GOUGH, gef, JOHN BARTHOLOMEW: Congregational layman and temperance advocate; b. at Sandgate (14 m. s. of Canterbury), Kent, England, Aug. 22, 1817; d. at Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 18, 1886. When twelve years of age he emigrated to the United States and worked on a farm in Oneida County, N. Y., for two years. He then went to New York City, where he secured employment in the bookbindery of the Methodist Book Concern. He ultimately saved enough to bring his mother and sister to the United States. The family became reduced to poverty, however, and after the death of his mother in 1834 Gough began to drink heavily. In 1842 he was induced to sign the pledge, and quickly gained prominence as an advocate of total abstinence. Within two years he twice violated his pledge, but his earnest endeavors to keep it retained public confidence, and he became widely and favorably known as a temperance lecturer. In 1853-55 and again in 1857-60 he lectured in Great Britain under the auspices of the Scottish Temperance Association and the British Temperance Association. After his return to the United States he lectured on other than temperance topics, although he retained to the last his keen interest in the cause of total abstinence and frequently spoke in its behalf. He wrote Avtobwgraphy (London, 1846); Orations (1854); Autobiography and Personal Recollections (Springfield, Mass., 1869); Temperance Lectures (New York, 1879); Sunlight and Shadow: or, Gleanings from my Life Work (London, 1881); and Platform Echoes (Hartford, Conn., 1886; edited in the following year by Lyman Abbott, with a memoir of the author).

GOULART, gu"ldr', SIMON: French Reformed theologian and poet; b. at Senlis (32 m. n.n.e. of Paris) Oct. 20, 1543; d. at Geneva Feb. 3, 1628. He first studied law, then adopted the Reformed faith and became one of the pastors at Geneva (1566). He was called to Antwerp, to Orange, to Montpellier, and Nimes as minister, and to Lausanne as professor, but. the Genevese magistrates always refused to part with him. In 1595 he spoke violently of Gabrielle d'Estr6es, the favorite of Henry IV., in a sermon and was therefore put in prison by order of the Council of Geneva, but after eight days he was released, although the French am bassador had required a more severe punishment. He wrote a number of books on history and theology (for full list cf. Lichtenberger, ESR, v. 639 641), the most important being his additions to Crespin's Histoire ales Martyrs (Geneva, 1608); Recueil contenant les ehoses les plus m6morables advenues sows la Ligue (6 vols., 1590-99); RReueil des chows m6morables soul le regne de Henri 11. (1598).

Eugene Choisy.

Bibliography: P. E. Godet, Hist. litE_raires de la Suisse française, Paris, 1889; V. Rossel, Hist. littéraire de la Suisse romande, 2 vols., Geneva, 1889-91; E. Choisy, L'Ptat chrAtien h Gen~ve, ib. 1902.