__________________________________________________________________ Title: Helps to the Study of the Bible Creator(s): Oxford University Press Print Basis: Oxford University Press Rights: Public Domain CCEL Subjects: All; Reference __________________________________________________________________ HELPS TO THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE, CONTAINING ANALYTICAL NOTES, AND SUMMARIES OF THE SEVERAL BOOKS; HISTORICAL, CHRONOLOGICAL, AND GEOGRAPHICAL TABLES; LISTS OF ANIMALS, BIRDS, REPTILES, PLANTS, &c., FOUND IN SCRIPTURE; TABLES OF WEIGHTS, MEASURES, TIME AND MONEY; A GLOSSARY OF ANTIQUITIES, CUSTOMS, &c.; WORDS OBSOLETE OR AMBIGUOUS; TOGETHER WITH A NEW INDEX TO THE BIBLE; A NEW AND COMPLETE CONCORDANCE; A DICTIONARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES, AND A SERIES OF MAPS. OXFORD: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. LONDON: HENRY FROWDE. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, 7, PATERNOSTER ROW. NEW YORK: 42, BLEECKER STREET. [All rights reserved.] __________________________________________________________________ HELPS TO THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE. __________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS. Page. Abana, the river . . . 74 Abarim, event connected with . . . 73 Aborigines, the, East and West of the Jordan . . . 75 Abrahamic tribes . . . 75 Abram . . . 39, 75 Accho . . . 70 Achaia . . . 67 Acts, the, of the Apostles, written by Luke; analysis of . . . 57 "Addenda," the . . . 15 Adramyttium . . . 68 Ahasuerus, who he was . . . 16 Aijeleth Shachar . . . 18 Akaba . . . 69, 75 Akka . . . 70 Alamoth . . . 18 Alexandrine Church, the, reputed founder of . . . 56 Alexandrine MS. . . . 55 Altar, the, offerings for . . . 12 Al-taschith . . . 18 Amalekites . . . 75 Amittai . . . 22 Ammon . . . 75 Amorites . . . 75 Amos, the prophet; summary of the book of . . . 23 Amphilochius--imprimatur to his Catalogue . . . 8 Amphipolis . . . 67 Anakim . . . 75 Analysis of Acts of the Apostles . . . 57 Anathoth . . . 20, 73 Animal offerings . . . 12 Animals named in the Bible . . . 76 Antioch in Pisidia . . . 67 Antioch in Syria . . . 67 Antipas, the martyr . . . 62 Antiquities, Customs, &c., Glossary of . . . 117 Apocalypse . . . 62 Apocrypha, Notes on . . . 27 Apocryphal Books, the . . . 8 Apollonia . . . 67 Apollos . . . 67 Appearances of Christ after His resurrection . . . 44, 66 Appii Forum . . . 68 Aquatic Animals . . . 82 Aquila . . . 67 Arabian Desert . . . 75 Aramaic Desert . . . 75 Aram, Wilderness of . . . 69 Aram-Damesk . . . 69 Aram-Naharaim . . . 69 Aramoea, its divisions . . . 69 Ararat, event connected with . . . 73 Aristarchus . . . 68 Arkites . . . 75 Arnon, the river; for what notable . . . 69, 74 Arvadites . . . 75 Asphaltites, Lake . . . 70 Assos . . . 67 Athens . . . 67 Atlas, Index to Scripture . . . 385 Atonement, the Day of . . . 12 Baalism . . . 39, 118 Babylon . . . 75, 130 Baptist, the, mission of . . . 63 Barada, the . . . 69, 74 Barnabas . . . 67 Bashan . . . 73 Batlanim, the . . . 35 Beer-sheba . . . 71 Berechiah . . . 25 Beroea . . . 67 Bethany . . . 71 Beth-el . . . 71 Bethlehem . . . 72 Bethsaida . . . 70 Beza's MS. . . . 55 Page. Bezer . . . 73 Bible, the, its title and divisions . . . 7 Bible version of the Psalms . . . 17 Birds of Palestine . . . 84 Bithynia . . . 67 Books of the Old Testament . . . 7 Books of the New Testament . . . 55 Burnt offerings . . . 12 Buzi . . . 21 Cæsarea . . . 68, 70 Cæsarea Philippi . . . 71 Canaan . . . 75 Canaanites . . . 75 Canon, the, of Scripture . . . 8 Canonical Books . . . 8 Canticles . . . 18 Capernaum . . . 70 Capitula . . . 8 Captivity, the, miracles during . . . 40 Carmel, event connected with . . . 73 Catalogues of Canonical Books . . . 8 Catherine de Medicis . . . 55 Catholic Epistles, the . . . 56, 61 Cenchrea . . . 67 Chazan . . . 36 Chebar, for what notable . . . 74 Cherith . . . 74 Chinneroth . . . 74 Chorazin . . . 71 Christ--His first appearance; first public preaching; first general circuit; divinity of; second year's ministry . . . 63 second and third general circuit; third year's ministry . . . 64 appearances after His resurrection . . . 66 names, titles, and offices of (see also Bible Index) . . . 43 Christian Canon, the . . . 8 Chronicles, the, books of; their contents . . . 15 Chronology of Old Testament . . . 36 " of the Acts and Epistles (supposed) . . . 37 Cilicia . . . 67 Cities, Levitical . . . 73 " of Refuge . . . 73 Clauda . . . 68 Cnidus . . . 68 Colosse, Church of . . . 59 Colossians, the, Epistle to, its features; summary of . . . 59 Concordance . . . 193 Constitutional divisions of the New Testament . . . 56 Corinth . . . 58, 67 Corinthians, the, Epistles to; summaries of . . . 58 Council, the, of the Church and People . . . 35 Crete, 68; Church in, not known when founded . . . 61 Cursive MSS. . . . 55 Cyaxares . . . 24 Cyprus . . . 67, 68 Cyril Lucar . . . 55 Cyrus, decree of . . . 25 Damascus . . . 70 Daniel and Mordecai compared . . . 16 Daniel, book of, why excluded from "the prophets" . . . 7 Daniel, his history; contents of book of . . . 21, 22 Dead Sea, the . . . 70 Decapolis . . . 71 Dedication, feast of the . . . 12, 64 Dedications to the Psalms . . . 18 Degrees . . . 18 Demetrius . . . 58, 62 Derbe . . . 67 Deuteronomy, book of; characteristic features . . . 11, 13 Diaries, the . . . 15 Dictionary of Scripture proper names . . . 353 Didactic division of New Testament . . . 56, 57 Page. Divided Monarchy . . . 37 Divinity of Christ . . . 63 Divisions of the Bible, 7; of the English Bible, 8; of the New Testament . . . 56 Domitian . . . 62 Dragomans . . . 36 Ebal, for what notable . . . 73 Ecclesiastes, book of, its authorship and canonicity . . . 19 Edomites . . . 75 Egypt, miracles in . . . 40 " river and stream of . . . 74 Elijah, miracles by . . . 40 Elisha, miracles by . . . 40 Elkosh . . . 24 Elymas . . . 67 Emim . . . 75 English Bible, the, divisions of . . . 8 Ephesians, the, Epistle to; summary of . . . 59 Ephesus, 59, 67; message to Church at . . . 62 Ephrem's MS. . . . 55 Esdraëlon . . . 69 Esdras . . . 15 Essenes, the, described . . . 34 Esther, the book of . . . 16 Ethnology . . . 75 Ethnological summary . . . 75 Euphrates, how distinguished . . . 74 Exodus, book of, distinctive characteristic . . . 11, 12 Ezekiel, book of . . . 21 Ezra, book of, its author and contents . . . 15 Ezra, Sanhedrin revived by . . . 35 Fair Havens . . . 68 Fasts . . . 12 Feasts . . . 12 Felix . . . 68 Festivals--weekly and monthly . . . 12 First line of each Psalm, Alphabetical Table of . . . 46 Fisheries of Palestine . . . 82 Forty days, the great . . . 66 Gad, the seer . . . 15 Gaius, the wellbeloved . . . 62, 67 Galatia . . . 59, 67 Galatians, the, Epistle to, its leading features; summary of . . . 59 Galilæans, the sect described . . . 34 Gallio . . . 67 Gath-hepher . . . 22 Gemara, the . . . 35 Genealogical Table from Adam to Jacob . . . 37 Genesis, the book of, its general contents and subject . . . 11, 12 Gennesaret . . . 71 " remarkable events connected with . . . 74 Geography of Palestine . . . 68 Geology of Bible Lands . . . 108 Gerizim, for what notable . . . 73 Geshurites . . . 75 Gihon . . . 74 Gilboa, for what notable . . . 73 Gilead, for what remarkable . . . 73 Girgashites . . . 75 Gittith . . . 18 Glossary of Antiquities, Customs, &c. . . . 117 God . . . (Bible Index) 157 Gospels, the, one under four aspects, 56 (see also Bible Index); harmony of . . . 63 "Great Day of the Feast" . . . 12 Great Sea . . . 74 Greece, Paul's stay in . . . 67 Habakkuk, the prophet; book of, summarised . . . 24 Habor . . . 74 Haggai, the prophet; book of . . . 25 Hamathites . . . 75 Haphtaroth . . . 7 Haran . . . 39 Harmony of the Gospels . . . 63 Headings of the Psalms . . . 17 Hebrews, the, Epistle to--its author and characteristics; summary of . . . 60 Page. Hebron . . . 72 Hermon, for what notable . . . 73 Herodians, the sect described . . . 34 Herods, family of the . . . 33 Hiddekel . . . 74 Higgaion . . . 18 Hilkiah . . . 20 Historical Books, the . . . 13 Historical divisions of the New Testament . . . 56 Historical Summary . . . 39 Hittites . . . 75 Hivites . . . 75 Holy Ghost, the . . . (Bible Index) 160 Hor . . . 73 Horeb . . . 73 Horim . . . 75 Hosea, book of, its author and divisions . . . 23 Hugo, cardinal, his division into Capitula (our Chapters) . . . 8 Hyrcanus . . . 34, 35 Iconium . . . 67 Iddo . . . 25 Idumæa . . . 75 Index to Holy Bible . . . 131 Index to Scripture Atlas . . . 385 Inscriptions to the Psalms . . . 18 Insects of Scripture . . . 91 Instruments of Percussion . . . 114 Interval between the Old and New Testaments, Historical Summary . . . 30 Isaiah, his descent; book of . . . 20 " miracles recorded by . . . 40 Ishmaelites . . . 75 Itinerary of the Journeyings of the Israelites . . . 38 Jabbok, the river . . . 69, 74 James the Less, his Epistle; summary of . . . 61 Jason . . . 67 Jebusites . . . 75 Jeremiah, the prophet; his prophecies arranged in subjects . . . 20 Jericho . . . 72 " the. of the New Testament . . . 72 Jeroboam II. . . . 23 Jerome quoted . . . 8 Jerusalem . . . 68, 72 Jewish Calendar--the Year . . . 116 Jewish Canon, the . . . 8 Jewish Sects, Parties, &c. . . . 34 Job, a real person . . . 16 Job, book of, its antiquity and contents . . . 16 Joel, book of, contents summarised . . . 23 " history of . . . 23 John, characteristics of his Gospel . . . 57 " Epistles of, their characteristics; summaries of . . . 62 " at Patmos . . . 62 John Mark . . . 67 John the Baptist, mission of . . . 63 Jonah, book of, the author and subject . . . 22 Jonas . . . 61 Jonath-elem-rechokim . . . 18 Joppa . . . 70 Jordan, the . . . 69 " events connected with . . . 74 Josephus on the Canonical Books . . . 8 Joshua, book of, its contents; typical aspect, where pointed out . . . 13 Joshua, miracles of . . . 40 Joshua, the high priest . . . 25 Journeyings of the Israelites, Itinerary of . . . 38 Jubilee . . . 12 Jude, Epistle of, for what remarkable . . . 62 Judges, book of, period comprised therein; authorship; relation to the Pentateuch . . . 13 Julius, a centurion . . . 68 Kanah, the river . . . 74 Kethubim . . . 7 Keturah, children of . . . 75 Kings, books of the, contents of . . . 14 Kings, the, miracles under . . . 40 Page. Kishon, the river . . . 69, 74 Korban . . . 12 Lakes of Palestine . . . 70 " of Scripture . . . 74 Lamentations of Jeremiah . . . 20 Langton, Archbishop, referred to . . . 8 Laodicea, message to the Church at . . . 62 Last Passover, the . . . 65 "Law," the, what it embraced, and how divided . . . 7 Lebanon . . . 73 Legate, or Apostle . . . 35 Leontes, the . . . 69 Levi . . . 56 Levitical cities . . . 73 Leviticus, book of . . . 11, 12 Libraries, various, in which MSS. of the Bible are to be found . . . 55 List of Quotations from the Old Testament in the New Testament . . . 47 Lot . . . 75 Luke, peculiar independence of his Gospel . . . 57 Lydia . . . 67 Lystra . . . 67 Macedonia . . . 67 Magdala . . . 71 Mahalath . . . 18 Malachi, the last of the prophets; his prophecies summarised . . . 26 Malta . . . 68 Mammalia . . . 81 Mamre . . . 72 Manasses . . . 35 Maps . . . 393 Mark, brief notice of; contents of his Gospel . . . 56 Maschil . . . 18 Masoretes, the . . . 8 Matthew, his Gospel; summary of . . . 56 Meanings of Scripture proper names . . . 353 Measures, liquid and dry (see also Index) . . . 115 Meat offerings . . . 12 Melita . . . 68 Merom . . . 70, 74 Messiah, the, true character of, attested . . . 56 Metals . . . 109 Meturgeman . . . 36 Micah, the prophet; contents of the book of . . . 23, 24 Michtam . . . 18 Midianites . . . 75 Miletus . . . 67 Minerals . . . 108 Miracles in the Old Testament--in Egypt; in the wilderness; in Canaan under Joshua; under the kings; by Elijah; by Elisha; recorded by Isaiah; during the captivity; miscellaneous . . . 40 Miracles of Our Lord . . . 41 Mishna, the . . . 35 Mission of the Baptist . . . 63 Missionary journeys of Paul--with Barnabas and John; with Silas; Timothy . . . 67 Mitylene . . . 67 Mizraim . . . 75 Mnason . . . 68 Moab . . . 75 Money, Jewish . . . 116 " Roman . . . 116 Monthly Festival, the . . . 12 Mordecai, conduct of, compared with that of Daniel . . . 16 Moriah . . . 73 Mountains of Palestine . . . 69 " of Scripture, events connected with . . . 73 Music and Musical Instruments . . . 112 Muth-labban . . . 18 Myra . . . 68 Mysia . . . 67 Nahum, notice of; his prophecy . . . 24 Names, titles, and offices of Christ . . . 43 Nazareth . . . 71 Nazarites, the sect described . . . 34 Neapolis . . . 67 Page. Nebo, for what celebrated . . . 73 Neginoth . . . 18 Nehemiah, the prophet; book of, its contents . . . 15 Nehiloth . . . 18 New Covenant, the . . . 7, 55 New moon, the, feast of . . . 12 New Testament, the, Notes on the early MSS. of . . . 55 New Testament, references in, to incidents recorded in Old Testament . . . 53 Nineveh, its site . . . 75 Notes on the New Testament . . . 55 Numbers, the book of, its contents . . . 11, 12 Obadiah, the prophet; book of . . . 25 Oblation (see also Bible Index) . . . 12 Offerings--the general name; for the altar; laws for . . . 12 Old Testament, the; first notice of, as a distinct compilation; preservation of . . . 7, 8 Old Testament, miracles in the . . . 40 " parables in the . . . 41 " references to, not being exact quotations . . . 57 Olivet, notable events at . . . 73 Onesimus . . . 61 Origen . . . 55 Orontes, the . . . 69 Padan-Aram . . . 69 Palestine, geography of . . . 68 " chief towns of . . . 70 Paphos . . . 67 Papias quoted . . . 55 Parables in the Old Testament . . . 41 " of Our Lord . . . 42 Parabolic fables . . . 41 Paralipomena . . . 15 Parisian Imperial MS. . . . 55 Parnas . . . 35 Parshioth, portions of "the law" . . . 7 Passover, the . . . 12, 65 Pastoral Epistles, the . . . 60 Patara . . . 67 Patmos, the apostle John at . . . 62 Paul's missionary journeys . . . 67 " voyage to Rome . . . 68 Pauline Epistles, the . . . 57 Peace offerings . . . 12 Pentateuch, the, what it embraced, and how divided . . . 7, 10 Pentecost, the feast of . . . 12 Percussion Instruments . . . 114 Perga . . . 67 Pergamos, message to the Church at . . . 62 Perizzites . . . 75 Peshito . . . 55 Pesukim . . . 8 Peter, Simon . . . 61 Peter, Epistles of, summaries of . . . 61 Pethuel . . . 23 Pharpar, the . . . 74 Pharisees, the, described . . . 34 Phenice . . . 68 Philadelphia, message to the Church at . . . 62 Philemon . . . 61 Philippi . . . 59, 67 Philippians, the, Epistle to; summary of . . . 59 Philistines . . . 75 Phoenicians . . . 75 Phrygia . . . 67 Physical contour of Palestine . . . 69 Pisgah . . . 73 Pison . . . 74 Plagues, the ten, enumerated . . . 40 Plains of Palestine . . . 69 Plants of Scripture . . . 94 Plateaux of Palestine . . . 69 Poetical Books, the . . . 16 Posteriores . . . 7 Prayers, special . . . 45 Precious stones . . . 110 Priores, books so designated . . . 7 Page. Priscilla . . . 67 Private sacrifices . . . 12 Promised Land . . . 75 Proper names, Dictionary of Scripture . . . 353 Prophecies relating to Christ . . . 44 Prophetic division of New Testament . . . 56, 62 Prophetic visions in the Revelation . . . 62 Prophetical books . . . 19 Prophets, the; books to which the appellation was given,--a distinct book; division into verses . . . 7, 8 Proselytes, the, described . . . 34 Proverbs, book of, its contents analysed . . . 18 Psalms, the book of, inscriptions to . . . 17, 18 " headings . . . 17 " table of authorship . . . 17 " classification . . . 18 " alphabetical table of first lines . . . 46 Ptolemais . . . 68, 70 Public sacrifices . . . 12 Publicans, the, described . . . 34 Publius . . . 68 Purim, feast of . . . 12 Puteoli . . . 68 Quadrupeds . . . 76 Quotations from Old Testament in New Testament, List of . . . 47 Rabbi Judah . . . 35 Ramoth-Gilead . . . 73 Recorded appearances of Christ after His resurrection . . . 44, 66 References in New Testament to incidents recorded in Old Testament . . . 53 References to Old Testament, being not exact quotations . . . 51 Refuge cities . . . 73 Rephaim . . . 75 Reptiles of Scripture . . . 88 Revelation, the book of, its divine authority; summarised; prophetic visions . . . 62 Riha, or Er Riha, the Jericho of the New Testament . . . 72 Rivers of Palestine . . . 69 " of Scripture . . . 74 Romans, the, Epistle to, characterised . . . 57 " summarised . . . 58 Rome, Paul's voyage to . . . 68 Royal and sacred places in Palestine . . . 71 Ruth, book of, a sequel to the Judges; its authorship . . . 14 Sadducees, the, described . . . 34 Salamis . . . 67 Saloniki . . . 60 Salt Sea . . . 74 Samaria . . . 72 Samaritans, the sect described . . . 35 Samothracia . . . 67 Samuel, the books of; their contents; authorship disputed . . . 14 Sanhedrin, of what it consisted . . . 35 Sardis, message to the Church at . . . 62 Saul, character of . . . 14 Saul, afterwards called Paul . . . 67, 68 Scribes, the, account of . . . 35 Scripture proper names, Dictionary of . . . 353 Scriptures, what the term includes . . . 7 Sects, Jewish . . . 34 Secundus . . . 67 Selah . . . 18 Seleucia . . . 67, 70 Sennacherib . . . 23 Sergius Paulus . . . 67 "Seven words," the . . . 66 Shechem . . . 72 Shelomoh . . . 19 Sheminith . . . 18 "Shepherd of Hermes" . . . 55 Shepherds, the . . . 35 Shiggaion . . . 18 Page. Shiloh . . . 73 Shoshannim . . . 18 Shulamith . . . 19 Sidonians . . . 75 Sinai . . . 73 Sinaitic MS. . . . 55 Sinites . . . 75 Sin offerings . . . 12 Sion . . . 73 Smyrna, message to the Church at . . . 62 Solomon . . . 18 Song of Solomon, its authorship . . . 18 " time of its composition . . . 19 Sopater of Beroea . . . 67 Special Epistle, to an individual . . . 61 Special Prayers found in Scripture . . . 45 Stringed Instruments . . . 112 Summaries of the Books of the Old Testament . . . 12 "Supplement," the . . . 15 Synagogue, the, 35; the great . . . 36 Synoptical Gospels, the . . . 56 Syracuse . . . 68 Syria, 68; chief towns of . . . 70 "Syrtes," the . . . 68 Tabernacle, the (see also Bible Index) . . . 124 Tabernacles, feast of . . . 12 Tables,--chronological, of the Old Testament, 36; of the Acts and Epistles . . . 37 " genealogical, from Adam to Jacob . . . 37 " of weights, measures, time, money . . . 115, 116 " of authorship of the Psalms . . . 17 Tabor . . . 73 Talmud, the; its divisions of the law . . . 7 " how constituted . . . 35 Tarshish, in Spain . . . 70 Temple, the . . . 72, 125 Ten Batlanim . . . 35 Thermè . . . 60 Thessalonians, the, Epistles to; summaries of . . . 60 Thessalonica . . . 60 Thyatira, message to the Church at . . . 62 Tiberias . . . 70 Timothy, the Epistles to; summaries of . . . 60, 61 Tirzah . . . 73 Tischendorf . . . 55 Titus, Epistle to, summarised . . . 61 Topography of Palestine . . . 68 Trees, flowers, and plants of Scripture . . . 94 Trespass offering . . . 12 Troas . . . 67 Trogyllium . . . 67 Trophimus . . . 67 Trumpets, feast of . . . 12 Tychicus . . . 67 Tyre . . . 68 Uncanonical Books . . . 8 Uncial MSS. . . . 55 Ur . . . 39 Uz, founder of Damascus . . . 70 Valleys of Palestine . . . 69 Vatican MS. . . . 55 Vegetable offerings . . . 12 Versions of Holy Scripture . . . 9, 10 Visions, prophetic, in the Revelation . . . 62 Weekly festival, the . . . 12 Weeks, feast of . . . 12 Weights and measures . . . 115 Wilderness, the, miracles in . . . 40 Wind Instruments . . . 113 Words obsolete or ambiguous . . . 127 Xenophon's description of Nineveh, referred to . . . 24 Year, Jewish . . . 116 Zared . . . 74 Zechariah, prophecy of . . . 25 Zemorites . . . 75 Zephaniah, the prophet; contents of the book of . . . 24 Zerubbabel . . . 15, 25 Zidon . . . 70 __________________________________________________________________ NOTES ON THE OLD TESTAMENT. __________________________________________________________________ THE BIBLE, as the title of the collected books of the Old and New Testaments, is not found earlier than the fifth century. In the New Testament occur the terms, "The Scripture" (Acts viii. 32; Gal. iii. 22; 2 Tim. iii. 16; James iv. 5), "The Scriptures" (Matt. xxi. 42; Luke xxiv. 27), "The Holy Scriptures" (2 Tim. iii. 15), applied to the Old Testament; and also "The Law" (Matt. v. 17; 1 Cor. xiv. 21), "Moses and the Law" (Acts xv. 5, 21), "Moses and the Prophets" (Luke xvi. 31), as the sacred books read in the synagogues on the Sabbath-day. A distinction is also made between the "Old" and the "New" Covenant (Heb. vii. 22; viii. 6; ix. 15), which gradually led to the extension of the former name to the whole books of the Hebrew Scriptures, and of the latter to those of the Christian Canon. Of "Covenant" (diatheke) the Latin "Testamentum" is the equivalent, and has passed into our phraseology. As the MSS. read in the synagogues, and afterwards in churches, were kept in some repository within the sacred edifice, they would naturally be called by the priests, who had charge of them, "the Books;" so the Greek word for Book (biblos, biblos) became naturalised in the various Western languages, as the title of this sacred compilation. It is not, however, found in Anglo-Saxon, though "Gospel" (good spell or tidings, or possibly God-spell, i.e. God-story, or the history of Jesus Christ) has come to us from that tongue. Divisions of the Bible. The Hebrews divided their Scriptures into three parts:-- 1. "THE LAW" (Acts xv. 5, 21), comprising the five books of Moses. 2. "THE PROPHETS" (John i. 45), containing the books of Joshua, Judges, I. and II. Samuel, I. and II. Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the twelve Minor Prophets. 3. "THE SCRIPTURES" (John v. 39). The Poetical or Devotional Books, including: 1. Job, Psalms, Proverbs. 2. Song of Solomon, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther. 3. Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, I. and II. Chronicles. I. The Law (Pentateuch, i.e. Five Books). The existence of a book bearing this title is traceable to the time of its compilation (Deut. xxxi. 24, 26; Josh. i. 8; viii. 34; xxiv. 26). The distinctness of the five portions shews they were designed to be separate, and so distinct names were found for each. The Hebrews marked them by the initial or chief word in the first verse of each; while in the LXX. they are denoted by words indicating the subject-matter, which latter titles have come down to us, e.g. Genesis, Exodus, &c. II. The Prophets. This general appellation was given to these twenty-one books, because they were written by Prophets, who, as the Teachers of the people, were naturally the annalists also: e.g. Samuel, Nathan, Gad, Iddo, Isaiah, Jeremiah, &c. Living in communities they became a "caste," who cultivated literature, music, psalmody, &c.; and their writings (whether devotional or historical) were regarded as more or less prophetic (which means instructive, as well as predictive, Acts xiii. 1; I Cor. xiii. 2, 8). They were divided into Priores (Joshua, Judges, I. and II. Samuel, I. and II. Kings) and Posteriores; the latter being subdivided into Majores and Minores. The former designation was given to the writings of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel, because of their greater bulk, as well as prophetical prominence; the latter to the remaining twelve prophetical books. The Book of Daniel was excluded, partly on account of his having exercised no prophetic office amongst "the people," partly from its late reception into the Sacred Canon; and also, in later times, because it was quoted by Christians against the Jews. III. The Scriptures (Kethubim) include the remaining books of the Hebrew Canon. The first group (a) were the devotional books used in the services of the synagogue (the Psalms and Proverbs weekly, Job on most of the great fasts). The second (b), called the "Five Rolls," formed the "Lessons" for the most part on special festivals; the third (c) was an Appendix, in which were placed those Canonical books which were not ranked amongst "The Prophets." Divisions of the Books. The quotations made in the New Testament from the Old cite only the book (Acts ii. 16) from whence they are taken (excepting the Psalms, e.g. Acts xiii. 33, 35). They are mostly from the books read in the synagogue every Sabbath-day, of which there are indications of divisions into sections (Luke iv. 17; Acts xiii. 15, 33, 35; xv. 21; 2 Cor. iii. 14). The Talmud divided "The Law" into fifty-four portions, one for each sabbath of the intercalary year. These were called Parshioth, which were subdivided into "Lesser Parshioth," being the sections of the Lesson taken by each individual Reader. These, again, were classed under two heads, viz. "Open" (Petuchoth), which marked a change of subject, like the modern paragraph, and began with a fresh line in the MSS.; and "Shut" (Satumoth), corresponding to minor divisions, like sentences, marked only by a space in the line. These breaks in the text were denoted by the initials "P" or "S" in the margin, to catch the Reader's eye; which would seem to be the origin of the ¶ placed before certain verses in the Authorised Version. "The Prophets" are quoted in the New Testament as a distinct "book" (Acts vii. 42); but were also subdivided into Sabbath Lessons, though not with the same precision or authority. These portions were called "Haphtaroth" (dismissals, because they were read immediately before the close of the service). These were in the ninth century A.D. subdivided by the Masoretes into verses (Pesukim), the termination of each in the Hebrew MSS. being marked by a colon (:), which is retained in the Prayer Book version of the Psalms to point them for chanting. In the thirteenth century a more systematic division (ascribed to Archbishop Langton) was generally adopted to facilitate reference to the text. This combined Cardinal Hugo's division into Capitula (which is still retained in our "Chapters"), and the Masoretic division into verses; but it has no further importance. Divisions of the English Bible. The books in our Old Testament are conveniently arranged according to their subject-matter, thus: I. The Pentateuch (or Five Books of Moses). II. The Historical Books (from Joshua to the end of Esther). III. The Poetical or Devotional Books (from Job to the Song of Solomon). IV. The Prophetical (from Isaiah to Malachi). The Canon of Scripture. Canon (Greek, a straight rod), used figuratively of a testing rule in art, logic, grammar, or ethics, occurs in the sense of a "rule of life" (Gal. vi. 16; Phil. iii. 16), and as a gauge of excellence (2 Cor. x. 13, 16). In the early age of Christianity, the term was used generally to denote a standard of opinion and practice. Its first direct application to the Holy Scriptures occurs in the imprimatur appended by Amphilochius to his Catalogue (A.D. 380). From the time of Origen it has been applied to those books which Christians regard as genuine and of Divine authority. Uncanonical are those not specified in the Canon. Apocryphal are also uncanonical; but they are of higher value than some of the uncanonical books, and may be read for historical purposes, and for "instruction of manners." External and internal evidence alike is against their inspiration and Divine authority, and they are no part of the rule of faith. The Bible is the Canon, or authoritative standard of religion and morals. The Jewish Canon. Before the Captivity there are only faint traces of the preservation of the sacred writings. Moses ordered "the book of the law" to be put "in the side of the ark" (Deut. xxxi. 26; cf. 2 Kings xxii. 8). To this was subsequently added that of Joshua and other annals; and later, Proverbs and some Prophecies, for Daniel refers to the "Books" (ix. 2), Zechariah to "the Law and former Prophets" (vii. 12), and Isaiah to "the Book of the Lord" (xxix. 18; xxxiv. 16). Ezra and the "Great Synagogue" most probably determined the Canon of the Law in its final shape; and Nehemiah "gathered together the acts of the kings and the prophets, and those of David," when "founding a library" for the second Temple (2 Macc. ii. 13), B.C. 247--226,* [1] or 169. The first notice of the "Old Testament" as a distinct compilation is in the "Prologue" of the Greek translation of "Ecclesiasticus" (B.C. 131), which specifies the "Law, Prophets, and the rest of the books." (Cp. Luke xxiv. 44; Acts xxvi. 22.) Philo-Judæ (B.C. 20--A.D. 40), in "Contemplativa, Life of Therapeutæ refers to constant use of "The laws and oracles, produced by the prophets, and hymns and other" (writings), Josephus (A.D. 38--97) enumerates twenty-two books as "divine," viz. five of Moses, thirteen of Prophets (in which Job was probably included), and four "hymns and directions of life." He mentions all the books of the Old Testament as Canonical, except Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon, to which he does not allude, as none of them furnished any materials for his work. He also adds, that, since the death of Artaxerxes (B.C. 424), "no one had dared, up to his day, to add anything to them, to take anything from them, or to make any change in them" (Against Apion, I. 8). Thus, the Jewish Canon was finally settled in the time of Ezra and Nehemiah, and its contents are identical with our own, since our thirty-nine books were grouped by him so as to accord with the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet (the twelve minor prophets counting as one, Ruth being coupled with Judges, Ezra with Nehemiah, Lamentations with Jeremiah, while the two Books of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles, were reckoned as one each). That these did not constitute the entire Hebrew sacred literature is evident from the fact that reference is made in the Old Testament to fifteen other books, while others again are found in the Apocrypha which were all rejected from the Jewish Canon. They are all quoted in the New Testament as "Scripture," except Judges, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Esther, Ezra, and Nehemiah; but, in addition, the "Book Of Enoch" is quoted by Jude (ver. 14). Our Lord also quotes from an unknown book (Luke xi. 49-51; John vii. 38), and so, too, James (iv. 5, 6). Jerome notices that the twenty-two books coincide with the letters in the Hebrew alphabet, and that the five double letters coincide with the five double books (Samuel, Kings, Chronicles, Ezra, and Jeremiah). He gives the contents of the Law, Prophets, and Hagiographa in exact accordance with those of the Hebrew authorities, as mentioned above, classing Daniel with the last. The Talmud also agrees with the same, and gives the writers of each. Preservation of the Old Testament. The "Book of the Law," placed by Moses in the side of the ark in the tabernacle (Deut. xxxi. 26), with the various "Annals" and prophetic books from Joshua to David, Solomon deposited in the Temple, where they remained till its destruction (2 Kings xxii. 8; Isa. xxxiv. 16). Daniel had a copy of "the books" in Babylon (Dan. ix. 2, 11), and also of "Jeremiah" (ix. 2). After the Temple was rebuilt, Nehemiah collected the sacred books and made "a library" of them (2 Macc. ii. 13), to which were added the writings of Ezra and his contemporaries (Nehemiah, and the later prophets). The Christian Canon. The Books of the Jewish Canon were read from the first in Christian assemblies, as of Divine authority (Lardner II. 132, 526), and were largely quoted by ecclesiastical authors. Between A.D. 200 and 400, ten Catalogues of Canonical Books were published. Six of these agree with our present Canon, and three omit only the Book of Revelation. THE AUTHENTICITY AND INTEGRITY OF THE SCRIPTURES. In writings, which claim to command belief from the world in all ages, the following credentials are requisite:--1. Genuineness, i.e. that they are the works of the persons whose names they bear. 2. Authenticity, i.e. that they are the unaltered writings of those authors. I. GENUINENESS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. 1. External Evidence. The Jews, to whom these books were intrusted, have been in all ages unanimous in their testimony that the Pentateuch was the work of Moses; the Psalms, of David, and those whose names are affixed to them; Proverbs, of Solomon; and that others were written by those whose names they bear; and, with equal unanimity, testify to those books being genuine whose writers' names are lost. They are accredited by successive generations, till we come to the mention of them in the Prologue to Ecclesiasticus, the treatise of Josephus against Apion, and the writings of the New Testament. They are also constantly quoted by one another as authentic and genuine; and the Pentateuch, Psalms, and Prophets, as well as the historical books, are so quoted by our Lord Himself. They are all declared to be genuine by successive councils of the Christian Church. 2. Internal Evidence. (a) The Nationality of the writers. They all (with the probable exceptions of Job and the author of Esther) profess to be Jews of Palestine, a people peculiarly separated from the rest of mankind by religion, by unique customs, and by physical position. These peculiarities are implicitly maintained throughout the whole books, which shew no evidence of contact with the literature of any other countries, except those in which the writers profess to have been in temporary exile. (b) The Language in which they are written is that of Palestine, and ceased to be a living language soon after the Babylonish Captivity; none of these writings, therefore, can be much later than that event. The difference between those which profess to be early, and the later ones, is precisely the same as that which marks literary progress in other languages, while foreign words are mingled with the native tongue, where the writers come into familiar intercourse with other nations (e.g. Egyptian words in the Book of Exodus; Chaldee, in Daniel, &c.). (c) Circumstantiality. The records contain histories, frequent genealogies, and biographies, all of which are capable of more or less verification from other records, but no material discrepancy has been proved. (d) The Undesigned Coincidences (see Blunt's work on this subject, and Paley's Horæ Paulinæ) are numerous. Then, again, the physical allusions belong exclusively to Palestine, whose geographical and geological conformation is unparalleled, while the flora and fauna, as gathered from the work itself, have been proved by modern explorers to correspond exactly with the phenomena of that country (see Tables of "Trees, Plants, &c.," p. 112). II. INTEGRITY OF THE OLD TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. Hebrew Text. The scrupulous care taken by Ezra, and those who followed him, to preserve the text of the Old Testament, after its Canon was completed, is sufficiently evident from the zealous accuracy with which all the discrepancies in the text of parallel passages have been preserved, instead of assimilating them. This is more conspicuous in some Psalms, of which two distinct copies occur, containing in some instances as many as sixty variations in the text of the two copies. The ancient Hebrew, in which it was written, was, after the Captivity, superseded by the Aramaic (a mixture of Chaldee with Hebrew). For a time the former was retained as the sacred, while the latter was the vernacular, language: but shortly before the Christian era, portions of the Scriptures were written in Aramaic. In the time of Ezra, it is evident, that an Aramaic version followed the reading of the Hebrew original in the synagogues (Neh. viii. 8). These Aramaic interpretations, called "Targums," are valuable, as affording proofs of the correct versions of ancient MSS. of the Old Testament, and also of the precise meaning of obscure words. Of these "Targums" ten have come down to us, all giving a complete interpretation of the whole books, except Daniel, Ezra, and Nehemiah (which were probably written mainly in Chaldee). The earliest are those of Jonathan (on the Prophets) and Onkelos (on the Pentateuch): the former is a paraphrase, the latter a literal translation, word for word, from the Hebrew; the former was written shortly before the Christian era, while Onkelos was contemporary with Christ, and a pupil of Gamaliel. The Hebrew MSS. consist of the Synagogue Rolls, and copies for private reading. The former are the more important, and were written, as Josephus tells us, on fine skins (some of which, found in the Crimea, and therefore possibly belonging to the Jews of the Dispersion, are still preserved in the Imperial Library at St. Petersburg). The care with which they were transcribed is evident from the rules laid down in the Talmud. One scribe copied the consonants, another inserted the vowel-points and accents in a fainter ink, a third revised the copy, and a fourth wrote in the Masorah. These rolls consisted of, first, the Pentateuch (or Law); second, the Haphtaroth (dismissals); and third, Megilloth (rolls). It is from these and the Greek translations, made by the Alexandrian Jews, compared together, that a correct copy of the Scriptures must be derived, and the English A.V. was formed from the best recensions then known. Although the various "different readings" in the MSS. and printed editions of the Hebrew Bible are very numerous, being estimated at 30,000, and by some scholars at 200,000, these are very unimportant. The Hebrew Bible of the present day is substantially the same as the recension made by Ezra and others, and was the "Textus Receptus" of our Lord's time. In it, however, the old phraseology has been sometimes modernised, obscure expressions explained by glosses, and the chronologies and genealogies have suffered, especially through the errors of transcribers. Thus there are many alterations in the language, yet none in the meaning of the original writers. We have no autographs and no perfect MSS. of either Hebrew or Greek Scriptures, neither have we of any Greek or Latin classic author; on the contrary, there is no ancient book (sacred or secular) of which the text is not somewhat imperfect. In this respect the Hebrew Scriptures stand in the same position as all other writings of antiquity. Dr. Bentley thus sums up the case:--"It is a fact undeniable, that the sacred books have suffered no more alterations than common or classic authors, and have no more variations than what must necessarily have happened from the nature of things; and it has been the common sense of men of letters, that numbers of MSS. do not make a text precarious, but are useful, nay necessary, to its establishment and certainty." The Talmudists undertook a very critical collation of many different texts, which, however, they interpreted by a great mass of traditional commentary; but they collected together all that was known and approved of (both written and oral) respecting the sacred books, rejecting what was not supported by considerable weight of testimony. In the sixth century A.D., a school of Jewish Doctors at Tiberias, known as the "Masoretes," extracted from the Talmud the traditional comments ("Masorah") of criticism and grammatical emendations, in order to establish the genuine text of Hebrew Scriptures. The text, as so fixed by them, became the standard, from which others were multiplied. In the eleventh century a collation was made of the Masoretic text of Tiberias, known as the Palestine Codex, with the Babylonian text, between which there were found to be 800 different readings, none of them in any way affecting the sense of the subject-matter. The Samaritan Pentateuch must belong to a date earlier than the Captivity of Judah, as the Samaritans had no intercourse with the Jews subsequently; but it is highly probable that it was prior to the separation of the two kingdoms. A careful comparison, in modern times, of its text with that of the Hebrew ("Textus Receptus"), has shewn that they agree in every material point, the differences being merely verbal. Greek Versions. 1. Of these the Septuagint occupies the highest rank. According to tradition, it was translated from the Hebrew by seventy-two Jews, each of whom, in a separate cell, made a complete translation of the entire Old Testament, and when compared, these seventy-two copies were so identical, that they were deemed to be inspired. Jerome disbelieves this story; and the inequality of the rendering of different portions seems to afford convincing proof that they were the work of different persons and of different times. More probably it was begun in the time of Ptolemy Lagos, and finished in that of his successor Ptolemy Philadelphus (B.C. 285}. It would seem to be the only Scripture with which the Alexandrian Jews and the early Christian writers were familiar. It is not accurately translated from the Hebrew, the text having many important variations, both in words and phrases, as well as some additions to the Hebrew; and it contains many Coptic words. The Pentateuch possesses the highest literary merit, the Book of Proverbs ranks next, and Ecclesiastes occupies the lowest place; the Prophets, Psalms, and other books are poor productions, while the Book of Daniel was so incorrect as to be disused by the early Christian Church. 2. Aquila, at the instigation of the Alexandrian Jews, sought in the second century A.D. to correct the inaccuracy of the LXX. by a new translation, which was so literal as to be sometimes unintelligible; it was highly esteemed by the Jews, and is quoted in the Talmud, but is discredited by early Christian writers. 3. Theodotion, about the same time, revised the LXX., merely correcting its inaccuracies, and his translation of Daniel superseded that of the LXX. 4. Symmachus (cir. A.D. 200) gives his name to a new translation, which is paraphrastic, like the LXX., but displays more purity and elegance of language. It proceeded from the Ebionites, a sect of Christian heretics, who did not admit the divinity of Christ. Three later versions (in Origen's Hexapla) probably emanated from the Ebionites; but little is known of them. Syriac. The Peshito version, made at Edessa (in Mesopotamia) at the close of the first century A.D., is the most ancient copy of the whole Bible, containing all the Canonical Books of the Old Testament, as well as those of the New (except the latest, viz. the II. and III. Epistles of John, II. Peter, and that of Jude, and the Revelation). It was a "Simple" (Peshito) translation into Syriac from the Hebrew, and has been always accepted by all sections of the Syrian Church as authentic, and from it several Arabic translations have been made. Besides these, there are several other versions of various dates, such as the Ethiopic, Philoxenian, and Egyptian. Latin Versions. Fragments of an ancient Latin Version of the African Church, translated from the LXX., of about the second century A.D., are found in ancient Christian writers. The Vulgate, A.D. 382. Jerome translated the New Testament into Latin, and also the Old Testament from the Hebrew, for the purpose of making which he took up his residence at Bethlehem, and was occupied upon it for twenty-one years. Although at first the reverence for the LXX. militated against its reception, from the time of Gregory the Great it became the authorised version of the Western Church. This was gradually corrupted by intermixture with other Latin versions, till it was condemned as inaccurate by the Council of Trent. Several new revisions were issued in the sixteenth century, each authenticated by the reigning Pope, till in 1593 A.D. the present standard edition was issued by Clement VIII. The above versions of the Bible, written at different times, and in countries widely separated one from another, are for the most part independent testimonies, and are not mere copies of some one common original, as their verbal differences sufficiently attest; but their complete agreement in all essential points demonstrates the care with which these various books have been preserved, while it establishes their authenticity far more satisfactorily than that of any other ancient book. English Versions. A.D. 1290. A manuscript translation, of which three copies still exist. 1380. Wycliffe's translation from the Latin Vulgate, in manuscript, edited by Forshall and Madden for the Clarendon Press, 1850. 1527. Tyndale's New Testament, printed at Antwerp, which was publicly burnt by order of the Bishop of London. 1535. Miles Coverdale translated the whole Bible from the Latin Vulgate and the German. This was the first English version of the whole Bible, and was published by royal command. 1537. Matthew's Bible. A fusion of the two translations of Tyndale and Coverdale by John Rogers, published abroad under a fictitious name. 2,500 copies were burnt, by order of the Inquisition, at Paris. 1539. The Great Bible. A new edition of Matthew's Bible, revised, and compared with the Hebrew, by Coverdale and others, published in England under the sanction of Cranmer. 1539. Taverner's, an expurgated edition of Matthew's Bible, edited by Taverner at the instigation of the ecclesiastical authorities. 1560. The Geneva Bible. Published by the refugee reformers at Geneva. 1562. Parker's Bible was a revision of the Great Bible, made under the direction of Archbishop Parker. 