EDITORS

CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN

Editor in Biblical Criticism and Theology on “The New International Encyclopedia,” New York.

GEORGE WILLLAM GILMORE, M.A.

New York, Formerly Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary.

CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.

(Department of Systematic Theology.)
Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.

HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.

(Department of Minor Denominations.)
One of the Corresponding Secretaries of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, New York.

JOHN THOMAS CREAGH, D.D.

(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders.)
Professor of Canon Law, Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.

HUBERT EVANS, Ph.D.

(Office Editor.)
Member of the Editorial Staff of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Company, New York City.

JAMES FREDERICK McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D.

(Department of the Old Testament.)
Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto.

HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.

(Department of the New Testament.)
Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.

ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.

(Department of Church History.)
Professor of Church History, Baylor Theological Seminary (Baylor University), Waco, Tex.

FRANK HORACE VIZRETELLY, F.S.A.

(Department of Pronunciation and Typography.)
Managing Editor of the Standard Dictionary, etc., New York City.

HANS ACHELIS, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Halle.

SAMUEL JAMES ANDREWS (†),

Late Pastor of the Catholic Apostolic Church, Hartford, Conn.

CARL FRANKLIN ARNOLD, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Breslau.

CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.,

Professor Of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.

KARL BENRATH, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Königsberg.

IMMANUEL GUSTAV ADOLF BENZINGER, Ph.D., Th.Lic.,

Formerly Privat-docent in Old Testament Theology, University
of Berlin. Member of the Executive Committee of the
German Society for the Exploration of
Palestine, Jerusalem.

CARL BERTHEAU, Th.D.,

Pastor of St. Michael’s Church and President of the Society for the Inner Mission, Hamburg.

EDWIN MUNSELL BLISS, D.D.,

Editor of the Encyclopedia of Missions, etc., Washington, D. C.

EDUARD BOEHMER (†), Ph.D., Th.D.,

Formerly Professor of Romance Languages, Universities of Halle and Strasburg.

AMY GASTON BONET-MAURY, D.D., LL.D,

Professor of Church History, Independent School of Divinity, Paris.

GOTTLIEB NATHANAEL BONWETSCH, Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Göttingen.

FRIEDRICH BOSSE, Ph.D., Th.Lic.,

Professor of the New Testament and Church History, University of Greifswald.

GUSTAV BOSSERT, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Formerly Pastor at Nabery near Kirchheim, Württemberg.

JOHANN FRANZ WILHELM BOUSSET, Th.D.,

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Göttingen.

JOHANNES FRIEDRICH THEODOR BRIEGER, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Leipsic.

CHARLES AUGUSTUS BRIGGS, D.D., D.Litt. (Oxon.),

Professor of Theological Encyclopedia and Symbolics, Union Theological Seminary, New York.

CARL VON BUCHRUCKER, (†), Th.D.,

Late Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Munich.

FRANTS PEDER WILLIAM BUHL, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Oriental Languages, University of Copenhagen.

WALTER CASPARI, Ph.D., Th.Lic.,

University Preacher and Professor of Practical Theology, Pedagogics, and Didactics, University of Erlangen.

ALEXIS IRENEE DU PONT COLEMAN, M.A.

Instructor of English, College of the City of New York.

JOHN THOMAS CREAGH, D.D.,

Professor of Canon Law, Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.

AUGUST HERMANN CREMER (†), Th.D.,

Late Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Greifswald.

GUSTAF HERMAN DALMAN, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic, and President of the German Evangelical Archeological Institute, Jerusalem.

SAMUEL MARTIN DEUTSCH, Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Berlin.

FRANZ WILHELH DIBELIUS, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Supreme Consistorial Councilor, City Superintendent, and Pastor of the Church of the Cross, Dresden.

PAUL GOTTFRIED DREWS, Th.D.,

Professor of Practical Theology, University of Giessen.

WILHELIM DREXLER, Ph.D.,

Librarian, University of Greifswald.

HEINRICH DUNCKER (†), Th.D.,

Late Consistorial Councilor, Dessau.

HENRY OTIS DWIGHT, LL.D.,

Recording Secretary of the American Bible Society, New York.

DAVID ERDMANN (†), Th.D.,

Formerly General Superintendent and Honorary Professor of Church History, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Breslau.

HERMANN AUGUST PAUL EWALD, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Dogmatics and New Testament Exegesis, University of Erlangen.

PAUL FEINE, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Berlin.

BARR FERRKE,

Writer on Art and Architecture, New York City.

JOHANNES FICKER, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Strasburg.

