to submit to his guidance, although he refused the title of master or abbot and called himself simply "corrector." After his death, Feb. 8, 1124, the home of the community was fixed on the mountain Grandmont a few miles northeast of Limoges, to which Stephan used to retire for prayer. Hence the name was given to the order.

The bull of Gregory VII. empowered Stephan only to establish an order on the Benedictine rule, yet he seems to have made certain additions from other monastic institutions in so far as he considered them advisable. In 1143 Stephan de Lisiac, the third successor of the founder, reduced to writing the regulations which hitherto had been trans mitted only by word of mouth. Under him the order had more than sixty houses, especially in Aquitaine, Anjou, and Normandy. The eighth prior, Ademar de Friac, drew up a new rule of extreme severity which was confirmed by Innocent III. It was not until the, seventeenth century that the forty-second prior, G. Bary, mitigated this rule, but after that time a strict Observantine division separated from the main order under the leadership of Charles Fr6mont. From its very beginning the order contained more lay brothers than regulars, and thus fell a prey to internal schism and decay. Limited throughout its history to France, it suc cumbed to the storms of the Revolution. The habit was a black cassock with a scapular and a pointed hood. Toward the end of the thirteenth century the order also comprised three nunneries.

(O. Zöckler� .)

Bibliography: The "Rule" wen published at Rouen, 1671. Sources are: J. Lev6que, Annalas ordinis Grandimontenais, Troyes, 1662; the Vita of the founder, by Gerald Itherii, with comment, is in ASB, Feb., ii. 199212, and in MPL, cciv. 1006-48. Consult: C. Fr& mont, La Vie, la mort et Us miracles de S. thenne, Dijon, 1647; H. de la Marche de Peruse, La Vie do S. 96enns, Paris, 1704; Helyot, Ordres monastiques. vii. 406 sqq., 470-493; Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, i. 415-417; KL, v. 990-993; Carrier. ttrimss. PP. 150-152.