1568. The Bishops' Bible. Another edition of the same, revised by fifteen theologians, eight of whom were Bishops. 1572. Matthew Parker's Bible. A corrected edition of the former. 1611. The Authorised Version, translated from the Hebrew and Greek (by order of James I.) by forty-seven divines, each taking a portion, which was revised by the whole body. This version, from its great excellence, superseded all preceding ones. 1881. The Authorised Version of the New Testament, Compared with the most ancient authorities and Revised. Printed for the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. I.--THE PENTATEUCH, or five books, is ascribed to Moses by all tradition. Jewish and heathen; and is quoted as such by nearly all the sacred writers, and by our Lord and His Apostles (Matt. v. 17, 18; xv. 3, 4). In the Old Testament history, whenever mentioned, it is treated as one book, and as an original book of Moses, under the various titles,--"The Law of Moses" (Ezra vii. 6), "The Book of the Law of Moses" (Neh. viii. 1), "The Book of Moses" (Ezra vi. 18), "The Book of the Law of Jehovah by the hand of Moses" (2 Chron. xxxiv. 14), "The Book of the Covenant" (2 Chron. xxxiv. 30), "A Book of the Law of Jehovah" (2 Chron. xvii. 9). This designation extends from the days of Jehoshaphat (B.C. 915) to the time of Jesus the son of Sirach (B.C. cir. 250--200). There can be little doubt that the book so styled is virtually the same as our Pentateuch, and identical with the "Book of the Law" placed by Moses in the ark (Deut. xxxi. 26). The Creation. There is no conflict between the Mosaic account of creation and geology. As regards the formation of the material globe, it is merely stated, in general terms, "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth." The distinction must be carefully observed between the words "created" and "made" throughout chap. i. The six days' work relates entirely to the Divine action on the earth's surface, and the objects visible from it, at the beginning of the present epoch of humanity: thus:-- 1. A change from darkness to light. 2. The separation of waters above and below by the intervention of a firmament. 3. A further division of the waters below into seas and earth, followed by growth of vegetable life. 4. The appearance of sun, moon, and stars, visible from the earth's surface. 5. The production of living creatures out of the water and in the air. 6. The production of animals, including man, from the material earth. The summary account of the Creation in Commandment IV. (Exod. xx.) refers, in general terms, only to the appearance under the Divine hand of visible phenomena above the earth's surface; but in neither of these accounts is there any allusion to the mode by which formations below the crust of the earth were made. Authenticity of the Pentateuch. Although some fragments claim a higher antiquity, GENESIS is acknowledged to be the most ancient complete book in existence. It must be viewed, however, in connexion with the four books that follow it, and of which it is an integral part, the scope of the whole being the foundation of a theocracy based upon the idea of a single family. Although there seem to be portions of more ancient narratives embodied by the writer in the book as it now stands (e.g. the story of Lamech and his two wives; a second account of the Creation, chap. ii.; the battle of the five kings against four in the Vale of Siddim; the meeting of Abraham and Melchizedek, &c.), so that some have supposed that the original narrative has been enlarged at various times by three or more subsequent compilers; yet it is allowed that the record in its present state is substantially that of Moses, with a few later additions in the time of the monarchy. Other commentators maintain, that two quite distinct narratives have been interwoven together: the one, more ancient, in which the Deity is throughout designated by the general term Elohim (God), and in the other, by the more mystic name, Jehovah (The Lord)--the former representing a general Divine influence in the material world, the latter a supernatural, overruling power creating and directing it, and requiring adoration in return. These two portions are known as the Elohistic and Jehovistic; the former teaching natural, and the latter, revealed, religion. There is throughout the Pentateuch an unity, which can only be ascribed satisfactorily to one writer. In the Book of EXODUS, some critics have conjectured the existence also of two distinct documents (Elohistic and Jehovistic) blended together, though they find it much more difficult to accurately define them. The book, as a whole, is strongly impregnated with the atmosphere of Egypt, as made known to us by modern research. Its language shews a large infusion of Egyptian words; the Ten Plagues are directed, in three groups, against the three primary divinities of ancient Egypt, viz. water, heavenly bodies, and earth,--as also is the Second Commandment; the enactments of the Mosaic Law are based upon Egyptian life; the whole constitution of religious worship is antagonistic to Egyptian mythology (e.g. the sacrifice of sacred animals), and presupposes residence in a camp, and in a wilderness, as the established rule; and words, peculiar to such a life, remain stamped upon ordinances and accessories of worship throughout the religion of the nation (e.g. the place of worship is always "the Tabernacle," i.e. the tent; excommunication is, being "cast out of the Camp;" the scapegoat carries the sins of the people into the "Wilderness;" the Sabbath becomes a rest from the labour of "Bondage;" and the peculiar rites of the Passover, such as the posture of the eaters, the unleavened bread, and "the haste," possess their significance, as a memorial of a hasty flight; while the Divine Presence on Mount Sinai is commemorated at Jerusalem by the erection of an artificial mountain by Solomon, on which the figurative presence of the "Most High" is localised, and even the fence, placed round Mount Sinai by Moses, is perpetuated by a trellis at the foot of Mount Moriah). Hence, internal evidence strongly supports the belief, that the book was written at the time when, and under the circumstances under which, its author professes to have composed it. It is doubtful, however, whether we are to ascribe a period of 215, or of 400, years to the residence of the Israelites in Egypt, as the passages in the record are ambiguous; but the number of the people, at the time of the Exodus, would suggest the longer period. In LEVITICUS and NUMBERS, the attempt to define two distinct Elohistic and Jehovistic portions has failed to command support; it is generally allowed, that there is but one narrative, in the main; though there may be some minor additions to it of a later date. The apparent variation of style (from the historical to the hortatory), in the Book of DEUTERONOMY, as well as certain apparent discrepancies between it and the previous books, have raised doubts as to its authorship, some assigning it to Jeremiah, and others to an Alexandrine Jew, of the time of Manasseh. The majority of critics, however, favour the traditional theory, that it was the work of Moses, at the close of his life; since the writer evidently had in view the approaching entrance of the Israelites into their promised inheritance. The discrepancies are not irreconcileable, and the enactments, which provide for an established form of government, including even a monarchy and permanent settlement in cities, might well be prospective. On the other hand, there are many similarities between it and the rest of the Pentateuch (e.g. the use of peculiar Hebrew words and grammatical forms, the frequent reference to their slavery in Egypt, to Egyptian laws and customs, &c.), which are strong evidence in favour of its being the work of the same author, to which must be added the direct testimony of the writer himself in the book, and its frequent quotation as the "Law of Moses," in the New Testament. On the whole, the great preponderance of testimony, both from external and internal evidence, favours the view that the Pentateuch (with the exception of a few unimportant phrases) is the work of Moses. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUMMARIES OF THE BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. GENESIS. The Beginning of the inhabited world in man's epoch. I. The Creation, Fall, and antediluvian history of man, including the First Covenant. II. The Deluge, Second Covenant with Noah, re-peopling of the earth; the Dispersion, and confusion of language. III. The Call and history of Abraham and his sons, to the third generation, ending with the death of Joseph (2,369, or, according to some, 3,619 years). The general subject of the book is the creation, and decline of humanity through sin, and its capability to be reclaimed by communion with God its Maker. Hope is kept alive and faith engendered by a chosen few, who under obedience to God become heirs to promised blessings, which are continually postponed, with mercy to those who are sinful, and a deepening of faith in those who are righteous. EXODUS.The Going out or Departure of the chosen people--descendants of Abraham--from bondage in Egypt to a promised land, illustrating, in the history of a tribe, the general dealings of God with His people, and their pilgrimage through temporal life in a probationary state. There is declension, both moral, political, and religious, till the cry of the degenerate, in its conscious misery, is raised to heaven, when Divine help appears, working supernaturally through human means, till deliverance is effected by "shedding of blood," the Passover Lamb being typical of the redeeming blood of the promised Saviour. In brief, the book gives a sketch of the early history of Israel as a nation--(1) enslaved, (2) redeemed, and (3) set apart, through the blending of its religious and political life, and consecrated to the service of God. The Code of Moral and Civil Law, promulgated in this book, has been the foundation of all laws in civilised States, the former being unalterable, because it springs from the natural law engraved in the human heart It embraces a period of 215, or 400, years, and includes events from the birth of Moses to the erection of the tabernacle. The chief of these are:--the early life of Moses, and his call to be the Prophet of Israel; the ten plagues, and deliverance of Israel from Egyptian slavery; the institution of the Passover, and dedication of every firstborn male to God's service; the passage of the Red Sea; miraculous food and drink; victory, by means of prayer, over Amalek; the promulgation of the Moral Law; instructions for making the tabernacle, ark, and other accessories of worship, with the consecration of the family of Aaron to the priesthood, and of their vestments; the stricter obligation of the sabbath, and punishment for making a visible representation of the Deity (e.g. the golden calf). LEVITICUS.The book of laws and ceremonies regulating the service of the sanctuary by the sacred tribe (Levi), as substitutes for the firstborn male of each family, its natural priest. It is closely connected with Exodus at its beginning, and with Numbers at its close; for, while the order for consecration of priests is given in the former, the ceremony itself is recorded in Leviticus; and the exemption of the Levites from military service, and their special functions, are given in Numbers. But it has a distinctive character in the general exclusion from it of historical narrative (the exceptions being the Consecration of Priests, Death of Nadab and Abihu, Stoning of the Blasphemer). It contains the history of only one month. Its contents are:--1. Laws for the Altar (to the people and the priests). 2 Consecration of Priests, and death of those offering unbidden incense. 3. Laws of clean and unclean food. 4. Purifications. 5. Leprosy. 6. Day of Atonement. 7. Slaughter of animals. 8. Unlawful marriages and lusts. 9. Precepts on duties of the people and holiness of the priests. 10. Victims for the Altar. 11. Convocation days. 12. Weekly offerings of oil and bread. 13. Punishment of blasphemer. 14. Sabbatical year and Jubilee. 15. Promises and warnings. 16. Vows. Offerings. The general name korbân is equivalent to oblation, including everything given to the service of God, e.g. firstfruits, tithes, contributions to the maintenance of the sanctuary, priests, worship, and all kinds of sacrifices. Offerings for the Altar were animal (1. Burnt-offerings, 2. Peace-offerings, 3. Sin-offerings) and vegetable (1. Meat and drink-offerings for the great altar in the Court, 2. Incense and meat-offerings for the altar in the Holy Place). Every burnt-offering and peace-offering was accompanied by a meat-offering and drink-offering, in proportion to the victim, thus:-- Flour. Oil. Wine. With a bullock 3/10 ephah. 1/2 hin. 1/2 hin. With a ram 2/10 " 1/3 " 1/3 " With a sheep or goat 1/10 " 1/4 " 1/4 " These offerings were (1) Public sacrifices, at the cost and on behalf of the "whole congregation" (e.g. daily morning and evening sacrifices, and those on festivals); (2) Private sacrifices, enjoined by law on particular occasions, or by voluntary devotion of the worshipper--as thank-offerings. Besides these, there were special sacrifices on the Day of Atonement, Passover, &c. A trespass-offering was a sin-offering, accompanied by a pecuniary fine. Feasts. The weekly festival was the sabbath (commemorating rest from creation, and deliverance from bondage in Egypt); the monthly festival was the day of the new moon, on which rest was not enjoined, but additional services. The new moon of the seventh month Tisri (October), or Feast of Trumpets, began the civil year, and that of Abib (March) the ecclesiastical year. The great festivals were (1) Passover, on the eve of the 14th of Abib, which lasted to the 21st; (2) Pentecost (the fiftieth day after), or feast of weeks, on completion of the harvest; (3) Tabernacles, from the 15th to 23rd of Tisri, commemorating the ingathering of all fruits. The people lived for a week in booths, to remind them of their desert wanderings. The last day was "the great day" (John vii. 37). This feast was preceded by the Day of Atonement. Every seventh year was sabbatic, when the land had rest. Every fiftieth was a jubilee, when slaves were freed, land sold reverted to its original owner, and mortgages were cancelled. To these were added Purim, 14th or 15th of Adar (March), in remembrance of the deliverance by Esther; and the Dedication of the Second Temple (December 25). Fasts were the Day of Atonement (10th of Tisri), the Siege of Jerusalem (Dec. 23), Capture of the city (June 25), Burning of the Temple (about July 15), Complete devastation (September 15). NUMBERS. This book is so named from the two numberings of the people, at the beginning and end of the wanderings. It relates the history from the completion of the Law-giving, "the first day of the second month of the second year" of the Exodus, to the first day of the fifth month of the fortieth year; i.e. a period of thirty-eight years, three months. Its contents are: (1) The breaking up of the encampment at Sinai; arrangement of the army, and the service of the priestly tribe, with an inventory of their charge; the parting service and blessing. (2) The march upon Canaan, and its repulse. (3) Rebellions; confirmation of Moses and Aaron in authority; condemnation of the people to death in the wilderness. (4) Various events in the forty years' wandering. (5) Events of the last year, e.g. deaths of Miriam and Aaron; Balaam's mission; Moabite corruption; laws of inheritance, and of certain sacrifices, solemnities, and vows; summary of journeys; boundaries of Canaan, and Levitical cities. DEUTERONOMY, the repetition of the Law, consists mainly of three addresses by Moses to the people who had been born in the wilderness, and had not heard the original promulgation of the Law. To these are added some of the final acts and words of the lawgiver, viz. the appointment of his successor, his funeral ode, and final blessing, to which was appended (probably by Joshua) the account of his death. The first address is introductory, reminding the people of their deliverance from bondage, of God's guidance and protection in their wanderings, and their frequent ingratitude, closing with a warning from the past, and an exhortation to obedience in the future, so as to secure the inheritance now within reach. The second is a practical exposition of the whole Law, beginning with the Ten Commandments, more particularly applying the precepts of the First Table; followed by the enforcement of particular regulations in three main groups, viz. (1) laws concerning religion; (2) concerning administration of justice; (3) concerning private and social rights. The third address is the solemn renewal of the covenant, with an impressive recital of the blessings upon observance, and the curses on neglect of the Law. The delivery of these speeches, of the song, and final benediction, together with the closing scene of Moses' life, could not have occupied more than ten days (the first ten of the eleventh month of the fortieth year). Their aim is that of a solemn exhortation, their style earnest, impressive, and heart-stirring, with a review of the past, and a glowing appeal to the future career open before his hearers on the other side of the Jordan. Moses vividly pourtrays to those who had not seen it the divine delivery of the Law at Sinai. He recalls much that had been forgotten, or remained in abeyance from want of opportunity to exercise it in the wilderness; but all of which would now be the code of laws under which, as a settled people, they must be governed. His hearers are only partially conversant with the Law; hence some things are assumed, others are dealt with in minute detail, and even supplemented by new regulations to complete the Mosaic system (chaps, xii.--xxvi.). These later civil institutions are promulgated by God's command, and so have the same Divine sanction as those relating to religious worship. In this book Moses comes forth as a prophet, enunciating some of the most notable predictions in the Old Testament. Hence our Lord's quotations from the Law are taken from Deuteronomy. __________________________________________________________________ II.--THE HISTORICAL BOOKS (from Joshua to Esther inclusive) contain the history of the Israelite people during three great periods of their national life:--(1) As an oligarchy, developing into a republican confederacy. (2) As a monarchy, speedily becoming disunited, and separating into two kingdoms, falling to pieces by internal dissensions and bad government. (3) As tributary to foreign invaders. JOSHUA (Jehovah is salvation), the first of the twelve so-called "Historical Books," embracing a period of twenty-five years, is supposed to have been written by Joshua, whose name it bears. He was the successor of Moses, as the prophet of the Lord and leader of His people, to whom was entrusted the task of settling them in Canaan. It consists of three parts: (1) The conquest of Canaan during the seven years war, and destruction of its thirty-one kings. (2) Distribution of the country by lot, and settlement of the tabernacle at Shiloh. (3) Final admonitions, and death of Joshua, which must have been added by one of his survivors. The characteristic feature of the book is that "the Lord drove out the nations before them," and that "He fought for Israel." The conquest opens with the miraculous fall of Jericho, after the renewal of circumcision, and the apparition of the "Captain of the Lord's host." The next is a march into the interior, to the primary altar of Abraham at Shechem, where the covenant is renewed by oath and sacrifices. Next the miraculous victory at Beth-horon, and general panic of the heathen inhabitants. It closes with a general assembly at Shiloh (where the tabernacle was permanently fixed), the allotment of territory to each tribe, and a final renewal of the covenant at Shechem, followed by Joshua's death. The typical aspect of the history is pointed out in the Epistle to the Hebrews, chap. iv. Date and Authorship. That the events are recorded by a contemporary is evidenced by such passages as iii. 15, 16; v. 1; the prophetic character of the writer by vi. 26; though some later additions to the original are traceable in x. 13; xix. 47; xxiv. 29-33. The expression used of certain memorials as remaining "up to this day," which occurs fourteen times, does not in any case seem to be inconsistent with the period embraced by the narrative; while it is difficult to imagine that any but a contemporary could have written such passages as vi. 25; and his two addresses (xxiii. and xxiv.), as well as the various records of his intercourse with God, would appear to have been committed to writing by Joshua himself, who is expressly declared to have written some documents (xxiv. 26). Ewald supposes that the book has undergone five transformations at the hands of successive compilers; but this view has met with little support. Others have tried to discriminate between an Elohistic and Jehovistic narrative; but this is difficult to maintain. The authorship has been variously attributed to Joshua (according to the tradition of the Jews and early Christian writers), Phinehas, Eleazar, one of the elders who survived Joshua, Samuel, and Jeremiah; again, some have assigned its date to the time of the Judges, the reign of Josiah, and even subsequent to the Babylonish Captivity. All these conjectures present far greater difficulties than the old tradition, that it is the work of Joshua, following the example of Moses, by writing the annals of his own time,--a task which seems to have been divinely committed to him on his first appointment as the assistant of Moses (Exod. xvii. 14). JUDGES. The second historical book, comprising a period of about 300 years (or, according to the LXX. chronology, quoted by Paul, Acts xiii. 20, 450 years), chronicles the gradual decline of Israel, after Joshua's death, into a state of political anarchy and religious apostasy. Date and Authorship. Its authorship is uncertain; but Jewish tradition ascribes it to Samuel. The phrase, "up to this day," is thought by modern critics to signify the time of Solomon, though i. 21 seems to refer to a date prior to David's capture of Jebus at the beginning of his reign, while xviii. 