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8yewlcx THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 130 Sabaoth Baxter, and Whitef eld (Ipswich, 1854); Bishops remain in the same status in which it now is in the and Clergy of Other Days (London, 1868); The places so restored "; and he threatened that the Christian Leaders of the Last Century (1869); Ex- French king would break off negotiations immedi pository Thoughts on the Gospels (7 vols., 1856-73; ately and resume the war against those offering new ed., 4 vols., 1900); Hymns for the Church on impediments. The representatives of the emperor Earth (1860), being 300 hymns and spiritual songs; and the Roman Catholic estates, the imperial depu Practiral Religion (1874-80); Knots Untied (1874); tation, and the delegates of Wurttemberg, of the Holiness (1879); and Light from Old Times counts of Wetterau, and the imperial city of Frank (1891). fort attached their signatures; and for want of a BIBLIOGRAPHY: J. C. MacDonnell, Life and Correspondence vigorous support from the English and Dutch rep of William Connor Mapco, 2 vols., London, 1896; A. C. resentatives and the Swedish mediator, the remon Benson, Life of E. W. Benson, 2 vols., ib. 1899; DNB, Sup- strances of the remaining Evangelicals were in element iii. 334-335. vain. The emperor, however, unconditionally rati RYSWICg, ris'wic, CLAUSE: A stipulation in- fied the peace, and thus the diet consented that the troduced by the French representative into the matter should rest, although 1,922 places were peace of Ryswick. The French had installed R,o- affected by a change of their religious relation. man Catholic worship and diverted Evangelical Specially, the Elector Palatinate Johann Wilhelm, church properties to Roman Catholic use in many under Jesuitic influence, employed the clause for German places of which Louis XIV. had taken Pos- despoiling the Evangelicals. session under pretext of the reunion of Nimeguen (C. T. G. voN SCHEURLt.) (1679). These were now to be restored by the BIBLIOGRAPHY: J. S. Patter Historiwhe Entwickelung der peace of Ryswick. The final draft was already heutiaen Staateverfaacunp des deutachen Reicha, ii. 300 sqq., being prepared when shortly before midnight of G6ttingen, 1787; J. C. Neuhaus, Der Friede von Ryawick Oct. 29 1697 the French representative insisted and die Abtretunp Straaaburpa an Frankreich 1897, Frei burg, 1874. The background in the other treaties men upon adding to the fourth article the clause, tiond is given in brief in Cambridge Modern History, vol. nevertheless the Roman Catholic religion shall v. passim, New York, 1908.

SAADIA, sa-8~di-a, BEN JOSEPH (SAID AL FAYYUMI): Jewish rabbi; b. at Dilaz in Upper Egypt, 892; d. at Sura (100 m. s. of Bagdad), Babylonia, 942. In 915 he went to Palestine, and in 928 became gaon, or head teacher, of the ancient academy of Sura; but on account of strife was compelled to retire to Bagdad, 930-937. He is distinguished for his Arabic translation of the Pentateuch, Job, Psalms, Canticles, and other books of the Bible, with brief annotations; his grammatical and lexical works; and, above all, for his "Book of Articles of Faith and Doctrines of Dogma" in Arabic, completed in 933; known only in the Hebrew translation of Judah ibn Tibbon, Sefer emunot tve-de'ot (Constantinople, 1562; Germ. trans]., by Julius Fuerat, Glaubenslehre and Philosophic von Saadja Fajjumi, Leipsic, 1845, in Die jiidischen Religions phiZosophen des Mittelalters, vol: i.). Saadia was a representative of the peshat, or literal interpretation, a creator of Hebrew philology, and the promoter of a new school of exegesis characterized by a rational investigation of the contents and a scientific knowledge of the text. His work was characterized by treating each book as a whole and the contents as a unity, and by minuteness of exegesis; and his style, in translation and authorship, aimed at simple form and pure vocabulary. In his philosophy he surveyed the entire field of doctrine, ranging from the idea of God to ethics, in the light of reason and revelation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: JE, x. 578-,886 (excellent; contains very full list of literature); S. Munk, Notice cur R. Saadia Gaon, Paris, 1838; A. Geiger, in J4diache Zeitachrift for Wiasenwhaft and Leben, v. 267-316; J. Guttmann, Die Relipionaphilosophie des Saadia, Gattingen, 1882; A. Harkavy, Studien and Mittheaunpen, vol. v., Berlin, 1891; idem,

in JQR, x111. 65588; W. Engelkemper, De Sandia

Gaonia vita, Manster, 1897; M. Friedlitader, in JQR, v. 177-199; $. Po:mmski, in JQR, viii. 684-691, x. 238-276.

SAALSCHUETZ, sel'shatz, JOSEPH LEVIN: German rabbi and archeologist; b. at Ktinigsberg Mar. 15, 1801; d. there Aug. 23, 1863. He studied in the university of K6nigeberg (Ph.D., 1824) ; held positions as rabbi and teacher in Berlin, 1825-29, and in Vienna 1829-35; became rabbi at KBnigaberg, after 1835; in 1847 he became privatdocent in Hebrew archeology, and afterward professor extraordinary. He was the author, among other works, of Forschungen im Gebiete der hebrliisch8gypti8chen Archdologie, three parts (KBnigsberg, 1838-51); Form and Geist der biblisch-hebrdischen Poesie (1853); and Archdologie der Hebrder, in twelve parts (1855-56). He also edited a new edition of J. D. Michaelis' Das mosdische Recht mit Beraeksichtigung des spdtern Jtadischen, in two parts (Berlin, 1846-18).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: S. Carpin, in Allpemeine Zeitachrift des Ju- dentuma, Oct. 18, 1901; JE, x. 586.

SABAOTH~ sab'S-eth or ad-ba'-bth: A term used twice in the New Testament (Rom. ix. 29; Jas. v. 4) as a title of God, but in the English Old Testament translated "hosts."

From I Sam. i. 3, throughout the Old Testament the Hebr. zebaoth, "hosts," appears constantly as an element in the attributes ascribed to the God of Israel. The word is used with or without the article in various combinations, such as "Yahweh God of hosts," "Adonai Yahweh of hosts," "Adonai Yahweh God of hosts," "the Lord Adonai of hosts," with variants even from these several