THEODOR FORESTER (†), Th.D.,

Late Professor of Church History, University of Halle.

NORMAN FOX (†), D.D.,

Late Baptist Clergyman and Author, Morristown, N. J.

ALBERT FREYBE, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Gymnasial Professor, Parchim, Mecklenburg.

EMIL ALBERT FRIEDBERG, Dr.Jur.,

Professor of Ecclesiastical, Public, and German Law, University of Leipsic.

HEINRICH GELZER (†), Ph.D.

Late Professor of Classical Philology and Ancient History, University of Jena.

GEORGE WILLIAIM GILMORE, M.A.,

Formerly Lecturer on comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary.

WALTER GOETZ, Ph.D.,

Professor of History, University of Tübingen.

WILHELM GOETZ, Ph.D.,

Honorary Professor of Geography, Technical School, and Professor, Military Academy, Munich.

JOHANNES FRIEDRICH GOTTSCHICK (†), Th.D.,

Late Professor of New Testament Exegesis, Ethics, and Practical Theology, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Tübingen.

HERMANN GUTHE, Th.D.,

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic.

HEINRICH HAHN, Ph.D.,

Formerly Professor of History and German in the Luisenstadt Real-Gymnasium, Berlin.

ADOLF HARNACK, Ph.D., M.D., Dr.Jur., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Berlin, and General Director of the Royal Library, Berlin.

ALBERT HAUCK, Ph.D., Dr.Jur., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Leipsic; Editor of the Realencyklopädie, Founded by J. J. Herzog.

HERMAN HAUPT, Ph.D.,

Professor, and Director of the University Library, Giessen.

RICHARD HAUSMANN, Hist.D.,

Formerly Professor of History, Dorpat, Russia.

JOHANNES HAUSSLEITER, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Consistorial Councilor, Professor of New Testament Theology and Exegesis, University of Greifswald.

CARL FRIEDRICH GEORG HEINRICI, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic.

MAX HEROLD, Th.D.,

Dean, Neustadt-on-the-Aisch, Bavaria, Editor of Siona.

PAUL HINSCHIUS, (†), Dr.Jur.,

Late Professor of Ecclesiastical Law, University of Berlin.

HERMANN WILHELM HEINRICH HOELSCHER, Th.D.,

Pastor of the Church of St. Nicholas, Leipsic, Editor of the Allgemeine
evangelisch-lutherische Kirchenseitung and
of the Theologisches Literaturblatt.

RUDOLF HUGO HOFMANN, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Homiletics and Liturgies, University of Leipsic.

ALFRED JEREMIAS, Ph.D., Th.Lic.,

Pastor of the LutherChurch and Privat-docent for the History
of Religion and the Old Testament in the
University, Leipsic.

FRIEDRICH WILHELM FERDINAND KATTENBUSCH, Th.D.,

Professor of Dogmatics, University of Halle.

PETER GUSTAV KAWERAU, Th.D.,

Consistorial Councilor, University Preacher, and Professor of
Practical Theology, Evangelical Theological Faculty,
University of Breslau.

HANS KESSLER, Th.D.,

Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Berlin.

RUDOLF KITTEL, Ph.D.,

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic.

HEINRICH AUGUST KLOSTERMANN, Th.D.,

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Kiel.

AUGUST KOEHLER (†), Ph.D., Th.D.,

Late Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Erlangen.

FRIEDRICH EDUARD KOENIG, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, Evangelical Theological
Faculty, University of Bonn.

THEODOR FRIEDRICH HERMANN KOLDE, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Erlangen.

HERMANN GUSTAV EDUARD KRUEGER, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Giessen.

JOHANNES WILHELM KUNZE, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Systematic and Practical Theology, University
of Greifswald.

EARL LUDWIG LEIMBACH (†), Ph.D., Th.D.,

Late Provincial Councilor for Schools, Hanover.

LUDWIG LEMME, Th.D.,

Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Heidelberg.

EDUARD LEMMP, Ph.D.,

Chief Inspector of the Royal Orphan Asylum, Stuttgart.

FRIEDRICH LEZIUS, Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Königsberg.

BRUNO LINDNER, Ph.D.,

Professor of Aryan Languages, University of Leipsic.

FRIEDRICH LIST (†), Ph.D.,

Late Studiendirektor, Munich.

GEORG LOESCHE, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, Evangelical Theological Faculty, Vienna.

FRIEDRICH ARMIN LOOFS, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Halle.

WILHELM LOTZ, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Erlangen.