14 would seem to mark a date posterior to the Assyrian captivity of Israel. There is little doubt that chaps, i. 6--xvi. form an early record, most probably written by Samuel, and which was continued by other annalists; and that these documents were compiled into one harmonious whole (terminating with II Kings), probably by Ezra, or Nehemiah. The text of the whole is, "There was no king in Israel; every man did that which was right in his own eyes." The government may be called a republican confederacy. But the want of unity, and irreligion, made them a prey to the heathens around, whom they neglected to extirpate. Seven times Israel became subject to a foreign yoke, while thirteen judges assumed, by God's command, or the people's choice (as Abimelech), a temporary dictatorship. Of these some were contemporaries, as Samson and Samuel, and probably Abimelech, Tola, and Jair. This office subsequently became life-long (after Jephthah), and hereditary (in Samuel's time), gradually preparing the way for a monarchy. It is notable that, until the days of Eli, the priesthood is never mentioned, and that in him the office had passed from the family of Eleazar to that of Ithamar, on account, as the Jews say, of the sanction given by the former to Jephthah's unnatural sacrifice. The Books of Joshua and Judges bear the same relation to the books of the Law as the Acts of the Apostles to the Gospels; but the former mark the decline of the Jewish, the latter records the progress of the Christian Church. RUTH. This is a sequel to the Book of Judges (with which the Jews classed it), and is the link connecting that period with the monarchy. It supplies the genealogy of David, and so carries on the descent of the "promised seed" from Abraham. It comprises a period of ten years, during the judgeship of Deborah and Barak, and is said to have been written by Samuel. It is remarkably rich in examples of faith, patience, industry, tender affection, and of the merciful providence of God, in bringing good out of evil. The pious amiability of Boaz contrasts favourably with the prominent characters among the judges (Abimelech, Jephthah, Samson); while the conversion of the Moabitess, her adoption into the church of God, and her acceptance as "a mother in Israel," put to shame the decline into heathenism of "the chosen people" and the immorality displayed in the closing chapters of the Book of Judges, and anticipate the warning of Christ, "Many shall come from the east and west, and shall sit down with Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, in the kingdom of heaven" (Matt. viii. 11). As the Books of Joshua and Judges pourtray God in the history of a nation under an oligarchy and republican confederation, so the four succeeding ones shew His dealings with His people under a monarchy. The nation takes its tone from the king, as the father of the family: according as he walks with God, in the ways of David, he prospers; if he follow the statutes of Omri, or walk in the steps of Jeroboam, he fails, and is dethroned. Thus there are eight kings of Israel in the first ninety years, five of whom meet with violent deaths; while of the six of Judah in the same space, only the last is killed, a punishment for his alliance with the house of Ahab. I. and II. SAMUEL. The two books bearing Samuel's name are one in the Hebrew Canon, while in the LXX. they are called the I. and II. Kings. The former of the two is a continuation of the history of the judges, containing the narrative of the office of the last two (Eli and Samuel), who were not warriors, but priests and civil governors. Samuel is the connecting link by which the judgeship passes on to monarchy; but to his personal character, administrative skill, and intellectual ability, is due the reformation of the people from unbridled licentious anarchy to a peaceful acquiescence in a monarchy and a respect for justice. The latter portion of the book contains the history of the reign of Saul, the first king, selected in accordance with the qualities desired by his subjects. He is the personification of the Israelite character; proud, selfish, reserved, obstinately stiffnecked, and profane,-he sought to govern absolutely, instead of as the vicegerent of God. But he never was practically sovereign of more than the central part of the country, and was rather the pastoral chief of amalgamated tribes than the monarch of a kingdom. Date and Authorship. There is no evidence, either external or internal, bearing on the authorship of these books, neither is their title indicative of more than the subject-matter of their former portion (like that of the Book of Exodus). Comparing it with the Books of Kings, we judge the author to have written during a time when the Mosaic Law was forgotten, as he betrays no displeasure at its infringement, by sacrificing in high places, as is done by the writer of the Kings. Therefore its date would seem to be prior to the finding of the Law by Josiah; while the mention of Ziklag being attached to the kingdom of Judah (1 Sam. xxvii. 6) marks a period subsequent to the secession of the Ten Tribes. The compilation of its annals must therefore be assigned to a period between the accession of Rehoboam and that of Josiah (from B.C. 976 and B.C. 640); and the purity of its language accords with this supposition, though it may not have assumed its present exact form and arrangement until the days of Nehemiah (2 Macc. ii. 13). I. and II. KINGS. These two books are united in one in the ancient Hebrew copies. The present division is taken from the LXX. and Vulgate. They give the history of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah from the death of David to the Captivity. The history of the two kingdoms is intermingled, until the captivity of Israel, when that of Judah only is continued for 130 years longer. The whole is a conflict between faith and infidelity; the "sons of God" and the "sons of men;" the worship of Jehovah (the Supreme eternal source of Life) and Baal (the personification of natural causes). Israel declines from God, her kings follow Jeroboam, "who made Israel to sin." She becomes outcast, and her record is wiped out of the Book of Life, just as is that of the family of Cain, and the apostate descendants of Noah and of Abraham; while Judah is stayed by a few faithful kings (as Asa, Hezekiah, Josiah), repents of her unfaithfulness during her exile in Babylon, and is restored. Both books contain several prophecies, and are quoted by our Lord and the writers of the New Testament as Canonical (Luke iv. 25-27; James v. 17). The authorship is uncertain. It is probable that certain annals of their times were written by several of the prophets, and that a continuous history of these kingdoms was compiled out of them by Jeremiah or Ezra. The number of Chaldaisms in the text points to a late origin, and there is great similarity of style between them and the Book of Jeremiah (whose authorship Jewish tradition favours). This is favoured by internal evidence, there being a very marked resemblance between the later portion of 2 Kings (in the incidents of which Jeremiah was a participator) and the corresponding narratives in the book which bears his name, and in which some of the events are described more fully (Cp. 2 Ki. xxv. 22, and Jer. xliii. 7), while the writer appears to have remained in Judea during the Captivity, and the history terminates at the precise point where Jeremiah is carried into Egypt and is lost sight of. But the vividness of certain scenes, such as the biographies of Elijah and Elisha, the scene of Abab consulting Micaiah, the career of Jehu, seems to betoken an eye-witness, whose record has been introduced unaltered by the compiler. They embrace a period of 427 years. I. and II. CHRONICLES. These are united into one book in the Hebrew, "The Diaries," from whence our title arises. In the LXX, they are called the "Addenda" (Paralipomena), or "Supplement." They contain much of the matter of the previous Books of Kings, but supply additional information. The genealogical tables are valuable, since they record the unbroken line of the faithful people for about 3,500 years. The authenticity of these books has been unsuccessfully assailed by those critics who wish to maintain that the origin of the Pentateuch belongs to the period subsequent to the Captivity. Both Jewish tradition, and the testimony of Christian writers, ascribe their compilation to Ezra, who obtained his material from various annals of the monarchy. The cause of their compilation is naturally suggested by the first difficulties which would present themselves to the leaders of those who returned from captivity, in allotting the various portions of territory to the families entitled to them according to the Mosaic Law. And again, the maintenance of the Temple service, and of the payment of tithes, &c. required strict legal proof of hereditary descent on the part of the officiating Priests and Levites, These two great political questions necessitated the compilation of authoritative genealogical tables. To this work Ezra and Nehemiah seem to have earnestly set themselves, and especially to have made the restoration of the Temple and its worship the great feature in the new constitution. They felt also the vital importance of restoring a spirit of patriotism in the people, and of confidence in the favour of God, notwithstanding the punishment He had inflicted upon them by captivity. For this purpose, nothing could be more effectual than a continuous history of the nation, from David downwards, representing the Divine favour as dependent upon the faithfulness of rulers and people to the original covenant, and Divine punishment as the natural result of unfaithfulness. The Book of Chronicles (for it is properly only one) draws the picture which would most stimulate hope and patriotism. It gives in series the establishment of the Temple ritual, with its course of priests and officers, under David; its further development under Solomon; its restoration under Jehoshaphat, He-zekiah, and Josiah; and the reappearance of Divine favour at the final restoration of Church and nation after the Captivity. Thus the Chronicles are the beginning of the ecclesiastical history, which continues, in an unbroken thread, to the end of the Book of Neheniiah. Summary:-- I. (Chaps, i.--viii.). Genealogical tables, and settlements of the various tribes. II. (Chap. ix.). The disturbance of these by the Babylonish Captivity, and their partial restoration on their return (Cp. Neh. xi. 3--22). III. Introduction to the main history, viz. the end of Saul's reign, with a complete genealogy, copied from one drawn up in the reign of Hezekiah. IV. (1 Chron. xi.--xxix. 28). History of David. V. (2 Chron. i.--ix.). Reign of Solomon. VI. (2 Chron. x.--xxxvL 21). History of the kings of Judah and Israel. VII. (2 Chron. xxxvi.22--Ezra i. 4). Proclamation of Cyrus. VIII. (Ezraiv. 2). First caravan of Jews return to Jerusalem. IX. (Ezra iii. 1-7). Restoration of sacrifices. X. (Ezra iii. 8-13). Foundation of second Temple laid. XI. (Ezra iv. 1-24). Interruption of building of Temple by Samaritan interference. XII. (Ezra v.-vi. 12). Recommencement of building of Temple under Darius Hy-staspes. XIII. (Ezra vi. 13-22). Completion of the Temple. XIV. (Ezra vii., viii.). Second caravan of Jews. XV. (Ezra ix., x.; Neh. viii.). Governorship of Ezra. XVI. (Neh. i., ii.). Rebuilding of the walls under Nehemiah, and the opposition of Sanballat (from L--vii. 4). XVII. (Neh. ix.--xii.). Nehemiah's first administration. XVIII. (Neh. xiii.). Nehemiah's second administration. Peculiarities. The following passages are peculiar to the Book of Chronicles, and afford evidence of its aim: --1 Chron.xv.--xxvii.; xxii.--xxix.; 2 Chron.xiii.--xv.; xxiv., xxvi., xxix.--xxxi., and xxxv. Date and Authorship. Internal evidence favours the supposition that Ezra was the author of Chronicles, since the style and Chaldaisms strongly resemble those of the Book of Ezra. The writer seems to have had no personal knowledge of the events in Jerusalem after the commencement of the Captivity, since he entirely omits the details which close II. Kings; but the phraseology, which accords with that of the Book of Ezra, favours the notion that he was resident in Babylon, while the whole history terminates with Ezra's death. The sources of this compilation are various tribal genealogical tables and registers, the records of certain seers (e.g. Gad, Nathan, Iddo, Shemaiah), and also the "Books of the Kings of Israel and Judah," and public registers (Neh. xii. 23). EZRA. Ezra was grandson of Seraiah, the High Priest, who was slain when Jerusalem was taken (2 Kings xxv. 18--21), and was probably born at Babylon. He was a "Scribe," or instructor of the Law, who went up to Jerusalem with the second body of returned captives. He speaks of himself as the author of the book which bears his name (vii. 27, 28; viii. 1, &c.). It consists of two portions, with a considerable interval between the two: the First gives the return of the captives in the time of Cyrus (B.C. 536), arid the rebuilding of the Temple, interrupted by the Samaritans, but renewed by the preaching of Haggai and Zechariah. The decrees and some of the dialogues are in Chaldee. The Second part relates the second immigration of exiles in the reign of Artaxerxes (B.C. 457), with Ezra himself, and his reformation of the people. The whole period extends over seventy-nine years (from 536 to 457). NEHEMIAH. This was anciently united with the Book of Ezra, and in the Vulgate it is called II. Esdras. It carries on the history from about twelve years after the close of Ezra's book to the last jubilee (B.C. 413), covering a period of thirty-six years. Zerubbabel had rebuilt the Temple, but not the city walls of Jerusalem, which were replaced in fifty-two days under Nehemiah's direction. He was full of zeal, and gave up his lucrative post of cupbearer to the King of Persia, that he might join his fellow-countrymen in their difficulties. He reformed their civil and religious condition, enforcing economy and justice, attracting a larger number of settlers to the city, restoring the Temple services, and re-enacting the Mosaic Covenant. This closes the Old Testament History; and Nehemiah, after twelve years' sojourn in Judea, returned to his post in the Persian Court. ESTHER. The book called by Esther's name contains one episode in the history of those Israelites who did not return from captivity, and it shews their moral decline. Having elected to remain in a heathen land, Mordecai and his family accommodate themselves to their adopted nationality till their lives are imperilled. His kinswoman Esther being constrained to compete for a position in the harem of a heathen monarch, Mordecai charges her to conceal her nationality and religion for temporal aggrandisement. Although God's providence never forsakes His people, and in answer to their prayers deliverance is wrought, His name remains secret among them. The contrast throughout between the tone of Mordecai and Daniel under similar circumstances, and the inferiority of the former to his contemporaries Ezra and Nehemiah, is very marked. The incident is supposed to have its historical position between the 6th and 7th chapters of Ezra, and Ahasuerag is conjectured to have been Arta-xerxes; though some see in him a stronger resemblance to the effeminate Xerxes, while others identify him with Darius Hystaspes, and fix the date about B.C. 485. It is impossible to identify Esther with any queen mentioned in profane history, and it is most probable that she was a favourite concubine, to whom that title was accorded. The author of the book is unknown, but was most probably Mordecai, as no one else could well possess such minute knowledge of the names of Hainan's family, as also of that of Esther and the domestic details of the palace of Shushan, as is conveyed in this narrative. It has been attributed to Ezra, who probably brought it with him from Babylon to Jerusalem, and added it to the Canon. It was written in Hebrew, though additions were made to it in Greek by the LXX. (See "Notes on the Apocrypha," p. 27.) The feast of Purim remains to this day, as an evidence of the truth of the story; and the book has been always esteemed Canonical both by Jews and Christians. __________________________________________________________________ III.--THE POETICAL BOOKS (including Job to Canticles) were written at various times, some being of earlier, others of later date than the historical books. They are classed together, partly because they are in Hebrew verse, but mainly because they formed the devotional books of the Jewish Church. JOB. The antiquity of this book is proved by its style; but there is diversity of opinion respecting its date. The long life of Job, the patriarchal customs and form of worship, the absence of allusion to the Mosaic Law, favour the opinion that Job was coeval with Abraham; while the coincidence of names with some of the descendants of Ishmael and Esau, and supposed allusions to the destruction of Sodom (xv. 34; xviii. 15), point to a date nearer the Exodus. The scientific and physical knowledge displayed in it, and references to artificial instruments of advanced civilisation (xli. 1, 7,13), have led some to assign it to the time of Solomon. As Job is classed with other holy men (Ezek. xiv. 14; James v. 11), he was a real person, and the place of his residence was probably in the N.E. of Arabia Deserta. Supposed Date. External evidence. The unanimous tradition of ancient Jews ascribes the book to the Patriarchal age, and regards it as substantially based on historical facts. The Talmudists, while agreeing as to its date, regard it as founded upon fact, while others, of a later date, have treated it as a parable or a philosophical fiction. Modern critics, of different schools, unite in the supposition that it is a theological discussion of very high merit, founded upon an historical fact, displaying the opinions of opposite schools on an unsettled question, of the connexion between human suffering and guilt, and whether there is any higher motive for religion than selfishness. While agreement is nearly uniform that the historical incident belongs to the patriarchal age, opinions differ as to the date of its composition. Some place it before the Mosaic Dispensation, others in the time of Solomon, and others in a period after the Babylonish Captivity. Modern research has thrown some light on the question. (1) The Assyrian tablets have brought to light astronomical knowledge, in the cities of the Euphrates, as far advanced as that displayed by the Book of Job, at an earlier date than B.C. 1750. (2) Assyrian monuments prove that Chaldaean invasions were not uncommon at as early a period. Also the animals and monsters, except the leviathan, used as illustrations by Job, are precisely those found on Assyrian monuments, but were not for the most part familiar to the Jews of Palestine. The leviathan (or crocodile), though peculiar to Egypt, would be known to the inhabitants of Arabia Petrasa, the mines of which were extensively worked by Egyptians long before the Exodus. Internal evidence. The manners and customs pourtrayed in this book are universally allowed to be those of the Patriarchal age, though not at its earliest stage, since many offices, formerly discharged by the children of the family, are here delegated to servants. The original language more closely resembles Arabic than Hebrew, and is replete with Chaldaisms, which belong to an early, and not to a late, stage of literature. The composition generally is archaic in grandeur and obscurity, and resembles the oldest portions of the Pentateuch, of the Psalms, of Proverbs (which are now allowed to have been taken from this book, or from the documents from which it was compiled), and the Song of Deborah. If we compare it with the poetical compositions of Moses (e.g. Exod. xv., Deut. xxxii., and Psalm xc), whole phrases will be found to be identical, which favours the supposition that Moses either wrote the book, or, finding the original narrative (either written or oral) during his forty years' residence in Midian, gave to it its present form, adding its introductory and concluding portions in prose. Modern critics differ much on this point. They are tolerably unanimous in allowing the main portion of the book (i.e. the poetical part), with the exception of Elihu's speech, to be authentic, but differ about the two prosaic portions. The great weight of authority, however, favours the view that these portions bear a stronger resemblance to the Pentateuch than to any other writings; that they belong to the same age, and breathe the same spirit as the rest of the book, and only differ from it as prose differs from poetry. Elihu's speech is a necessary connecting link between the dialogue of Job and his friends, and the final address of God. Objections, grounded on the opinion that the doctrinal teaching is in advance of the Mosaic dispensation, have been completely answered. Authorship. Some ancient Jewish writers ascribe the authorship to Job himself, which opinion has been followed by some subsequent commentators. He has been even identified with Jobab the Edomite (Gen. x. 29); others suppose Moses to have been the author; others, Solomon; others, one of the later prophets; others, a resident in Southern Judea, on the borders of the Idumaean Desert, in the time of the monarchy anterior to Amos, by whom Job is largely quoted. It consists of three parts:--(1) The Introduction, a prose narrative of the cause and extent of Job's sufferings, and his patient endurance. (2) The Colloquies between Job and his comforters, in poetry, the theme of which is the cause of human suffering. His friends affirm it to be sin, and exhort Job to repentance. He denies it, appeals to facts, and complains of the unkindness of his friends. This portion consists of three series: (a) Job's complaint (ch. iii.), followed by the speeches of Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar, each being successively answered by Job (chaps, iv.-- xiv.). (b) A further speech of each of these three, with Job's answer to each (xv.--xxi.). (c) A speech of Eliphaz and Bildad, with the answer to each (xxii.--xxxi.). (3) The Argument of Elihu (poetical), that afflictions are remedial and for the sufferer's good; followed by a reproof to Job for his self-justification, and a vindication of God's government ( xxxii.--xxxvii.). (4) The Address of the Almighty, revealing His power and wisdom; concluding with Job's confession and penitence (xxxviii.