[See page image]

Page 126

period of the era of the Judges Ruth belongs. According to the genealogy of Ruth (iv. 18 sqq.), she lived about 100 years before David. The history of David's family could have been of general interest only after his accession to the throne. Philological evidence points to a much later date of the writing of the book of Ruth, probably after the exile.

If the matter was derived from an oral family tradition of the house of David and the present is a redaction of an earlier text (E. Konig), the fact would be admissible that the editor introduced also didactic motives with the reproduction; but the principal thing is not to contend for a certain " tendency," but to throw light on the origin of the house of David. Some (e.g., A. Bertholet) think that he wrote in the Ezra-Nehemiah period to combat the exclusion of foreigners from the connubium. Such a polemic intention is too faintly brought out to make its existence probable. As to integrity it is not improbable that iv. 18-22 was a later addition. The position of the Book of Ruth differs in the Hebrew canon and in the Septuagint. The latter placed it after Judges; and Josephus, following this, combines it with Judges as one book. Many have assumed that it once formed the third appendix of Judges and was later separated. It was counted among the five rolls to be read at the

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Commentaries are by: S. H. Tyng, The Rich Kinsman, New York, 1855; Metzger, Tiibfngen, 1857; C. F. Heil and F. Delitssch, Eng. transl., Edinburgh, 1885; A. Rsabe, Doe Bueh Ruth and daa Hohelied im Urtext, Leipaie, 1879; C. Hamann, Annotationes cr%tica: et exegeticce in librum Ruth,.Marburg, 1871 ; IT. Zsehokke, BibZische Frauen. Pp. 208-225, Freiburg, 1882; E. Bertheau, 2d ed.. Ixipsfc, 1883; H. F. Kohlbriigge. Utrecht, 1888; R. Brown. Gleanings from the Book of Ruth; or, the Book of Ruth opened out by Comparison with other Parts of Scripture, London, 1887; F. de Hummelauer,Paris, 1888; 8. Oettli and J. Meinhold, in Die geachichtlichen Hapiopraphien, Munich, 1889; M. C. Horine, Philadelphia, 1892; A. Bertholet and G. Wildeboer, Tiibingen, 1898; W. Nowack, GSttingen, 1900; A. Black, Ruth, a Hebrew Idyl, London, 1908. The Midraah Ruth Rabba is fn A. Wiinsche, Bibliotheca rabbinica, Leipefe, 1883, cf. the Colleyium rabbinico-biblicum in librum Ruth, ed. J. B. Carpsov, ib. 1703.

On questions of introduction, teaching, and text consult the works on O. T. theology, on introduction to the O. T., and on the history of Israel under AHAB; and ISRAEL, HISTORY OF; F. W. C. Umbreit, in TSR, 1834, pp. 305-308; Auberlen, Die drei Anhtinye dea Bathes der Richter, in TSK, 1880, pp. 538-588; C. H. H. Wright, Book of Ruth in Hebrew .... Text. Readings, Critical Commentary, London, 1884; R. W. Bush, Popular Introduction to . .Ruth, London, 1883; K. Budde, in ZATW, xii (1892), 37-51; DB, iv. 318; EB, iv. 4188-72 (important); JE, x. 578-578; Vfgouroua, Dictionnaire, fast. axav., cola. 127382.

RUTHENIAN CATHOLICS: See Ronlwlv CATao llcs, IL, 2, ¢ 1.

RUTHERFORD, rvth'er-ford, SAMUEL: Scotch Covenanter; b. in Nisbet Parish, now part of Trailing (42 m. s.e. of Edinburgh) about 1600; d. at St. Andrews (11 m. s.e. of Dundee), Roxburgshire, Mar. 20, 1661. He graduated from Edinburgh (M.A., 1621); was regent of humanity, 1623-25; began the study of theology, 1626; was pastor of Anworth, Galloway, 1627-36, when he issued Exercttationes apologetic&, pro diving gratis (1636), a work in defense of the doctrine of grace against the

Arminiana which attracted wide attention and elicited a call to the chair of theology at Utrecht and also to that at Hardewyk. On July 27, 1836, he was cited before the high commission court to answer for his non-conformity to the Acts of Episcopacy, and his work against the Arminians. Deprived of his living at Anworth, he was banished to Aberdeen. When the Covenant was again triumphant, in 1638, he returned to Anworth, and in 1639 was made professor of divinity at St. Mary's, at St. Andrews. In 1643 he was chosen one of the Scotch commissioners to the Westminster Assembly (q.v.), and during his four years of service in that capacity wrote The Due Right of Presbyteries (London, 1644); Lex, rez; the Law and the Prince (1644); The Tryal and Triumph of Faith (1645); and The Divine Right of Church Government and Excommunication (1646). Soon after, he became principal of St. Mary's, and in 1651 rector of the University of St. Andrews. His Free Disputation against Pretended Liberty of Conscience (1649) was pronounced by Bishop Heber " perhaps the most elaborate defense of persecution which has ever appeared in a Protestant country." Joining with the western remonatranta in their protest to the assembly in 1651, the schism was opened which, ten years later, resulted in the restoration of episcopacy. These ten years were filled with acrimonious controversy both with the sectarians and with his colleagues at St. Andrews, where, on account of strife, the communion was suspended for six years. Possessed of high ability, honesty, and unselfishness, Rutherford was called the " true saint of the covenant "; yet by his narrow, bitter, and scurrilous antagonism, he helped to degrade and destroy presbyterianism, which he aimed to serve. The Lex, rex was ordered to be burned; he was deprived of his offices, and summoned to answer to a charge of treason by parliament, in 1661; but severe illness which resulted in his death prevented his appearance. He published further: The Covenant of Life Opened (1655); Survey of the Survey of Church Discipline by T. Hooker (1658); and Influences of the Life of Grace (1659). Rutherford's letters are specially interesting and edifying, published under the title Joshua Reditrivus (1664; or Letters of Samuel Rutherford, with Sketch of his Life, by A. A. Bonar, New York, 1851; 5th ed., London, 1906).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Besides the Letters, ut sup., consult: Manna. Crumbs.... being Excerpts from the Letters of Samuel Rutherford, Gathered by W. P. Brew, Philadelphia, 1885; T. Murray. The Life of Samuel Rutherford, Edinburgh, 1828; Hew Scott, Faati eccleai(a Scoticana·, 8 vole., Edinburgh, 1888-71; A. P. Stanley. The Church of Scotland, pp. 100-108, London, 1872; A. B. Grosart, Representative Nonconformists, London, 1879; A. F. Mitchell, The Westminster Assembly, London, 1883; Scottish Divines: 1606 1tf7,L (St. Giles Lectures), Edinburgh, 1883; A. T. Innes, Samuel Rutherford, Edinburgh, 1884; A. Thomson, Samuel Rutherford, London, 1884; A. Whyte, Samuel Rutherford and some of his Correspondents, Edinburgh, 1894; The Upward Way. A Book of Extracts from the Letters of Samuel Rutherford. Written chiefly from his Prison at Aberdeen, 108-58, ed. Eleanor C. Gregory, London, 1908; and the literature under PRESBYTERIANS relating to Rutherford's period, and that under WESTMINSTER ASSEMBLY.

RUYSBROECg, reis'brea, (RUUSBROEC, RUYSBROEg), JAN VAN: Dutch mystic; b. at Ruysbroeck (4 m. e.w. of Brussels) 1294; d. at the