5. The Reformed Church

In the Reformed Church the doctrine of grace is closely connected with that of predestination. With Calvin as well as with Zwingli it originated undoubtedly in the relig- ious interest of the certainty of sa.lvation, but it follows from the doctrine of salvation only under the condition that there is a concurrent attempt at a metaphysical explanation of the general divine world-rule. But if thought be concentrated upon the fact that God's grace is not his all-effective will in general, but that will which is manifest and effective in Christ and directed toward salvation, there is no need of ex plaining the reality and power of grace by meta physical constructions and of representing its effectiveness otherwise than as a personal manifes tation of will, which changes and influences another personal will.

(O. Kirn.)

Bibliography: On the Biblical conception consult: W. Beysohleg, Neon Testament Theology, 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1895; H. Schultz, Old Testament Theology. 2 vols., ib. 1895; DB, ii. 254-257; Lichtenberger, ESR, v. 64b-663. On the dogmatic conception, besides the works on systematic theology, consult: C. E. Luthardt, Du Lehrs von freien Willen und seinem VerhBIMiaa our Gnade, Leip sic, 1863; F. WSrter, Die duyatl4che Lehre von Onade and Freiheit, vol. i., Freiburg, 1856; idem, Be%trnge our Dogmengesch%chte des Sem%peiayianismus, Paderborn, 1898; H. Reuter, Aupuatinasche Studien. Gotha, 1887; H. Schultz, Der a%ttliche Begrifj des Yerdienetea and scene Anurendung auf das VeratBndniea des Werkes Christi, to TSK, Ltvii (1894), 1-50, 245-314, 554-614.