--xlii. 6). (5) A prose Conclusion, narrating Job's close of life in peace and prosperity (xlii. 7--17). PSALMS. This compilation has no counterpart in the New Testament; it belongs to both. It speaks of Christ, and Christ speaks in it. The arrangement is not chronological, but is grounded on the relation of the Psalms to Christianity, pre-adjusted to the doctrines of the Gospel. The Psalter forms one book, called in the New Testament "The Book of Psalms." Its composition extends over 1,000 years of the national life, from Moses to Malachi, in which Hebrew history is set to music. The Psalms are divided into five parts:-- Part I. (i.--xli.) is the composition of David. Part II. (xlii.--lxxii.) is Levitic, compiled for the Temple worship in the time of Hezekiah, of which twenty-one are David's (li.--lxxi.). Part III. (lxxiii.--lxxxix.) was compiled for the same purpose in the time of Josiah. Part IV. (xc-- cvi.) was compiled during the Captivity. Part V. (cvii.--cl.) is miscellaneous; seventeen are Davidic, fifteen are Levitic, two penitential, and one Mosaic. Psalm cxix. is divided into sections of eight verses. In the Hebrew every verse of each section begins with the letter of the alphabet inscribed over it, which is evidently intended to help the memory in reciting it, as the Psalm was composed by Ezra to be sung on the homeward march of the captives. The Psalter, then, may be compared to an Oratorio, in five parts :-- I. Decline of man after the Fall. It commences with a Prologue or Overture (Pss. i. and ii.), followed by the insurrection of Absalom; and concludes (Ps. xli.) with that of Adonijah, quoted by our Lord as typical of the conspiracy of Judas against Him. The Prologue is ushered in with a Beatitude, and the Final chorus closes with a Doxology and double Amen. II. Revival of the Church, prefigured by David's rising from the bed of sickness, on which he was languishing (Ps. xli.), and reviving the monarchy in the person of Solomon, whom he proclaims in his stead,--a Prophet and King--building a new temple, &c. The scheme is the same as before. A Prologue, ushered in by a Beatitude (Ps. xli. closing the one, introducing the other), followed by a pair of Psalms of sorrow on David's flight from Absalom, and ending with a Beatitude and double Amen. III. A plaintive Recitative. The Church is in danger, owing to the degeneracy of Solomon's son; and the land is pillaged by the King of Egypt--again typical of the apostasy from Christ in times of peace and prosperity. It concludes (Ps. lxxxix.) with the peaceful re-assurance of God, in an angelic soprano, " Once have I sworn by my holiness, that I will not lie unto David," followed by a Doxology and chorus. IV. The Antiphon to the Recitative, comprising: 1. A Prologue, viz. The Prayer of Moses. 2. A Thanksgiving, in hopeful confidence of victory. 3. A Double Deliverance, from Egypt and Babylon, i.e. entrance and return to the Promised Inheritance. 4. Doxology. V. Finale of triumphant thanksgiving, figured by the return from captivity, consisting of 1. Prologue: The helpless wandering of fallen man. 2. The Return to the sanctuary of God (fifteen songs of degrees). 3. Restoration, unfolded in the Dedication Hymn, Song of Ezra, Alternative Thanksgiving (cxxxvi.) and Mourning (cxxxvii.). 4. Anticipating Extension of the Church to the Gentiles. 5. Concluding Chorus, comprising five Invitatory Psalms to the whole Universe to join in one mighty Chorus of Praise, rising for ever to the throne of God. The Bible Version of the Psalms is in blank verse, translated direct from the Hebrew in 1610. It is more accurate in sense, but is less rhythmical than the English Prayer Book version, which is in poetry, and pointed for singing. The latter was translated (1535, revised 1539) from the Latin Vulgate of the Gallican Psalter, which was taken from the LXX. There is no other Hymn Book so pregnant with expression of the heart's emotions under all the vicissitudes of life, or so adapted to all climes and ages as to be the universal medium of praise for all nations of the world. No other country than Palestine could have furnished such varied imagery, from arid deserts to frozen regions: e.g. the vines, figs, mulberries, pomegranates; valleys thick with corn, shining with lilies; the snow-clad mountains; the hart panting for streams, and the exile David looking thankfully into the boiling torrent he has crossed; the beasts of prey, coupled with the horse and the ass. It is also valuable as supplying additional fragments of history unrecorded in other books. For Devotion it has been used as much by Christians as by Jews. It is quoted seventy times in the New Testament. __________________________________________________________________ TABLE OF THE AUTHORSHIP AND COMPILATION OF THE PSALMS.* __________________________________________________________________ Books. Psalms. Authorship. When or by whom collected for use in the Temple. I. 1-41 David. David. II. 42-49 50 51-71 72 The Levites. Azariah. David. David, or Solomon. Time of Hezekiah. III. 73-85 86 87-89 The Levites Hezekiah. The Levites Time of Josiah. IV. V. 90-106 107-150 Various: e.g. Moses, Ezra, The Prophets. Ezra or Nehemiah. Headings. There are only fifty without some title or heading, and these are mainly in Part V., composed by Ezra and Nehemiah, who arranged the book in its present form, and so omitted their own names. They are not more authentic than the subscriptions to Paul's Epistles. * From Blunt's Annotated Prayer Book. But to many of David's there are "Dedications," or " Inscriptions:" e.g. "To the chief Musician on Neginoth upon Sheminith " (vi.). Many are supposed to be musical directions, thus:-- Ps. v. Nehiloth, "wind instruments," marks the nature of the accompaniment. Ps. vi. Neginoth, " stringed instruments," marks the nature of the accompaniment. Ps. vi. Sheminith, "upon the eighth," or octave, is to be a bass solo. Ps. vii. Shiggaion, " wandering, erratic," refers to a gentle, running accompaniment. Ps. viii. Gittith, " from Gath," is either a tune, or the musical instrument on which the accompaniment is to be played, brought by David from Gath, so, probably, jubilant. Ps. ix. Muth-labban, "a dirge," probably some well-known tune; or to be sung by "male trebles," i.e. boys. Ps. ix.16.Higgaion, "meditation," either marks a pause, the commencement of a recitative, or the change to a minor key. Ps. xvi.Michtam, "engraven in gold," seems to mark its popularity, or its value as an outpouring of thankfulness. Ps. xxii. Aijeleth Shachar, " the hind of the morning," may refer either to some tune, or, more probably, to the use of this psalm at the hour of the morning sacrifice. Ps.xxxii. Maschil, "an instruction," seems to refer to the subject-matter, or to its being "Recitative." Ps. xlv.Shoshannim, "lilies," or "six strings," may either be the name of a sweet tune, or the accompanying instrument with six strings. Ps. xlvi. Alamoth, " virgins," i.e. for " treble voices;" cp. 1 Chron. xv. 20. Ps. liii. Mahalath, " lute," either the accompaniment, or a lively tune. Ps. lvi.Jonath-elem-rechokim, "mute dove among strangers," i.e. either a tune so called,--a dirge,--or referring to the subject-matter, David in exile. Ps. lvii.--lix., lxxv. Al-taschith, "destroy thou not." Ps. cxx. Degrees ("steps"), the pilgrims' song of those returning from captivity; or to be sung on the steps of the inner temple court. Selah, " eternally, for ever." According to some, forte; according to others, piano. In the LXX. regarded as a musical or rhythmical note, the key-note; or a symphony; or a pause; or Da Capo; or a blast of trumpets. It occurs seventy-one times in the Psalms, and three times in Habakkuk. To the chief Musician is prefixed to fifty-three. It is variously interpreted: either that the music was composed by the chief Musician, to whom David dedicated the Psalm; or, that for "to" we should read "by," and understand by "the chief Musician" (i.e. David himself), the composer of the words. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SUBJECTS. 1. Instructive. On the perfection of God's law: 19, 119. On the blessing of piety, misery of vice: 1, 5, 7, 9-12, 14, 15, 17, 24, 25, 32, 34, 36, 37, 50, 52, 53, 58, 73, 75, 84, 91, 92, 94, 112, 119, 121, 125, 127, 128, 133. On vanity of human life: 39, 49, 90. On duty of rulers: 82,101. 2. Devotional. Prayer.--Penitence: 6, 32, 38, 51, 102, 130, 143. Resignation: 3, 16, 27, 31, 54, 56, 57, 61, 62, 71, 86. Contrition: 13, 22, 69, 77, 88, 143. In severe trouble: 4, 5,11, 28, 41, 55, 59, 64, 70,109,120,140,141,143. In affliction: 44, 60, 74, 79, 80, 83, 89, 94, 102, 129,137. When deprived of public worship: 42, 43, 63, 84. Intercession: 10, 67,122, 132, 144. Praise.-- For God's providential care: 23, 34, 35, 91,100, 103, 107, 117, 121, 145, 146. Of God's attributes: 8, 19, 24, 29, 33, 47, 50, 65, 66, 76, 77, 93, 95--97, 99, 104, 111, 113-- 115, 134,139, 147, 148, 150. Thanksgiving.-For individual mercies: 9, 18, 22, 30, 34, 40, 75,103, 108, 116, 118, 138, 144. For general or national mercies: 46, 48, 65, 66, 68, 76, 81, 85, 98, 105, 124, 126,129, 135, 136,149. 3. Prophetical, chiefly of the Messiah: 2, 16, 22, 40, 45, 68, 69, 72, 97, 110, 118. 4. Historical: 78,105,106. PROVERBS. The Hebrew title of this book is "Mishle," ("by-words," "proverbs," "similitudes"); in the LXX. it is called "Wisdom," and in the Vulgate, the "Book of Proverbs." It is a manual of practical rules of life, as the Psalms are a manual of daily devotion; the former guiding the actions, the latter the thoughts. It is a book of daily lessons for all ages and states of men and women. "Wisdom" is religion; and "folly " is irreligion. It may be divided as follows:--1. Introduction,--the value of wisdom (i.--ix.). 2. The Proverbs (strictly so called) of Solomon (x.--xxii. 16). 3. Another introduction, on the study of wisdom (xxii. 17--xxiv.). 4. A second volume of true Proverbs, collected by those who were set by Heze-kiah to restore the Temple worship, among whom were Isaiah and Hosea (xxv.--xxix.). 5. An Appendix, containing the instructions of Agur to his pupils Ithiel and Ucal, and of the mother of Lemuel to her son (xxx., xxxi.). It is generally allowed that the main portion (x.--xxii. 16) is the work of Solomon, consisting of Proverbs composed or collected by himself, and that the other portions have been collected and added to it subsequently, the original title being preserved for the whole of the compilation, just as was done for the Psalms. Date and Authorship. The date of this final arrangement is uncertain, but it was most probably in the time of Hezekiah. Modern critics are divided in their opinion whether the first part of the book (i.--ix.) belongs to the seventh or ninth century B.C., and the arguments on either side are alike inconclusive. It is also a matter of dispute whether it is earlier or later than the Song of Solomon and the Book of Job, many passages in the latter bearing such a striking resemblance to the Proverbs as to leave no doubt that the writer of the one was familiar with the other book. The Jews attributed the Songs of Solomon to the early youth, the Proverbs to the mature age, and Ecclesiastes to the declining years of Solomon, while others have assigned them all to the last portion of his life. There has never been any doubt of the Canonicity of the book, except by some writers among the Jews themselves. SONG OF SOLOMON. This poem is said to be the only remaining one of the 1,005 songs composed by Solomon (in the Hebrew idiom it is called the Song of Songs, or the best of them all); and both Jewish and Christian tradition agree in this. It has been thought to have been a Marriage Ode composed by him at his nuptials with the daughter of Pharaoh, or with some native of Palestine (espoused some years later), of noble extraction, but inferior to her husband (ii. 1, 6; vii. 1), and its language is held to be figurative of the union between Christ and His Spouse, the Church. It is a poem, in which there are two characters, a male (Shelomoh, Peace), and a female, called by the same name with a feminine termination (Shulamith). There are treble and bass solos, which occasionally glide into a duet ( ii. 7; iii. 5; viii. 4), terminating in a chorus of virgins (Song iii. 6-11; v. 9; vi. 1,13; viii. 5, 8, 9). The sonnet of each of the two principal characters is not distinguished in our translation, as it is in the Hebrew by the use of masculine and feminine pronouns and adjectives; but they may be thus marked: Shulamith begins a treble solo ( Song i. 2-6), followed by a dialogue or duet (of about a verse each), to Song ii. 3, terminating in the duet (Song ii. 6, 7). Then Shulamith sings a solo (Song ii. 8-13), answered by Shelomoh (Song ii. 14, 15), and he again by her (Song iii. 1-4), gliding into the duet (Song iii. 5), and the chorus of virgins (from ver. 6 to the end of that chapter). Chap. iv. commences with a sonnet from Shulamith in praise of her lover, answered by him, singing hers in turn. The same compliments are retorted with little variation by Shelomoh (chap, vii.), in praise of his spouse. The two intervening chapters (v. and vi.) seem to be sung by Shulamith and the chorus, and chap. viii. by them all chorally. Ewald, with much reason, has conjectured that it is not the composition of Solomon, nor yet a marriage ode; but that it had its origin in the loving cry of the faithful Church still remaining in the kingdom of the ten tribes, when rent away from the house of David. Thus, "Solomon" is the head of the Jewish Church, personified in the Temple, the centre of devotion and love of the faithful spouse now excluded from it, but whose heart still yearns towards it. The compulsory attendance on the worship at Dan and Beth-el is well pourtrayed by--"My mother's children were angry with me; they made me the keeper of the vineyards; but mine mvn vineyard (God's Church) have I not kept." And again, as the worship of the calves was the beginning of Baalism, well might the faithful Israelite Church, forced to a false worship, hide its face and cry, "Look not upon me, because I am black; because the Sun hath looked upon me." This view is sustained by the imagery used by the two speakers one of the other: that applied to the male being such as is applicable to the physical features of Judea; that to the female such as belongs rather to the northern kingdom. Again, the neck of Shelomoh is like the "tower of David " (iv. 4); he lives amidst the daughters of Jerusalem, and among the roes, harts, and hinds of the field, "leaping upon the mountains" (ii. 7, 8); while Shulamith lives under Lebanon, "a dove in the clefts of the rock, in the secret stairs " (ii. 14); her eyes are like fishpools in Hesh-bon, her nose as the tower of Lebanon, her head like Carmel (vii. 4, 5). All names of places used in the imagery of her by Shelomoh, or by her of herself, are taken from the ten tribes, even extending to those beyond the Jordan. Date and Authorship. With the exception of a few Talmudists (who ascribe it to the time of Hezekiah), there is a general consent of all critics, down to the last century, that it is a genuine work of Solomon, though the date at which it was written is disputed. Kennicott places it in the time of Ezra or Nehemiah, on account of certain Chaldaisms in the Hebrew text, which, Gesenius alleges, are provincialisms peculiar to the northern part of Palestine, existing in the age of Solomon, to which period he attributes the composition. There seems nothing whatever in the subject-matter which could identify it with the post-Babylonish period, and the LXX. style it the "Song of Solomon." The more probable time of its composition would seem to be that of Rehoboam, and it would appear as if it were an eirenikon (overture of peace) beween the two hostile kingdoms of Israel and Judah, reminding them that they were brethren (compare Song iii. 11; v. 16; viii. 2,5). The mention in juxtaposition of the two rival royal cities in the time of Jeroboam and Kehoboam, viz. Tirzah and Jerusalem (Song vi. 4); of the "threescore valiant men of Israel," expert in war, coming out of the wilderness (Song iii. 6-8); and of "the company of two armies," with the appeal to Shulamith to return (Song vi. 10), all seem to point to the conclusion of hostilities recorded in 1 Kings xii. 23, 24, or after the chastisement of Jeroboam by Abijah (2 Chron. xiii.). Shelomoh would seem to be a personification of "Salem" (Jerusalem), and this ode would thus pourtray the yearning of the bereaved Israelite Church towards the holy Temple on Mount Zion after the separation of the ten tribes. This more fitly typifies the love between the Church and Christ than an "Epithalamium" on the marriage of Solomon with a heathen princess; while the terms of endearment lose all their grossness when applied to two nations with their distinctive physical features, --a view which the constant transition (in the original Hebrew) from the singular to the plural (or collective) pronouns strengthens The Canonicity of this book has never been doubted, the evidence in its favour being as strong as that in support of the other books; but, among the Jews, no one under thirty years of age was allowed to read it. ECCLESIASTES (the Preacher), called in Hebrew Koheleth, is generally supposed to have been written by Solomon at the close of his life, after his lapse (1 Kings xi.1-13), and expresses his penitence. He holds himself up as a warning to others; from its title, it is thought that he delivered it in public. It is a narrative of the attempts of a worldling in various ways to find happiness. He has fits of study, of pleasure, of sensuality, of refinement, of luxury, of misanthropy, of construction, mechanical skill, of book-making. All are unsatisfying, and leave a void; the conclusion being that all is an empty pleasure but the fear of God, and that subservience to Him is the only perfect freedom. Wisdom is here used in the modern sense, viz. possession of knowledge. The Canonicity of this book is acknowledged by Jews and early Christian writers; but the former did not rank it among the poetical books, the major part of it being prose. Both the age and authorship of this book are controverted. The mixture of the Hebrew with Aramaic words is thought to stamp it as belonging to the same age as the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah, with which its subject-matter seems to accord; e.g. the expression of misery under a tyrannical government, sudden reversions of fortune, the tone of despondency, the moral and religious declension, and the condition of literature,--all seem to breathe an atmosphere more like that subsequent to the return from the Captivity, than the golden age of Solomon. The attempts, however, to fix its date have, so far, manifested very little unanimity. __________________________________________________________________ IV.--THE PROPHETICAL BOOKS.Jonah, Joel, Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, Micah, Nahum, Zephaniah, prophesied before the Captivity; Jeremiah, Habakkuk, Ezekiel, Daniel, during it; and Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, after the Restoration, and in the chronological order given here. The arrangement of these books in our Bible is ruled more by the matter; the four greater books being placed first, instead of in chronological order. ISAIAH (Salvation of Jehovah), the son of Amoz (not the prophet of that name), prophesied about " Judah and Jerusalem in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah." His tribe and family are uncertain, but he is believed to have been of the seed-royal of Judah. Under Uzziah and Jotham religion declined, luxury increased; under Ahaz idolatry was rampant, and the Temple closed. Isaiah warned and reproved in vain, till Hezekiah listened to his voice, and made him his adviser. He is said to have been sawn asunder in the reign of Manasseh, qn whose accession, however, he must have been nearly ninety years of age. The first verse seems to be the heading of the whole book, which consists of a series of visions, followed by a few miscellaneous prophecies and historical facts. These visions are placed in chronological order, but only one of them is strictly "a vision" (i.e. a waking dream), the rest being subjective, rather than objective pictures of future events. It is difficult to assign any of them to the reign of Jotham, except, perhaps, some of the burdens: but those of the reigns of Uzziah, Ahaz, and Hezekiah are marked by the writer himself. The first portion of the book relates chiefly to the Jewish nation and its enemies, with predictions about Assyria (then in its zenith), Babylon (in its infancy as a power), Moab, Egypt (the great rival of Assyria), Philistia, Syria, Edom, and Tyre (the great mercantile power), and a few historical chapters of Heze-kiah's reign. The second portion embraces a forecast of the whole period between the Captivity and the close of the Christian dispensation, the return from Babylon being used to prefigure the Advent of the Messiah and the redemption of the people. The prophecies regarding the Messiah's birth, passion, glory, rejection by the Jews, and acceptance by the Gentiles, are so exact as to have earned him the name of the "Gospel Prophet." Peixcipal Subjects of Prophecy :-- I. The Captivities and Restoration of Judah and Israel (xxxix. 6, 7). II. The ruin and desolation of Babylon, Tyre, Damascus, Egypt, &c. and the destruction of Syria and Israel (vii. 12; xlvii. 7,15). III. The conquests and conduct of Cyrus, who is mentioned by name, and his relieving the Jews, nearly 200 years before his birth (xliv. 28; xlvi. 1-5). IV. Prophecies respecting the Messiah:-- 1. His Forerunner (xl. 3). 2. His Birth (vii. 14). 3. His Family (xi. 10). 4. His Name and Kingdom (ix. 6, 7). 5. His Rejection by the Jews (viii. 14). 6. His Acceptance by the Gentiles (xlix. 6). 