COCHLAEUS (DOBftECg, WEftDELSTINUS), JOHANNES: Roman Catholic controversialist; b. at Wendelatein (near Schwabach, 9 m. s.s.w. of Nuremberg), in Middle Franconia, Jan. 10, 1479; d. at Breslau Jan. 10, 1552. He was the son of a peasant, and began his studies comparatively late. He first studied in Nuremberg, where Heinrich Grieninger, a humanist, was teacher of poetics. In 1504 he entered the University of Cologne where Count Hermann von Neuenar, Ulrich von Hutten, and other humanists were his associates. He also was on intimate terms with Carl von Miltitz who later became papal chamberlain. From 1510 till 1515 he taught at St. Sebald in Nuremberg and edited several of his manuals, which were highly esteemed. During the years 1515-19 he traveled in Italy as tutor to three nephews of WI1li'bald Pirkheimer. Here the laxity of morals and lack of religious zeal confirmed a dislike already formed for Italian and Roman affairs. Although repelled by scholastic theology, he studied with great zeal the Bible, Origen, Chrysostom, and Augustine, and, in 1517, acquired the degree of doctor of theology at Ferrara. At Rome he was consecrated priest and appointed deacon of the Church of Our Beloved Lady at Frankfort-on-theMain. On his return to Germany he was inclined to side with Luther, but changed his mind to retain good relations with the episcopal court of Mainz and with Hieronymus Aleander of Worms, who applied to him personally for the purpose of

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Oom>~n~ 8eUrion THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG

There are three orders of membership. The first, the novitiate or outer order, consists of those who receive the faith, but choose to live in their own families. The second or junior g, organ- order is composed of those who, being isstiem and under no charges or bonds to prevent

Govern- their living in community, choose to went. enjoy the 'benefits of that situation without entering into full member ship. They retain the title to their property, though they may give the use of it for the time to the family. The third order is made up of those who become full members and dedicate themselves permanently to the society. Should such mem bers afterward withdraw, they take nothing away as a matter of right, but in practise " no person who withdraws peaceably is sent away empty." The government of the community is vested in a ministry composed of four elders, two of each sex. Of the several ministries, that of Mt. Lebanon, N. Y., is recognised as the central executive of all the societies. Subordinate to the ministry are two male and two female elders in, every fully organized community or family in each society, having charge of its spiritual affairs, and two deacons and two deaconesses subordinate to the elders and having charge of the temporal concerns. A Shaker village usually includes two or more families of thirty or forty persons each, living in unitary houses, hav ing their own households, and being 4. Religious independent in domestic affairs. services. The religious service includes ad- Preoeat dresses,. singing of hymns and an- StAtus. thems, and a characteristic rhyth-, mica[ marching, accompanied by other muvements, in which all take part. These ex ercises are supposed to be a survival of move- I. Definition and Names. II. History of the Discipline. Reasons for Its Recent Origin (;1). Prejudice Peculiarly Potent (12). Preparatory Work (1 3). Max M111ler and Recent Developments (f 4). III. Aim and Scope. IV. The Methods Employed. V. The Auxiliary Sciences.. The Method of History (; 1). The Facts of History (1 2). Comparative Mythology and Folk10-.(13). Other Allies (§ 4)., VI. The Results. 1. In Primitive Religion. a. Primitive Religion in the Psychological Sphere. Animism Defined (1 1). 190 mente characteristic of the founders of the society. The Shakers had at one time eighteen societies. The present number is fifteen, with about twenty five families and about 1,000 members. No exact evaluation of their property has ever been made, but it is believed to be worth between =3,000,000 and $5,000,000. W. H. LARRIBEE.

BIDwomAPHl: For Vet of Shaker literature consult J. P. MacLean, A Bibliography of Shaker Literature, Columbus,. O., 1905. For the history consult: H. Elkins, Fifteen Years in As Senior Order of Shakers, Hanover, N. H., 1858; F. W. Evans, Compendium of the Origin, History, Principles, . . . of the United Society of Belisaers in Christ's Second Appearing, New York, 1858; C E. Robinson, Concise Hint. of the . . . Sgakars, E. Canterbury, N. H., 1898; W. A. Hinds, American Communities, pp. 82-88, Chicago, 1998; Anns White and Leila S. Taylor, Shakerism, its Meaning and Message, Columbus, O.. 1904. For the doctrines and pmctiew consult: F. W. Evens, ut sup.; idem, Second Appearing of Christ, Bos ton, 1863; idem, Tests of Divine Inspiration, New Lebanon, 1868; idem, Celibacy from the Shaker Standpoint. New Lebanon, 1886; idem, Shaker Communism, London, 1871; Testimony of Christ's Second Appearing, 4th ed., Albany, 1866; H. L. Ends, Shaker Sermons [Lebanon, N. Y.), 1879.

Biswooasra: of the general subject: Besides the works of Nordhoff, J. H. Noyw6 and W. A. Hind,, mentioned under the societies above, all of which deal more or less with general features, consult: H. A. James, Communism in America, New York, 1879; V. Stecoanella, Del Comunis mo, Rome, 1882; L. Fell; Bntwickdungageschichte den Bipentuma. Leipsic, 1883; M. Kaufmann, Socialism and Communism, London, 1883; E. de Laveleye, Ls Socialieme mntsmporain, Paris, 1888; D. Bergetram, (Communism ocA SoeWisrn, Stookholm,1M; A.Hau* DerKmunismus im chriatlichen Oewands, Leipsic; '1'891; B: Malon, Le Sociolisme int&prcl, Paris, 1893 R. Pohlmann, Gesthirhte den antiken $ommunismus and Socialismus, 2 vole., Munich, 1893-1901; K. Kauteky, Communism in Central Bwops at the Time of the Reformation. London, 1897; M. Von Nathusiue, Die Mitarbeit der Kirche an der Losung der sosiafen Frays, Leipsic, 1897. Phases of the subject are treated under CsannseN Socutrnm and socrsrress.