CHARACTER: The composite of definite moral and personal traits which serves to distinguish an individual and to mark the type to which he belongs. Morality is essentially a matter of will, and thus of free agency. The will is, therefore, closely associated with character; but it exists, in the true sense of the word only in so far as it is free and accepts the new modification voluntarily, instead of possessing it by nature, or being constrained to it by external influences. The criterion of character, in Kantian phrase, is " not what nature makes of man, but what man makes of himself." Character must, therefore, differ essentially from the original disposition of man. The different forces and im-

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4? RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Ctuirtisaa Christmas carry the Gospel to the people outside the church building, working in harmony with the pastor. To carry this idea into effect, he founded the German Evangelistic Union, in conjunction with Bernstorff and Piickler. He purchased in Bonn a disused Presbyterian chapel with a large house at tached, and turned it into a training-school for evangelists. After his death the institution was transferred to Barmen, where there was thought to be a wider field for its work. He was also an en thusiastic advocate of foreign missions, and in 1874, with Warneck, founded the Allgemeine Mis sionszeitschr%ft, in which moat of his writings on missionary topics first appeared. The best known of these is Der gegenxnartige Stayed der evartgel%schen Fleidenmission (Giitersloh, 1879; Eng. transl., London, 1880). Another of his numerous works which was translated into English was his sharp arraignment of England for permitting and even encouraging the opium traffic, Der %ndobritische Opiumhandel and seine W%rkungen (1878; Eng. transl., London, 1879). (E. Sacsssu.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Zum (JcdBchCniae Theodor ChriatLieba, Bonn, 1889; Mrs. T. C6riatlieb, Theodor CAriatlieb of Bonn, London, 1892 (by his widow).