7. His Miracles (xxxv. 5, 6). Many eminent German critics, of the last and present century, have called in question the genuineness of the last twenty-seven chapters, on the ground that their standpoint is the Babylonish Captivity, from whence the author looks forward to succeeding events, and forewarns his people of what seems to be coming, and hence sketches out the career of the Messiah. They think it impossible for a prophet to mention Cyrus by name 200 years before his birth. The whole force of this objection rests upon a doubtful acceptance of prophetic inspiration. It has been ably refuted by other German critics. An excellent resume will be found in Keil-s Einleitung. It is difficult to imagine that such a writing at such an age should have been issued anonymously, and it must be borne in mind, that the integrity of the whole book has been universally admitted by all Jews and Christians of former centuries. Moreover, since forty-seven of the sixty-six chapters are quoted, directly or indirectly, in the New Testament, and in twenty-one cases Isaiah is named as the author of the prophecy, it must be conceded that every objection is met by fact. JEREMIAH (Appointed by Jehovah) was son of Hilkiah, a priest of Anathoth (a small village close to Jerusalem). He began to prophesy in the thirteenth year of Josiah's reign, about seventy years after Isaiah's death, and continued to do so all through the troubled times of the Babylonian invasion. He was regarded as the bird of evil omen by the rulers of Jerusalem, and was subjected to cruel persecution. He saw the city besieged and taken, his warnings neglected but fulfilled, his fellow-citizens carried captive, and Jerusalem a heap of ruins; and in an adjoining cave he wrote his Lamentations over it. A remnant rallied round him after the murder of Gedaliah, and were forbidden by God, through his mouth, to flee into Egypt; but they accused him of falsehood, and disregarding the Divine command, carried him with them into that country (xliii.), where, according to Jerome, he was put to death, having prophesied for about forty years. His prophecies are not in chronological order, but seem to have been re-arranged according to their subjects, viz.:--(1) Warnings to the Jews. (2) Survey of all nations, with an historical appendix. (3) Prediction of brighter days to come, with a similar appendix. (4) Prophecies regarding Egypt. The concluding chapters (from li. 34) are supposed to have been compiled from the later portions of II. Kings, and may have been added by Ezra. Jeremiah was contemporary with Ze-phaniah, Habakkuk, Ezekiel, and Daniel. He foretold the precise date of the Captivity, the fate of Zedekiah, the Return of the Jews, future decay of Babylon, and fall of many other nations. He is said to have buried the ark; and he predicted the abrogation of the Law, the inauguration of a spiritual worship, the blessing of the Atonement, the call of the Gentiles through the Gospel, and the final acceptance of the Jews. Bunsen and Ewald consider that the prophecies seem to be most naturally grouped together by the recurrence of the formula, "The word of the Lord came to Jeremiah," as follows:--! (Chap, i.) An introduction, probably prefixed to the whole at the final revision. 2. (ii.--xxi.) Probably the roll written by Baruch (xxxvi. 32), after the one read in the ears of Jehoiakim had been burnt by him. 3. (xxii.--xxv.) Shorter prophecies delivered against the kings of Judah and false prophets. 4. (xxv.--xxviii.) Two great prophecies of the fall of Jerusalem. 5. (xxix.--xxxi.) The message of comfort for the exiles in Babylon. 6. (xxxii.--xliv.) The history of the last two years before the capture of Jerusalem, and of Jeremiah's work during that and the subsequent period. 7. (xlvi.--li.) The prophecies against foreign nations, ending with the great predictions against Babylon. 8. (lii.) The supplementary narrative, which is also a preface to Lamentations. The LXX. translation contains so many differences of reading, as well as variations m the arrangement of the chapters, that it would seem to have been made from some other recension of the Hebrew than any now extant; or else, the translators endeavoured to make the Hebrew more plain, and the arrangement more methodical. The genuineness of the book has never been seriously questioned; neither can its date be doubted. Gesenius- conjectures that more than thirty Psalms (sc. v., vi., xiv., xxii.--xli., Hi.--lv., lix.--lxxi.), were composed by Jeremiah; if so, they are a valuable record of the hymnology of that period. LAMENTATIONS. An appendix to the preceding, in the shape of a pathetic ode, expresses Jeremiah's grief for the destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple, the miseries of slavery and famine, inculcating the benefit of chastisement. It is full of pathetic tenderness. It is, in the Hebrew, an acrostic, each stanza beginning with a fresh letter of the alphabet, probably to assist the memory. Chaps, i., ii., and iv. consist of twenty-two verses each (i.e. the number of Hebrew letters), in alphabetical order. Chap. v. contains the same number of verses, but not in alphabetic order; while chap. iii. has three verses to each letter of the alphabet, which is repeated at the beginning of each of the three verses. The book, however, is not one poem divided into five chapters, but consists of five distinct poems. Its original Hebrew title was " Echah," the usual prefix to a song of wailing. Date and Authorship. The external evidence rests entirely on a preface in the LXX.: " And it came to pass, that after Israel was led captive, and Jerusalem was laid waste, Jeremiah sat weeping, and lamented with this lamentation on Jerusalem;" which is followed by Josephus and others. The internal evidence connects it in style and subject-matter so closely with the book of Jeremiah's prophecies, as to leave no doubt as to the authorship. Some have supposed it to be the lamentation on the death of Josiah (2 Chron. xxxv. 25), mentioned by Josephus as extant in his time (Antiq. v.); but this conjecture does not accord with the tone of these poems, which evidently pourtray Jerusalem in ruins, and leave no doubt that they were composed after its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar. Its Canonicity has never been doubted; but it is regarded as the work of an inspired prophet, rather than as a prophetic inspiration. It has been variously placed among the sacred writings, either between Ruth and Ecclesiastes, among the five Megillolh, as in the Hebrew, or grouped with Jeremiah's writings, but separated from the prophetical book by that of Baruch, as in the LXX. EZEKIEL (God will strengthen), son of Buzi, was a priest carried captive with other nobles by Nebuchadnezzar (B.C. 599), before the destruction of Jerusalem. He was settled with a Jewish colony on the banks of the Chebar (Ehabut), 200 miles N. of Babylon, where he saw visions. He only lived twenty-seven years after, and did not begin to prophesy till the fifth year of his exile. His prophecies may be divided into two parts. First, those spoken before the destruction of Jerusalem, to disabuse the people of all false hopes of succour from Egypt, instilling into them the certainty of God's vengeance, and exhorting them to sincere repentance. The Second part is full of consolation, exciting hope of future restoration on their true repentance, and the final glory of God's people in a renovated land and a new Jerusalem, with the outpouring of God's blessings upon them, and the future resurrection of the flesh. Between these two parts is an intervening portion, denouncing God's judgment on the seven heathen nations around them. This was written between the commencement of Nebuchadnezzar's siege of Jerusalem, and the news of its fall. This book contains many visions, parables, and proverbs. The illustrations are often taken from buildings and their ornaments, shewing the writer to have been more familiar with a city than with rural life. He mentions Daniel by name (xxviii. 3); and as they were in exile together, they were probably well known to each other. Summary. 1. Ezekiel's call (i.--iii. 15). 2. The general carrying out of the commission (iii. 16-- vii.). 3. The rejection of the people, because of their idolatrous worship (viii.--xi.). 4. The sins of the age rebuked in detail (xii.--xix.). 5. The nature of the judgment, and the guilt which caused it (xx.--xxiii.). 6. The meaning of the now commencing punishment (xxiv.). 7. God's judgment denounced on seven heathen nations (xxv.--xxxii.). 8. Prophecies, after the destruction of Jerusalem, concerning the future condition of Israel (tfxxiii.--xxxix.). 9. The glorious consummation (xl.--xlviii.). Hebrew tradition asserts that Jeremiah and Ezekiel exchanged writings in their lifetime, so that those of the former were read in Babylon, and those of the latter in Jerusalem. There are many similarities in the two books which favour this supposition,--especially as the character of the two writers is so different, that a resemblance in their writings would seem to be due to a mutual interchange of thoughts. Canonicity. The great obscurity of the book (from its allegorical form), and apparent discrepancy between it and the Pentateuch (cp. xviii. 20, and Ex. xx. 5), led the Jews to place it among "the Treasures," which no one might read before the age of thirty; and, for the same reason, the Sanhedrin hesitated to give it a place among the Canonical books of the prophets, for public reading in the synagogue. But on no other ground has its Canonicity been disputed, nor has its authenticity teen seriously attacked. There are no direct quotations from it in the New Testament, though in the Revelation there are several allusions and parallel passages, which shew that it was known to the writer. DANIEL (God's Judge) was one of the princes of the royal family of Judah, and was made a eunuch in the palace of the King of Babylon, and became President of the Council. He was not a priest, but a civil governor. Carried captive at the age of from twelve to eighteen, in the fourth year of Jehoiakim (eight years before Ezekiel), he prophesied during the whole period of the Captivity, and even two years after the Return. He did not accompany the Jews back to Jerusalem, but died in exile when more than ninety years of age. B.C. 603 he interprets Nebuchadnezzar's dream, which brings him into notice. B.C. 580 (23 years later), the three children are, in his absence, saved from the fiery furnace. Ten years afterwards he interprets the king's second dream, and acts as viceroy during the seven years of that monarch's madness. He lives in retirement during the reign of Belshaz-zar, who prefers younger counsellors, till the writing on the wall calls him forth (B.C. 538); after which he is promoted to the highest post of government by Darius, which he retains under Cyrus (536), thus serving under three dynasties --the Chaldean, Median, and Persian. His book consists of two distinct volumes, the prophecies of the latter being synchronous with some of the historical events narrated in the former: e.g. the first vision occurred in the first year of Belshazzar (B.C. 555); the second in 553; the third in the first year of Darius (538); the last in the third of Cyrus (534). The historical part (chaps, ii. 4--vii.) is in Chaldee; the prophetical in Hebrew. In the former Daniel is spoken of in the third person, in the latter in the first; but of both portions he is allowed to have been the author. Our Lord speaks of him as a prophet (Matt. xxiv. 15). An allusion is made to him in Heb. xi. 33, 34; and his language is copied in the Revelation of John the Divine, which is the counterpart of his hook in the New Testament. Chap. ii. predicts the course of the Five Great Empires of the world, which should succeed each other in supremacy--viz. the Babylonian, Persian, Grecian, Roman, and Christian. In chap, vii. the four worldly empires, under the figure of four beasts, are viewed in their religious aspect. In chap. viii. is predicted the struggle between the Persian and Grecian powers, and tire rise of the corrupting influence of Antiochus Epiphanes (the "little horn"), which prepared the way for the final overthrow of the Jews by the Romans. Then follow the precise prophecies regarding the Messiah. In seven weeks (forty-nine years) the city would be rebuilt; in sixty-two weeks (434 years) Christ would begin His ministry, and in the middle of one week (three and a half years) He would be cut off. Chap. x. foretells the opposition of the Persian power to the restoration of the Jews; while chap. xi. more minutely predicts the history of the four Persian kings, that of Alexander and his successors, till the conquest of Syria by Rome, followed by a forecast of the growth of the supremacy of Christ's kingdom to the end of the world. This book is the first of a series of apocalyptic writings, which culminate in the Revelation of John* the Divine. It has exercised far greater influence on Christian theology than any other writing of the Old Testament, depicting as it does, not merely the Advent of the Messiah, but the effect and influence of His human existence upon the whole future of the human race. Hence, his writings are not forewarnings of coming events, or divine threats of punishment, neither are they strictly prophetic, but have a far wider range, disclosing the philosophy of history, both sacred and profane, revealing to the Jews the great mission destined for them in the regeneration of mankind. Thus, with Ezekiel, the latter portion of the Book of Daniel forms the connecting link between the prophecies of the Jewish dispensation and the more universal revelation of Christ and His followers. This traditional interpretation (which dates hack as far as II. Esdras and the Epistle of Barnabas) is rejected by some modern commentators, because it is thought to lose sight of the cyclic development of history; so that the Divine utterance, which has its first fulfilment in one period, receives a further and more complete one in the corresponding part of some other period. According to them, the four empires are, the Babylonian, Median, Persian, and Greek; while the fifth (the Christian), striking the feet of the composite image, crushed the foundations of them all (viz., heathen mythology), and prepared the way for its own supremacy over all future dominions. Each of these has its antitype in the Christian era,--Babylon in Rome, Media in Byzantium, Persia, with its divided power, in the Teutonic races, while the great Northern nations may hereafter rival the conquests of Alexander;--all these being eventually superseded in the triumph of Christ's second Kingdom, as the former empires were by His first Advent. In this way the Book of Daniel is hoth a prophecy and a revelation. Date and Authorship. No doubt was expressed as to the authorship of Daniel, or as to the reality of the events contained in the book, until the fourth century A.D., when Porphyry denied the truth of the prophecies concerning Antiochus Epiphanes (in whose reign he supposed the work to have been written), while affirming the historical accuracy of the preceding ones. A considerable number of modern German critics have rejected the whole book as spurious, on the ground that the earlier chapters record miracles surpassing belief and that the prophetic portion represents historic events in such minute detail as to preclude the possibility of their being written anterior to those events. These objections are founded on a disbelief in miraculous power, and in prophetic inspiration; and those who advanced them assign the composition of the book to the period between B.C. 170 and 164. But it is impossible to believe that an impostor would have written what professed to be one continuous book, partly in Chaldee and partly in Hebrew, intermingled with Greek words. The tone of the whole is thoroughly Eastern, and the Jewish tradition is most reasonable, that each historical event was written at the time it happened, and each vision also, by Daniel himself; that these documents were conveyed, with other sacred works, from Babylon to Jerusalem, at the time of "the Return," and that they (as well as the Visions of Ezekiel) were compiled in their later form by the "Great Synagogue." Dr. Pusey says, "that neither its language, nor its historical references, nor its doctrines, imply any later date than that of Daniel himself; but that, contrariwise, the character of its Hebrew exactly fits with the period of Daniel, that of its Chaldee excludes any later period. That the minute, fearless touches, involving details of customs, state-institutions, history, belong to a contemporary," &c. Canonicity. This was never doubted until the last two centuries, though the exceptional nature of the book caused it to be isolated by the Jewish canonists, who hesitated to give it a place among the prophets, but arranged it with the Babylonish documents between Esther and Nehemiah. It formed so powerful a weapon in the hands of Christians in their controversy with the Jews {Athan. de Inc. Verbi, c. 39), that the latter corrupted the LXX. text, until it became entirely discredited, and was superseded by that of Theo-dotion. which was also, in its turn, corrupted, and the old LXX. was lost, so that it is difficult now to reproduce its original. Jonah (Dove), son of Amittai (True), the author and subject of the book called by his name, was born at Gath-hepher, in Zebulun, two miles from Sephorim. He is the same prophet who is sent to Jeroboam II. (2 Kings xiv. 25), in answer to the bitter cry of affliction that rose from Israel. The deliverance then worked by God brought no return of allegiance to Him; and Jonah is sent with a message of warning to their threatening invaders, the Assyrians. The contrast between the Gentile sailors and the heathen Ninevites and the prophet is so greatly in favour of the former, as to stamp the narrative with truthfulness. The writer leaves us with his impetuous will unbroken (though rebuked) and unexplained, while he closes his book with God's words of tender mercy. The clue to his unwillingness and murmuring is doubtless his foreknowledge that the nation, so spared, was destined to be God's instrument for the punishment of his native country. The King of Nineveh was the Pul of Scripture. The Authenticity. of the book is proved by the genuine Hebrew words and archaic idioms which pervade it; and the second chapter shews the writer to be imbued with a knowledge of the Psalms, which he adapts to his own needs, hut does not quote. It is also corroborated by the accuracy of its historical and geographical details, and by our Lord's own affirmation of its truth and of its typical significance. But some German critics, who disbelieve in miracles, regard it as fabulous or parabolic, and ascribe its composition to the time of Josiah. It has, however, been regarded as Canonical both by Jews and Christians, and is ranked among the prophetical books because of its typical reference to the Resurrection of the Messiah. Hosea, Joel, Amos, were contemporaries. It is most probable that Joel prophesied to Judah at the same time that Amos forewarned Israel, and that these two rather preceded Hosea, who, like Amos, was sent to the Israelites. HOSEA (Salvation) prophesied for sixty years during the reigns of the last six kings of Israel (Jeroboam II. to Hoshea). He began to prophesy before Isaiah, with whom he was contemporary. The idolatry of Jeroboam had produced all kinds of vice; the kings were profligate; the priests had introduced shameful rites throughout the land; God was forgotten; the rulers looked to Assyria or to Egypt for help in their misfortunes, and Hosea compares their defection to the unfaithfulness of a wife to her marriage vows. His illustrations are taken from rural and domestic pursuits (e.g. snaring of birds, sowing, reaping, and threshing, baking of bread). He gives us some insight into the modes of life of that day, e.g. the women decked with earrings and jewels; the feasts and sabbaths are "days of mirth;" they sacrificed on mountain tops, burnt incense on hills, "under oaks, and poplars, and elms;" while "troops of robbers wait for a man." This book is quoted by our Lord, by the Evangelist Matthew, and the apostles Peter and Paul. It may be divided into two parts: (1) A symbolical representation (i.--iii.) of the adoption of the people, their rebellion, rejection, conversion of the Gentiles, and final restoration of Israel. (2) Prophetic discourses, illustrated by most vivid images. JOEL (Jehovah is God) was the son of Pethuel, and of the tribe of Reuben, and lived not later than the time of Uzziah, for he does not mention Assyria by name amongst the foes of Judah. The Jews say that he lived in the time of the drought (2 Kings viii. 1) of Elisha; but it is more probably that mentioned by Amos (iv. 7). The book begins with a warning of an impending visitation of locusts and drought, regarded as a figurative picture of threatened invasions, the "northern army" being that of Assyria, at that time unknown to them. The prophet exhorts the people of Judah to repentance, fasting, and prayer, to avert these calamities: promising a blessing instead, and the outpouring of the Spirit on all flesh, with a warning of the destruction of Jerusalem as typical of the final judgment in the Valley of Jehoshaphat; the foundation of a new city, and the inauguration of Messiah's kingdom in peace and prosperity. This book is quoted by Peter (Acts ii. 16-21), and Paul (Rom. x. 13). Date. Both the style and subject-matter confirm the Hebrew tradition that he was the earliest of the prophets of Judah, since he foretells, in general language onty, the future evils which were to come upon them from the Northern invasion, which evidently was still distant, since the prophecy is vague and there is an absence of particularity. Some modern critics have conjectured that he prophesied in the reign of Hezekiah, others of Manasseh, others of Josiah. The LXX. arranges the book after that of Amos and Micah. AMOS (Burden) prophesied to the ten tribes within the twenty-five years during which Uzziah and Jeroboam II. were contemporary (B.C. 809-784), " two years before the earthquake " (Zech. xiv. 5). He was a shepherd and dresser of sycamore trees of Tekoa in Judah, till sent by God to prophesy at Beth-el against the worship of the calves. But he must also have preached at Samaria, since he rebukes the vices of a capital,--extreme luxuries, revelry, debauchery,--and contrasts them with excessive poverty and oppression of the poor. Israel was at the height of its prosperity; (under Jeroboam II. the poor were oppressed; luxury abounded, and God was forgotten.) He preached against the nations around the two kingdoms (Syria, Philistia, Tyre, Edom, Ammon, and Moab). He then describes the state of Israel and Judah, and especially charges Ephraim with ingratitude and obduracy. Next follow symbolical visions of successive punishments on Israel, culminating in ruin; but beyond that rises a hope of restored glory in the kingdom of the Messiah, in which the Gentiles will participate. In chap. vii. the idolatrous priest (Amaziah) complains to Jeroboam, who orders Amos to quit his kingdom. From this incident we have Beth-el depicted to us as a summer residence of the king, with its chief Temple of the Calves, and its hierarchy of royal chaplains (vii. 13), and the result of Amos' words of woe, that they had roused the people from one end of the land to the other. His illustrations are from agricultural pursuits: e.g. "a cart full of sheaves," "corn sifted in a sieve," the "latter-growth after the king's mowings," "every cow at the breach that is before her," &c. The book presupposes an acquaintance with the Law of Moses, and implies that the proper form of worship was in accordance with it. It also bears strong evidence that the writer was familiar with the Book of Job, who, on that account, has been thought by some to have lived near Tekoa (see Job). As the book is not a series of distinct prophecies, but one connected whole, there is no doubt it was written in its present form by Amos after his return from Beth-el to Tekoa, though it probably reproduced, in more logical form, the substance of his preaching while at Beth-el. Dr. Pusey points out its evident connexion with the Book of Joel, since he opens it with the same threatening words as those with which the former closes, while he terminates his prophecy by almost reproducing the words with which Joel closes his. Summary. 