ANDERS HEREZAN LUNDSTROEM, Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Upsala, Sweden.

JAMES FREDERICK MCCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D.,

Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto.

GEORGE DUNCAN MATHEWS, D.D.,

Secretary of the Alliance of the Reformed Churches, London.

PHILIPP MEYER, Th.D.,

Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Member of the Royal Consistory, Hanover.

CARL THEODOR MIRBT, Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Marburg.

ERNST FRIEDRICH KARL MUELLER, Th.D.,

Professor of Reformed Theology, University of Erlangen.

GEORG MUELLER, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Councilor for Schools, Leipsic.

NIKOLAUS MUELLER, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Christian Archeology, University of Berlin.

HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.,

Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.

CHRISTOF EBERHARD NESTLE, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor in the Theological Seminary (Teacher of Hebrew, New Testament Greek, and Religion), Maulbronn, Württemberg.

CARL NEUMANN, Ph.D.,

Professor of the History of Art, University of Kiel.

ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.,

Professor of Church History, Baylor Theological Seminary (Baylor University), Waco, Texas.

JULIUS NEY, Th.D.,

Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Speyer, Bavaria.

FREDERIK CHRISTIAN NIELSEN (†), Th.D.,

Late Bishop of Aalborg, Denmark.

HANS CONRAD VON ORELLI, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis and History of Religion, University of Basel.

CHARLES PFENDER

Pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, Parish of St. Paul, Paris.

WILLIAM HENRY PHELEY, Ph.D.,

General Secretary of the Brotherhood of Andrew and Philip, Philadelphia.

BERNHARD PICK, Ph.D., D.D.,

Pastor of the First German Evangelical Lutheran St. John’s Church, Newark, N. J.

WILLIAM PRICE,

Formerly Instructor in French, Yale College and Sheffield Scientific School, New Haven, Conn.

TRAUGOTT OTTO RADLACH,

Pastor at Gatersleben, Prussian Saxony.

GEORG CHRISTIAN RIETSCHEL, Th.D.,

University Preacher and Professor of Practical Theology, University of Leipsic.

HENDRIK CORNELIS ROGGE (†), Th.D.,

Late Professor of History, University of Amsterdam.

HUGO SACHSSE, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Dr.Jur.,

Professor of Ecclesiastical Law, University of Rostock.

KARL RUDOLF SAHRE,

Professor for Religious Instruction and Hebrew, Holy Cross Gymnasium, Dresden.

DAVID SCHLEY SCHAFF, D.D.,

Professor of Church History, Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Pa.

PHILIP SCHAFF (†), D.D., LL.D.,

Late Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York.

KARL SCHMIDT, Th.D.,

Pastor at Goldberg, Mecklenburg.

EMIL SCHUERER, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Göttingen.

VICTOR SCHULTZE, Th.D.,

Professor of Church History and Christian Archeology, University of Greifswald.

LUDWIG THEODOR SCHULZE, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Systematic Theology. University of Rostock.

REINHOLD SEEBERG, Th.D.,

Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Berlin.

EMIL SEHLING, Dr.Jur.,

Professor of Ecclesiastical and Commercial Law, University of Erlangen.

FRIEDRICH ANTON EMIL SIEFFERT Ph.D.,

Professor of Dogmatics and New Testament Exegesis, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Bonn.

RUDOLF STAEHELIN (†), Th.D.,

Late Professor of Church History, University of Basel.

GEORG STEINDORFF, Ph.D.,

Professor of Egyptology, University of Leipsic.

EMIL ELIAS STEINMEYER, Ph.D.,

Privy Councilor, Professor of the German Language and Literature, University of Erlangen.

ALFRED STOECKIUS, Ph.D.,

Astor Library, New York City.

PAUL TSCHACKERT, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Göttingen.

WILHELM VOLCK (†), Ph.D., Th.D.,

Late Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Rostock.

BENJAMIN BRECKINRIDGE WARFIELD, D.D., LL.D.,

Professor of Didactic and Polemical Theology, Princeton Theological Seminary.

JOHANNES WEISS, Th.D.,

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Marburg.

AUGUST WILHELM ERNST WERNER, Th.D.,

Pastor Primarius, Guben, Prussia.

EDUARD VON WOELFFLIN, Ph.D.,

Professor of Classical Philology, University of Munich.

THEODOR ZAHN, Th.D., Litt.D.,

Professor of New Testament Exegesis and Introduction, University of Erlangen.

OTTO ZOECKLER (†), Ph.D., Th.D.,

Late Professor of Church History and Apologetics, University of Greifswald.