Carpenter, J(oseph) Estlin

CARPENTER, J(OSEPH) ESTLIN: English Unitarian; b. at Ripley (22 m. s.w. of London), Surrey, Oct. 5, 1844. He was educated at University College, London (1860–63), and Manchester New College (1860–66; B.A., University of London, 1863), and was successively minister of Oakfield Road Church, Clifton, Gloucestershire (1866–69), and Mill Hill Chapel, Leeds (1869–75). From 1875 to 1906, he was a lecturer on Hebrew, Old Testament literature, and comparative religion in Manchester New College, first in London, then at Oxford, where he was appointed principal in 1906. He has edited the third, fourth, and fifth volumes of Ewald's History of Israel (London, 1871–74), a portion of the Sumangala Vilasini (1886), and the Digha Nikaya (2 vols., 1890–1903; both in collaboration with Rhys Davids); and The Hexateuch According to the Revised Version (2 vols., 1900; in collaboration with G. Harford-Battersby); and has translated C. P. Tiele's Geschiedenis van den Godsdienst tot aan de heerschappij der Wereldgodsdiensten (Amsterdam, 1876) under the title Outlines of the History of Religion (London, 1878). His independent works include: Life and Work of Mary Carpenter (London, 1879); Life in Palestine when Jesus Lived (1889); The First Three Gospels, Their Origin and Relations (1890); Composition of the Hexateuch (1902); The Bible in the Nineteenth Century (1903); Studies in Theology (1903; in collaboration with P. H. Wicksteed); The Place of Christianity Among the Religions of the World (1904); and James Martineau, Theologian and Teacher (1905).