1. (i.--ii. 3). He denounces the sins of the nations bordering on Israel and Judah. 2. (ii. 4--vi. 14). He describes the state of those two kingdoms, especially the former. 3. (vii.--ix. 10). He reflects on the previous prophecy, relates his visit to Beth-el, and sketches the impending punishment of Israel, which he predicted to Amaziah. 4. (ix. 11-15). He depicts the Advent of the Messiah, and the final restoration of His people. MICAH (Who is like unto Jehovah?) was a native of Moresheth-gath, E. of Eleutheropolis. He follows the three previous prophets, and Isaiah (who survived him), reiterating their warnings. He died in the days of Hezekiah (Jer. xxvi. 18, 19). He is referred to as a prophet by Jeremiah; his language is quoted by Zephanian (iii. 19), Ezekiel (xxii. 27), and by our Lord (Matt. x. 35, 36). He depicts (1) the ruin of both kingdoms; (2) he pourtrays the future and better destinies of the people; (3) the mercy and justice of God in contrast with the ingratitude of His people. He foretells the invasions of Shalmaneser and Sennacherib; the dispersion of Israel; cessation of prophecy; destruction of Jerusalem; of Assyria; the birthplace of Christ; His Divine nature; the universality of His Kingdom. From the superscription, he prophesied during the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, i.e. for a period of about fifty years, since Jotham came to the throne B.C. 756, and Hezekiah died B.C. 697. Hebrew tradition asserts that he transmitted from Isaiah, to Joel, Nahum, and Habakkuk, the mysteries of the Kabbala. One prophecy (iii. 12) belongs to Hezekiah's reign, and probably preceded the great Passover (Jer. xxvi. 18). Summary. Although the prophecies were probably delivered at different times, they have been cast into one complete whole in their present form, no doubt by the prophet himself. They are divided into three sections, each marked by a formula, "Hear ye," each commencing with denunciation and ending with a promise. Section I. The Advent of Jehovah for judgment of the idolatry of Israel and Judah. 1. (i.-ii. 13). Forewarning of impending judgment. 2. Its cause--the unfaithfulness of prophets. 3. The threatened punishment; viz. the scourge of an Assyrian invasion. 4. Promise of restoration. Section II. Judgment on Jerusalem. 1. Rebuke of the rulers of the people (iii. 14). 2. Rebuke of false prophets (iii. 6). 3. Punishment in the desolation of Mount Sion (iii. 9-12). 4. Restoration of Zion, its Temple, and of the people, with a gathering in of all nations under the sovereignty of the Messiah (iv.-v. 15). [Ewald divides this portion into four strophes.] Section III. Dialogue between Jehovah and His people, in justification of His government (ch. vi.). NAHUM (Consolation) was a native of Elkosh, whose site is unknown, but it was probably a little village in Galilee. He is thought to have prophesied after the captivity of the ten tribes, and between the two invasions of Sennacherib, whom Hezekiah had bribed with the treasure of the Temple. He comes as a consoler from Jehovah, foretelling the death of Sennacherib, and overthrow of Assyria; but his book is chiefly the sequel to that of Jonah; the latter having warned Nineveh of impending punishment, which God remitted on its repentance, Nahum now repeats the denunciations. Jonah concluded with the declaration of God's mercy, "slow to anger," and "repenting of evil." Nahum begins by announcing the certainty of His judgment. Nineveh had sunk back into its old sins of violence, robbery, and bloodshed, with blasphemy and hostility to God. Nahum pronounces its sentence. Its destruction was near, and would be sudden and complete. There are three very distinct predictions: (1) The sudden destruction of Sennacherib's army (i. 12), and his death in the house of his god (i. 14). (2) The inevitable capture of Nineveh by the sudden irruption of the river in the midst of the siege (ii. 6). (3) Its utter desolation (iii.). In Nahum's time it was the largest and most opulent city in the world. It was captured by Cyaxares (B.C. 625). Xenophon describes its "wall void and large," 150 feet high, fifty wide, and twenty-two and a half miles in circuit; while the neighbouring inhabitants knew not what it had been, or how it had perished. In the second century A.D. its site was lost. Date and Authorship. Some commentators, both ancient and modern, have assigned Alkush, on the Tigris, as the place of his birth, considering him to be the son of an Israelite captive, and that the vivid picture of Nineveh was drawn by him from personal observation: while they also affirm, that the interspersion of Assyrian words in his book points to that country as the scene of his prophecies. Others deny that internal evidence favours any other than a Palestinian origin to the work, which accords with the greatest weight of external evidence. The time of his prophecy is no less controverted. Some make him contemporary with Hosea, Amos, and Jonah (in the reign of Joash); others, with Zechariah, Haggai, and Malachi; and while some German critics place him in the time of Ahaz, Hezekiah, Manasseh, or Josiah, Josephus distinctly states (Antiq. ix. 11) that he prophesied in the reign of Jotham. ZEPHANIAH (Jehovah, hath guarded), whose pedigree, traced by himself (chap. i. 1), is generally allowed to connect him with king Hezekiah, prophesied at the beginning of Josiah's reign (B.C. 642-611). For fifty years prophecy was silent, during most of which time the wicked reign of Manasseh hurried on the judgments of God. The book commences with a general warning against Judah, and the idolatrous worship of Baal and Moloch, followed by judgments threatening Philistia, Moab, Ammon, Ethiopia, and Nineveh, and concluding with special reproofs to Jerusalem, illuminated by the promise of restoration to glory in the latter days. There is much similarity of expression between this book and that of Jeremiah. Summary. I. The judgment on Judea, and its causes (chap. i.). II. A call to repentance, with a promise of restoration and return to peace (ii.). III. Reproof of Jerusalem, and the vice of its people (iii. 1-7). IV. Promises of restoration of the people, and destruction of their enemies (iii. 8-20). HABAKKUK (Embrace) was a younger contemporary of Jeremiah, and prophesied in Judah during the first half of the reign of Jehoiakim, when the invasion of Nebuchadnezzar was imminent. He did not accompany the captives, but, like Jeremiah, he lamented the iniquities of his country amongst its ruins. He then foretells the destruction of the Chaldeans, pourtraying their pride and self-confidence; expostulates with God for destroying His own people by such wicked instruments; and on a re-assurance of the final triumph of faith, he pours forth a sublime song of praise for the power and mercy of Jehovah, with a prayer for the redemption of His people, and confidence in His mercy. This book is quoted in Acts xiii. 41; Rom. i. 17; Gal. iii. 11; Heb. x. 37. The subscription, "to the chief singer on my stringed instruments," shews that it was used as an oratorio, in which the prophet took a part, and was incorporated into the Temple service. Hence Habakkuk must have been a Levite. The whole is a colloquy between him and God. It opens with a plaintive recitative of "the faithful," struggling under the painful spectacle of the good among God's people suffering from the oppression of the evil, interspersed with God's answer of judgment awaiting them from the Chaldees. This is followed by the prophet's appeal for the righteous who will suffer with the wicked, which swells into a vivid picture of the Chaldean scourge sweeping irresistibly before him; and then there is a brief silence of expectation for the reply, which (chap, ii.) reveals the judgment upon Chaldea. Then rises the note of prayer, which introduces the great hymn of faith, recounting the miraculous deliverances of old as earnests of future ones, and closing with the vision of all nature desolate, and God's enemies prostrate, but faith exultant in the God of salvation. Date. The Rabbis fix the time of this prophecy in the reign of Manasseh, with which its subject seems to accord; but modern German critics prefer that of Josiah, while others have made Habakkuk contemporary with Ezekiel and Daniel in Babylonia, and with Haggai and Zechariah in Judea. OBADIAH (Worshipper of Jehovah) prophesied, it has been conjectured, before the destruction of Jerusalem (B.C. 588), and the conquest of Edom (583). As Nahum had foretold the downfall of Assyria, and Habakkuk that of Chaldea, so Obadiah predicts that of the implacable foe of Israel, Edom, warning them not to rejoice in the day of their brother's calamity (for the Hebrew tenses are future, not past as in our translation). He foretells the utter annihilation of Edom, and contrasts it with the future restoration of Israel, which should also possess the land of Edom and Philistia, and enjoy the promises of her offspring, the Messiah. Eight verses (1-8) are incorporated by Jeremiah (xlix.) amongst his own prophecies. This similarity has caused a doubt which of the two prophets repeated the denunciations of the other; and therefore the exact date of this book is rendered uncertain, some advocating its priority to that of Jeremiah, others ascribing it to a later date. Dr. Pusey maintains that the Hebrew future determines the question in favour of the priority of the Book of Obadiah. Those who take the opposite view conjecture that the occasion of this prophecy was the hostility shewn by the sons of Esau to their brethren the Israelites at the time of the Babylonish invasion. They seem to have rejoiced in the downfall of Jerusalem, and to have cut off those Jews who attempted to fly through Idumæa into Egypt. Hence arose the prayer of the Jewish captives in Babylon (Ps. cxxxvii. 7), and the answer to it in the denunciations of Obadiah, who predicts the Divine retribution on Edom, and the future glory of Israel, in the occupation of Idumæa. This prophecy was partially fulfilled by Nebuchadnezzar, and further by the entire subjugation of Edom by John Hyrcanus, after which it vanishes from history; but its completion, in the possession of Idumæa by the Israelites, must still be anticipated after the final return of that people to their promised inheritance; and therefore this book is the most favourite study of the Jews to this day. Summary. 1. The Edomites fancied themselves secure in the fastnesses of their rocks (ver. 3). 2. The spoiler should utterly destroy them (vv. 4-16). 3. The chastisement inflicted on the Jews should be but temporary; and, after their return from captivity, they should possess Edom and Philistia, and at length rejoice in the glorious reign of the Messiah (vv. 17-21). The Prophets after the Restoration are Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. Jewish tradition identifies them with the three men with Daniel when he saw the vision (Dan. x. 7). After the Captivity they were members of the great synagogue of 120 elders. HAGGAI (Festive) was probably born at Babylon, and accompanied Zerubbabel to Jerusalem; though Dr. Pusey considers that he had seen the glory of the old Temple before its destruction (ii. 3), and that he was one of the very aged exiles who laid the foundation of the new Temple in tears (Ezra iii. 12). He was inspired by God to rouse the people to support Zerubbabel and Joshua (the High Priest) in building the Temple, which had been suspended for fourteen years owing to the counter edict gained by the Samaritans from Artaxerxes. When the decree of Cyrus was renewed, the people were in a lethargic state, preferring their own temporal prosperity to the restoration of God's house, till drought and mildew wrung penitence from them. The prophecy is short and condensed. Haggai reproves their lethargy, and promises a blessing upon the work. In twenty-four days they recommence the building. The youthful Zechariah is moved to second Haggai's work, but, after one brief prophecy, is silenced. After four weeks they become despondent, and compare the new with the old Temple; but Haggai foretells greater glory for the former. Two months later he again rebukes their slowness, and promises Divine favour. He finally appeals to Zerubbabel, as heir of the house of David, and predicts the stability of the Kingdom of God amidst the ruin of temporal sovereignties. He only prophesied for four months. He is quoted in Heb. xii. 26. Haggai and Zechariah are associated in the LXX. in the titles of Psalms cxxv., cxxvi., cxlv.-cxlviii.; and they are mentioned in 1 Esdras vi. 1; vii. 3. ZECHARIAH (Whom Jehovah remembers), the son of Berechiah, and grandson of Iddo, was probably of the tribe of Levi, born in Babylon, and also came to Jerusalem with Zerubbabel. He began to prophesy two months after Haggai (i. 1), and continued during two years, encouraging the Jews to prosecute the erection of the Temple. He also foreshadowed the history of the people and of the Christian Church. The book is full of allusions to the Advent of the Messiah, and is frequently quoted in the New Testament. It consists of three parts: (1) Nine visions of the glory of the kingdom and worship of the Messiah (i.-vi.). (2) A colloquy between the prophet and a deputation from Babylon, regarding the fasts of penitence for the destruction of the Temple, and his exhortation to convert them into feasts of restoration (vii., viii.). (3) The history of the Jews and of the Church to the final judgment (ix.-xiv.). Summary. Section I. The nine visions, viz.:--1. (i. 7-17). A rider on a red horse, among the myrtle-trees, symbolising a general peace over the whole land, and the cessation of opposition to the building of the Temple. 2. (i. 18-21). Four horns (i.e. four enemies of the Jews), and four carpenters, by whom they are broken. 3. (ii. 1-9). Man with a measuring-line, enlarging the boundaries of Jerusalem; i.e. her increase, enclosing the Gentiles. 4. (iii.). Joshua (the High Priest), changing filthy garments for new ones, signifies the restoration of Judah, and advent of "The Branch." 5. (iv.). A golden lamp, fed by two olive-trees; i.e. the rebuilding of the Temple, and future glorification of the Church by the unction of the Holy Spirit. 6. (v. 1-4). A flying roll; i.e. vengeance on the ungodly. 7. (v. 5-11). A woman, pressed into an ephah by a leaden weight, and borne eastward; i.e. repression and banishment of idolatry. 8. (vi. 1-8). Four chariots issuing from two brazen mountains; i.e. the course of Divine Providence. 9. (vi. 9-15). Crowning of Joshua; i.e. the regal and priestly office of "The Branch." Section II. Colloquy between the prophet and exiles regarding the fasts. 1. (vii.). The nature of a true fast. 2. (viii.). On conversion of fasts into feasts. Section III. The future destiny of the Jewish Church and people. 1. (ix. 1-7). Peace under Alexander's rule. 2. (ix. 12-17). Revival of power under the Maccabees. 3. (xi.-xii. 12). A reverse (caused by the rejection of Messiah--punished by the destruction of Jerusalem). 4. (xii. 3-14). A period of penitence and hope. 5. (xiv.). Return of the Messiah to Jerusalem in triumph over His enemies, and the inauguration of theocratic glory. Date. The style of the composition and the frequent Chaldaisms establish the lateness of its composition. The difference between the earlier and later portions has led some modern critics to doubt the genuineness of the last six chapters, but their conjectures are ably refuted by Dr. Pusey. MALACHI (Messenger of Jehovah), the last of the prophets, was contemporary with Nehemiah. He prophesied from B.C. 436-397. According to one tradition, he was born at Sopha in Zebulon, after the Captivity, died young, and was buried there. According to another, "Malachi" was not a name, but an office, and some go so far as to declare that Haggai, Malachi, and John the Baptist were angels in human form. Hence, one Hebrew Targum identifies the writer of this book with Ezra, another with Zerubbabel, a third with Nehemiah. Internal evidence is conclusive in favour of the writer living after the death of Ezra and the second immigration of captives, since the abuses noted in the book are exactly those which Nehemiah reformed. The new Temple was already built, and its services fully re-established. He reproves the profanity of the priests; foretells the sudden appearance of the Messiah to purify that Temple and its congregation; he rebukes the frequency of mixed marriages and divorces; threatens Israel with rejection for their impiety, and the adoption of the Gentiles; and closes with a prediction of the harbinger of the Sun of Righteousness, and a warning against infringement of the law of God. The style is prosaic and rhetorical, rather than poetic, and more closely resembles a written philosophical discourse than the oracles of the Hebrew prophets. In the LXX. and Vulgate it consists of four chapters, as in the A.V.; but in the Hebrew, chapters iii. and iv. form but one. It is quoted, as Scripture, in the New Testament (Mark i. 2; ix. 11, 12. Luke i. 17. Rom. ix. 13). The prophecy naturally divides itself into three sections:--I. (i. 2-ii. 9). Jehovah is represented as the loving father and ruler of His people. It may be subdivided thus:--1. (i. 1-8). Jehovah asserts and proves His love to His people by reference to the punishment of Edom. 2. (i. 6-ii. 9). Rebuke of the priests, as the leaders of spiritual defection. II. (ii. 10-16). The prophet's reproof of mixed marriages and divorces, pourtrayed by the deserted wives weeping at the altar. III. The sudden appearance in the Temple of the Lord as the Judge, preceded by His forerunner. This section may be thus subdivided:--1. (ii. 17-iii. 5). A threat of punishment. 2. (iii. 6-12). A call to repentance. 3. (iii. 13-iv. 6). Reproof of distrust in God; forewarning of the final separation of good and bad; of the final judgment; and Advent of the Messiah, heralded by Elijah. Thus prophecy closes with the announcement of the Messiah's coming, and prepares the people for the appearance of His precursor, John the Baptist, in the spirit and power of Elias (Matt. xi. 14; xvii. 10-13). __________________________________________________________________ [1] Pusey's "Daniel," p. 297: "Of the Old Testament," pp. 17, 305. Stanley Leathes' "Structure," p.18. __________________________________________________________________ NOTES ON THE APOCRYPHA. These books form part of the sacred literature l held in high esteem by the Alexandrian Jews, and appended by them to the LXX. translation of the Old Testament. They are lor the most part, if not wholly, the product of the era subsequent to the commencement of the Captivity; part having their origin in Babylonia, during or after the Captivity, part belonging to the last three centuries B.C., when prophecy, oracles, and direct revelation had ceased. They form the historical link between the Old and New Testament, and have also a linguistic value in connection with the Hellenistic phraseology of the latter. They differ from the former in the marked absence of prophetic teaching, of Divine revelation, and of Hebrew poetry; while they point (as in the Book of Wisdom) to a spiritual kingdom which shall be eternal. The account there given of the "Exodus" suggests the existence of traditionary narratives, besides those from which Moses' record was written, but from which certain additions found in the New Testament (e.g. in Stephen's speech), were derived. The LXX. had been formed on a Hebraic mould, so that Hebraisms were sure to manifest themselves; but in the Apocrypha (much of which was written in Greek) we find the same Hebraic cast of thought and expression. Thus the Hellenistic phraseology of the New Testament was not a new thing, even when applied to the original composition, but had become habitual. As to their Canonical authority, Josephus seems to reject it. The early Christians differed in opinion respecting them, but received them as part of the sacred literature. Melito, referring to the Hebrew Canon, separated them from the authoritative and Divine records. Jerome called them "apocryphal," affirming, as stated in Article VI., "the Church doth read them for example of life and instruction of manners; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine." In the Western Church they gradually rose in esteem, until the Council of Trent affirmed the Canonicity of the major part; but they are treated by the more critical Roman divines as Deutero-canonical. It is not generally supposed that the books were written by those whose names they bear, but rather that the names of those illustrious in Hebrew history (e.g. Esdras and Solomon, whose writings were most in accord with these,) were affixed to them by the writers. They are valuable historically, as supplying us with the struggles of the Jews under the Syrian Kings, of which the records elsewhere are scanty. THE BOOKS OF ESDRAS, although quoted largely by Josephus, Athanasius, and some early Christian writers, do not seem to have been ever regarded as strictly " Canonical." THE FIRST BOOK OF ESDRAS appears to be a compilation of narratives by different authors, the original part of the document being confined to chapters iii.