IX. The Kenosis Controversy Between Giessen and Tubingen: This is the last chapter in the development of the orthodox Lutheran christology on the basis of the Formula of Concord. It arose in the early part of the seventeenth century, between the Lutheran divines of the universities of Giessen and Tubingen over the Kenosis and Krypsis; that is, over the question whether Christ, in the state of humiliation, entirely abstained from the use of his divine attributes (kenosis, abstinentia ab usu , Phil. ii. 7), or whether he used them secretly (krypsis). The divines of Giessen (Balthasar Mentzer, his son-in-law Feuerborn, and Winkelmann) defended the Kenotic; those of Tubingen (Thumm, Hafenreffer, Osiander, Nicolai), the cryptic view. Both schools were agreed as to the possession of the

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Church Order Church Registers THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG

1876); idem, Syttchroniatische Tabellen zur christlichen Kunstgeschichte (Freiburg, 1880); H. Weingarten, Zeittafeln and Ueberblicke zur Kirchengeachichte (6th ed., by C. F. Arnold, Leipaic, 1905). 7. Atlases: K. Heueai and H. Mulert, Atlas zur Kirchengeschichte, (i6 maps with 18 pages of introduction and index (Tiibingen, 1905). The general historical atlases of R. H. Labberton (14th ed., Boston, 1889), F. W. Putzger (24th ed., Bielefeld, 1900), and E. A. Freeman (accompanying his his torical Geography of Europe, 3d ed., London, 1903) are also useful for church history.

The main activity in recent times in historical investigation and treatment has been devoted to the first three Christian centuries, including the work of Harnack, Funk, Kattenbuach, Lightfoot, Robinson, McGiffert, and many others. The Middle Ages are receiving an increasing amount of attention; names worthy of mention in this field are DSllinger, Ehrle, Denifle, Schwane, Kirsch; and Finks among Roman Catholics, and Karl Miiller, Hauck, DZirbt, Sabatier, Creighton, Stubbs, Lea, and others among Protestants.

(PHILIP ScaAlFt) D. S. SCHAFF.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: For fuller information cf. Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church, i . 1-63, New York, 1882; and introductions to other general works on church history. Further, Schaff, What is Church History,* Philadelphia, 1848; W. G. T. Shedd, The Philosophy of History, Andover, 1861; H. B. Smith, The Nature and Worth of the Science of Church History, in his volume of essays, Faith and Philosophy, pp. 49-87, New York, 1877; J. De Witt, Church History as a Science, in the Bibliotheca Sacra, 1883; E. A. Freeman, The Me" of Historical Study, London, 1888; A. C. MeGitfert, The Study of Church History, in theBibliotheca Sacra, 1893; W. Bright, The Study of History, in Waymarka o/ Church History, London, 1894; Lord Acton, The Study of History. London, 1895; A. Harnack, Daa Chriatentum and die Geach%chte, Leipeio, 1895; K. Lamprecht, What la Hiatoryf travel. from the Germ. by E. A. Andrews. New York, 1905.