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~~ °nAX=y THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 180 a judgment, and admits to God's kingdom (Luke i. 77). The basis of salvation is God's love (Rom. v. 8 sqq.). The means by which God effects the indi vidual's salvation is the Gospel of Christ (Rom. i. 16; I Cor. i. 21). The condition of reception is faith (Rom. x. 9; John iii. 16). For the changes in the ecclesiastical conception of salvation see REDEMP77ON. In dogmatic lan guage the term salua was not strictly defined. The older Protestant dogmaticians used it to express the total result of Christ's activity in the sense of redemption, but also for the share of the individual in redemption. After the Loci: theologicci, had made room for a more logical disposition of dogmatic ma terial, the doctrine of salvation (soteriology) be came an independent part of the Christian system of doctrines. (O. KIRN.) BIBLIOUBAPBY: R. H. Charles, Critical History of the Doc trine of a Future Life, London, 1899· G. F. Oehler, The ology of the O. T., i. 27, ii. 309, Edinburgh, 1875; C. A. Briggs, Messianic Prophecy, New York, 1902; JE, x. 8&3-884; and, for the Christian conception, the literature under DOGMA. SALVATION ARMY: An international organi zation having for its purpose the uplift of the mor ally, spiritually, and materially destitute. Its founder was William Booth (q.v.), who in 1865 com menced holding meetings in a disused burial-ground in London belonging to the Quakers. Its first name was the Christian Mission, which was changed in 1878 to the present name, with the accompaniment of military titles, uniforms, and paraphernalia. The new title seemed to express more fittingly the pur pose of the organization, and also to infuse into the workers an esprit de corps while at the same time it caught the popular ear and gained a hearing which otherwise might not have been secured. The work extended in the notorious East End of London, and conversions were made which showed that a need had been met which was not supplied through the channels of ordinary church work. The growth of the work, which in 1878 had 81 corps, 127 offi cers, and 1,987 workers, aroused some opposition; but the opposition was overcome and the activities were extended to other parts of the metropolis, then out into the country and to the other large cities of England, over the entire United Kingdom, gained a footing upon the continent, then in the United States and Canada, into the British colonies in gen eral, until at the present all western Europe, Ice land, Italy, India, Ceylon, Java, Japan, Korea, Australia and New Zealand, South Africa, South America, and several of the West Indies are occu pied by the organization-in all fifty-four countries in v~hich twenty-eight languages are used in the eelw ces. In 1910 the reports indicated for the en tire organization 8,574 corps and outposts, 16,244 officers, cadets, and employees, and 56,867. local offi cers, and 21,681 bandsmen. It has received official recognition from several of the crowned heads of Europe, while in other quarters as exalted its work has been commended. The basis of the army doctrinally is that of ortho dox Christianity without the distinctions of sect. Its object includes the betterment in all worthy re spects of those whom it can reach in its various ways. It discards all distinctions except those of
piety and ability, men and women work side by side; while the ordinary conventionalities employed in the usual agencies of Christian work are, if the case demands, entirely disregarded. The specific directions its work takes are first religious, aiming at the conversion of those who are either indifferent to religion or are opposed to it; second, social, aiming to reach especially the poor and destitute. In carrying out its specifically missionary work, preaching and exhorting in the vernacular of the country are carried on in the open air, and also in the halls which are provided by voluntary offerings. As a result of this work many thousands of conversions are reported yearly, converts being gathered from all classes. The social work is very varied. It includes the establishment and maintenance of food and shelter depots and cheap restaurants for the poor. In these the Army cares for many thousands yearly, furnishing food and lodging, insisting upon cleanliness in person and habit while under the care of the institutions, while religious services are held regularly for the inmates. In close connection with this class of work is the home visitation in the poorer districts of the cities, the women entering the homes, ministering to the sick, supplying medicines, washing and dressing children for school, even cleansing the house and furniture, supplying food, and on occasion preparing the dead for burial. Work among prisoners, including the providing of employment upon their release, is an important branch of the work. The Army has also established orphanages, especially in rural districts, where the training of the children is both mental and industrial. It also maintains a network of industrial homes in connection with which work is furnished and the self-respect of the beneficiaries is fostered. Salesrooms are kept in connection with these in which articles suitable for use in the household are dispensed at prices which are a boon to the poor and worthy. Those who enter these homes are encouraged and helped to obtain work outside at the earliest possible moment, and thus the idea of almsgiving is eliminated so far as the nature of individual cases permits. Farm colonies have been established which supplement the other establishments for furnishing work to the needy. One of the most successful branches of the Army's operations is the rescue work for fallen women, in which twenty-two homes are maintained. It is claimed that between eighty and ninety per cent of the rescue cases prove to be permanent. Maternity wards are a part of the equipment of these homes. The Salvation Army has also employed its organization as a means for collecting and disbursing funds in great emergencies like those of the earthquake disasters at San Francisco and Messina and environs. A recognized practise with the Army is the furnishing of Christmas dinners to the poor and unemployed, in the United States alone 350,000 were the guests on a single Christmas. Its funds in the course of a year are large, $300,000 being spent in the single item of poor relief. A careful system of bookkeeping is in vogue, the accounts are regularly audited, and yearly reports are issued and filed in accordance with the requirements of the laws under which the Army is incorporated.