-- v. 6. Chapter i. is a repetition of the last two chapters of 2 Chron., with some abridgments and variations of text. The rest of the book is a transcript of portions of Ezra and Nehemiah, with the apparent intention of narrating the legend about Zerubbabel, and of explaining the great obscurities of the Book of Ezra; but it is impossible to reconcile the various parts either with Holy Scripture or with one another, and therefore the latter portion of the book is thought by many not to be the work of a single author. Only Greek and Latin versions of the book are known to exist. THE SECOND BOOK OF ESDRAS. The more ancient title was, the " Revelation of Ezra," but it is more commonly known as the " Fourth Book of Ezra." The original text seems to have been in Greek, from ?hich Arabic, Ethiopic, and Latin translations have been made; and the English version has been entirely taken from the Latin, which contains the following interpolations (chaps, i., ii.; xv., xvi.), which seem to be of Christian origin, and also the omission of a long passage after chap. vii. 35, on the " intermediate state" and "intercession of departed souls," probably rejected on dogmatic grounds. From internal evidence it would seem to have been written in Egypt, by a Jew, between B.C. 100 and A.D. 100. It consists of angelic revelation and a series of visions, teaching some of the mysteries of the moral world, and the final triumph of the righteous. Revelation I. On the unsearchableness of God's purposes, and the signs of the last age. II. On the progress of the plan of Providence, and the growth of evil. III. Answers objections to the narrow limits prescribed for the hope of regeneration; and foretells the second advent of the Messiah. Vision I. A woman (Sion) lamenting the death of her only son on his bridal day (i.e. the city of Solomon); but her sorrow is turned into joy at the appearance of a newly built city. II. An eagle (Rome), rising from the sea, spreads its wings over the earth, undergoes various transformations, is rebuked by a lion (Messiah), and is burnt up. III. A Man (Messiah), flying on the clouds, destroys by the blast of His mouth the opposing powers of the world, gathers the lost tribes of Israel, and gives them the city of Sion. The last chapter records the appearance of the Lord in a burning bush, who gives to Ezra the books of the law which had been burnt; and Ezra dictates to the scribes the twenty-four Canonical books, and seventy books of secret mysteries. THE BOOK OF ESTHER consists of certain interpolated passages found in the Septuagint Version of Esther, which are not in the original Hebrew copy. They fill up the narrative, and supply the Name of God as the Prime Mover in the events, which Name nowhere occurs in the original. These interpolated passages are supposed to have been inserted at a later date by the Alexandrine Jews. Jerome removed them from the text, and placed them, with some explanations, among the uncanonical books; but his notes have been swept away and these disconnected fragments printed consecutively, as if they formed a complete continuation of the Canonical book. THE BOOK OF WISDOM. The original seems to be in Greek, which is found in the Codex Sinaiticus; but there is an ancient Latin version older than the time of Jerome, and translations in Armenian, Syriac, and Arabic (of which the last two are paraphrastic). It consists of two main parts: I. (Chaps, i.-ix.). The praise of Wisdom in its moral and intellectual aspects: 1st, as the source of immortality in contradiction to the theory of sensualists; 2nd, as the practical guide of moral and intellectual life. II. (Chaps, x.-xix.). The doctrine of Wisdom in its historical aspect: 1. An illustration of the influence of Wisdom in the reward of the virtuous and the punishment of the vicious, both in the case, of individuals (from Adam to Moses), and of nations (e.g. the Egyptians and Canaan-ites); followed by (chaps, xv.-xix.) a contrast between the fortunes of idolatrous and religious people. The harmony pervading the whole book contradicts the opinion that it is a compilation of different authors and at distinct times, though some have attributed the former part to Solomon, and the latter to a subsequent translator of his work. It possesses the highest literary excellence, equal in rank for sublimity of language, rhetorical eloquence, and command of language, to the productions of classical antiquity. Its diction, as well as its doctrine, points to a Greek original, unfettered by Hebrew idioms. The doctrine of the creation of the world from uncreated matter, the pre-existence of souls, the pervading influence of the Divine Spirit throughout the universe, the absence of the Christian doctrine of the resurrection of the body, and of any reference to the regeneration of humanity by the Messiah, while vividly depicting immortality as the reward and consequence of wisdom, all point to Alexandria as the place of its composition, and to a period anterior to Christianity, when Hebrew thought and Greek philosophy of various schools had become fused together. Its date is variously conjectured, from B.C. 150--B.C. 50; but its style and diction seem to point to an earlier date than that of Philo, to whom it has been ascribed. Passages in Paul's writings suggest his acquaintance with this book, but no quotation is found from it earlier than the second century A.D., when it is treated as authentic inspired Scripture. With Proverbs and Ecclesiastes it forms a sacred trilogy, in which the doctrine of Wisdom is developed, as an eternal existence with the Creator, acting on created matter, as the source of life, and continuing in the land of spirits; thus laying the foundation for the Christian doctrine of the existence and influence of the Divine Word and Holy Spirit. All the questions connected with this book are fully treated bv the Rev. W. J. Deane, in his edition recently published. ECCLESIASTICTUS is so called in the Vulgate and A.V. from its local name in the African Church, gained from its practical use as a Church Lectionary or "Reading Book." Its more general name is that of "The Wisdom" or "the Proverbs of Jesus the Son of Sirach." Both internal evidence and the testimony of Jerome sufficiently attest the existence of a Hebrew original (now lost), which was subsequently translated, with some additions, by the grandson of the author, resident in Alexandria, in the reign of Euergetes (see the Prologues). The date of this translation is rendered uncertain from there being two monarchs bearing that title, viz. Ptolemy III. and Ptolemy VII.; and this uncertainty is not corrected by the mention among Hebrew worthies of "Simon, the son of Onias" (chap. 1.1), since this appellation would apply equally to Simon I. and Simon II. The book was not placed by the Hebrews among the Canonical Scriptures, nor is it so classed by Jerome; but it is quoted as such, and even attributed to Solomon, by many Christian writers after the second century. The version in the LXX., Vulgate, and A.V. is taken from the Alexandrian translation, but the order of its various portions is not uniform. It consists of a number of proverbs and wise sayings of ancient Hebrews, collected together by the compiler, who has appended to them additional ones of his own. Its whole tone is Palestinian, without any trait of Greek philosophy. God is the Creator, Preserver, and Governor of the universe; the hope of restoration rests upon the future advent of Elias, and that of a resurrection seems fading away; religion has degenerated into minute external ritual observances: righteousness is imprisoned in innumerable legal enactments; and there is a tone of despondency underlying the exhortations to cheerfulness and resignation, which seem to point to a period between the termination of the "Great Synagogue" and the rise of the Maccabees. THE BOOK OF BARUCH. This book, which bears the name of the companion of Jeremiah, was not regarded by the Jews as Canonical. No reference is made to it in the New Testament, or by the Apostolic Fathers; but subsequent Christian writers refer to it as the work of Jeremiah. No Hebrew version of it is known, and all others seem to be derived from a Greek original. It consists of two parts, the style and diction of the former being Hebraistic, and of the latter Hellenistic, which suggests that the former had a Hebrew original, and was probably written during the Persian period, and the latter in Greek, at Alexandria, about the time of the Liberation. From the unity of the book, as it now stands, the writer of the second portion would seem at the same time to have translated the former; but the Epistle of Jeremiah (chap, vi.) is considered t© be the work of a later writer, not earlier than the first century B.C. It is the only book in the Apocrypha formed on the model of the ancient prophets. The first part (chaps, i.-iii. 8) consists of an introduction, followed by a confession and prayer. The second part (chap. iii. 9 to the end) contains a rebuke of Israel for their sins, with a lamentation of Jerusalem over her children, followed (by an abrupt transition) by a triumphant apostrophe to Jerusalem, foretelling the return of her children and their abiding glory. APOCRYPHAL ADDITIONS TO DANIEL. These three fragments are not found in the original text of the Book of Daniel, but have their origin in the LXX. version, and seem to embody certain popular traditions, embellishing historical facts. 1. SONG OF THE THREE CHILDREN supplements the narrative in Daniel iii., and gives a supposed prayer of Azarias for deliverance from the fiery furnace, an account of the means by which the Three Children were saved* followed by a hymn of thanksgiving, sung by them in the fire, and which has been used in Christian worship, under the name of the " Benedicite," ever since the fourth century A.D. Both this prayer and hymn seem to have been similarly used in the Jewish Church after the Captivity. 2. HISTORY OF SUSANNA does not pretend to form part of the Book of Daniel, but only to be an appendix to it. It is, doubtless, founded on an historical fact of Daniel's early career in Babylon, which has been embodied in a narrative for moral purposes, and seems to have an echo in an incident in our Saviour's life, especially in the moral appeal which He emphasises in John (viii. 7 and 9). By Christian writers it is made to bear an allegorical form, Susanna representing the Church, tempted to infidelity by Jewish and Pagan adversaries, and crying to God for help. 3. BEL AND THE DRAGON, called in the LXX. "Part of the Prophecy of Habakkuk," forms a preface to the plot against Daniel to cast him into the den of lions, and supplies the motive, which seems wanting in the original narrative, with which, however, it incidentally coincides in one important feature, viz. a threatened revolution of a council of the people against the king, unless he ratifies what the popular assembly has decreed, which, in the Book of Daniel, appears a startling change from the autocratic power of his predecessors. THE PRAYER OF MANASSES. The original prayer of the penitent king of Judah existed when the Book of Chronicles was written (2 Chron. xxxiii. 18), but is lost. This version is found in some copies of the LXX., and in the "Apostolic OonstAtttiions," with a legend of his miraculous deliverance from captivity. Its date and authorship are both uncertain; but it is thought, from internal evidence, to have been written by a Jew, well acquainted with the LXX. only; and the doctrine of repentance, therein displayed, suggests a date approximating to the Christian era. TOBIT. The standard text is that of the LXX., from which all other known versions are derived; but the style and subject of the story would suggest a Hebrew or Chaldee original. It has the appearance of an Oriental story, as a medium of moral and religious instruction, rather than of an embellished historical event; but its general agreement with fact seems not to have been doubted until modern times, although no cor-roboration of any portion of the narrative is to be found in any historical work. The influence of good and evil spirits, here pourtrayed, on human affairs, belongs to the belief of a period later than the Babylonish Captivity. From internal evidence the writer seems certainly to have been a Jew, resident in the East (probably at Babylon), while the kingdom of Media was still standing, and the complete restoration of Jerusalem not yet effected. The date, therefore, must be fixed between Nehemiah and Alexander, the Great, most probably about B.C. 350, The book has been more highly esteemed by Christians than by Jews. It presents a most vivid and pleasing picture of domestic life, and the influence of religion upon it, among the cap-* tive Jews, and in this respect has a strong affinity to the historical part of the Book of Job. JUDITH. Of existing texts, both a Greek and a Latin version seem to have equal claims to be regarded as genuine, since neither is a transla-: tion of the Qther, but they differ materially in words and expressions, and especially in names and numbers. Jerome mentions a Chaldee version, with which he had compared the others; and there vrould seem to have been some earlier original, most probably in Syro-Chaldaic. The geo-graphieal and historical references in the book are so irreconcileable with known facts, that there is little doubt that the book is an historical fiction, intended to revive a spirit of heroism in the Jews of Palestine, when it had been completely crushed out by a long period of oppression. It would seem as if the invasion of Judea by Anti-ochus Epiphanes (B.C. 168), and the atrocities committed by Athenaeus at Jerusalem, with the heroic resistance offered by the unknown mother and her seven sons., who all suffered martyrdom (2 Mace. vii. 27, &c., suggested this story, to stimulate others to follow their example, and that to it is due the patriotism which resulted in their deliverance under the Maceabees. It is probable that the leading characters were taken from real individuals of the period, disguised under fictitious names, though some have regarded them as purely allegorical. MACCABEES. There are four books bearing this title, but only the first and second have beea regarded as worthy of a place among the sacred writings, because they supply the Hebrew history of the second century B.C., written after the model of the Books of Chronicles, though not under Divine inspiration. The origin of the name is doubtful, some attributing it to the initial letters of the war-cry, vide infra, p. 31, others to the final letters of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. Both ancient testimony and internal evidence point to a Hebrew original, written in Palestine, most probably between B.C. 120 and 100; but the English version is taken from a Greek translation, made at Alexandria (by some unknown hand), and annexed to the LXX. It consists of an introduction, containing a brief sketch of Alexander's conquest, followed by the invasion and oppression of Antiochus Epiphanes, culminating in his attempt to extirpate Hebrew nationality and worship. The main body of the work narrates the struggle for independence, beginning with Mattathlas, and ending with Simon. It comprises a period of 33 years (B.C. 168-135). After an enumeration of the Maccabsean family, it relates-the exploits of Mattathias and bis five sons, by whom the struggle is carried on to a successful issue. The history divides itself into three distinct epochs, each stamped with the individuality of its leader,--first, Judas; second, Jonathan; third, Simon,--each of whom fell a victim to* his patriotism. SECOND BOOK OF MACCABEES seems to be a compilation, made from some extant materials, furnished to the compiler at Alexandria. The main portion of the book is dern^red from, a previous work, called the "Five Books of Jason, of Cyrene " (probably the son of Eleazar). From internal evidence these books appear to have been written in Greek, between B.C. 125 and A.D. 70. The source from which the first two chapters are taken is very doubtful; and, from the extravagance of the legends contained in them, they are not believed to be authentic, but to be the work of the unknown compiler, who is supposed to have written his book at Alexandria about the end of the second century B.C. It is the main sour.ee from which the history anterior to the Maccabees is derived, comprising, a period of 25 years from B.C. 185 (?)-161, so, that a portion of the narrative is chronologically anterior to the 1 Mace, another is contemporaneous, with it, and a third is supplementary. It may be thus divided:--1. The two introductory chapters, addressed by the Council at Jerusalem to the Jews at Alexandria. 2. The history of Heliodorus (chap. iii.). 3. The beginning and course of the great persecution (chaps, iv.-vii.). 4. The fortunes of Judas to. the restoration of the Temple service (chaps, viii,-x 9). 5. Reign of Antiochus Eupator (chaps, x. 10r-xiii.). 6. From the treachery of Alcimus to, the finaj triumph, of Judas (chaps, xiv. and xv.). The main feature in the book is its high religious tone. In it are pourtrayed the Divine influence over human events, retributive justice, 'the connection between the visible and spiritual world, and the doctrine of a future resurrection. Holding these opinions, the compiler seems to* have used historical events in support of them rather than to have adhered to strict accuracy of detail, and hence there are many discrepancies between it and the 1 Maec. which are otherwise inexplicable* __________________________________________________________________ BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE INTERVAL BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS, TAKEN CHIEFLY FROM JOSEPHUS AND THE BOOKS OF MACCABEES. __________________________________________________________________ Ezra and Nehemiah left a settled form of government in Palestine, the centre of which was Jerusalem. Here was established a council of elders and priests, who formed an ecclesiastical court, interpreting the Law, and enforcing its observance. These were called the "Great Synagogue." They were to the new settlement after the Captivity what the "elders that overlived Joshua" (Josh. xxiv. 31) were to the Israelites who came out of Egypt. It was the Jewish theory that the Law was given in a twofold form, viz. the written and the oral; the former consisting of brief official enactments, the latter of more copious details. With the former code, immutably formalised by God, they said the latter was orally taught to Moses on Mount Sinai by the same Divine Author as the authoritative interpretation thereof, with the command to commit the one to writing, but to transmit the other only by word of mouth. This oral law was repeated by Moses to Joshua, who handed it on to the elders who succeeded him, and they to the prophets, who, in their turn, passed it from one to another till it reached Jeremiah, who, through the medium of Baruch, conveyed it to Ezra, and he to the Great Synagogue, whom Nehemiah also supplied with a library of all the sacred books he could collect (2 Macc. ii. 13). This body of elders lasted about 150 years, when it expired in its last survivor, the High Priest Simon the Just (B.C. 291). They are said to have numbered 120. To them the Jews owe the 613 Precepts; and this oral tradition may be considered the groundwork of the Talmud. This " Great Synagogue " and its oral tradition are spoken of with no great favour by our Lord in the Sermon on the Mount, alluding to them in the words, " it was said by them of old time" (Matt. v. 27); and elsewhere in His allusions to " the traditions of the elders." Ezra and Nehemiah also set up synagogues in country towns, as places of worship on the sabbath, and as schools of instruction and for theological discussion during the week. Attached to each was a body of "Rulers," who were both civil magistrates and ecclesiastical presbyters. During all this time Palestine was subject to Persia, and formed only part of a province under the Satrap of Syria, these elders administering the government with the high priest as their responsible head. (B.C. 331.) According to Jewish tradition, related by Josephus (Antiq. xi. 8. 1. ff.), and repeated in the Talmud (Joma f. 69; ap. Otho Lex. Rabb.), in later Jewish writers, and in the Chronicles of Abulfeda, and supported in some of its main features by historical facts (such as the freedom of Palestine from tribute during the Sabbatical years, &c., Alexander the Great visited Jerusalem to punish the Jews for their refusal to transfer their allegiance to him, when summoned to do so during his siege of Tyre. After the reduction of Tyre and Gaza, he is said to have approached Jerusalem with hostile intent; but Jaddua the high priest, in conformity with a dream, awaited his approach, clad in his priestly robes of hyacinth and gold, and accompanied by a train of priests and citizens arrayed in white. Alexander, moved by the novel spectacle, did reverence to the high priest and kissed the sacred inscription on his mitre, alleging that he had seen in a dream that same venerable form, who had promised him success in his Eastern campaign. To this incident are said to be due the peculiar privileges accorded by Alexander to the Jews in Palestine, Babylonia, and Media, which they continued to enjoy under his successors, and which were afterwards confirmed and enlarged by the Romans. After subduing Egypt, and building Alexandria, he invited a number of Jews to settle there, granting them many privileges and immunities. Alexander's conquests broke down the barriers separating one kingdom from another, and especially those between the Eastern and Western Empires; and paganism fell before the greater diffusion of light, while Greek literature and intelligence spread over the East, and the Greek language became almost universal. After the battle of Ipsus (B.C. 301) Palestine became the neutral territory between the rival empires of Syria and Egypt; and while from time to time the prey of each, its strategic importance enabled it to make favourable terms with whichever empire it acknowledged to be supreme. Internally it was able to resist the revolution which Greek supremacy effected. Ezra's constitution was fully developed, a powerful hierarchy had substituted the idea of a Church for that of a nation, and the Jew mixed with other people and lived in other lands without losing any of his allegiance to his own Deity or peculiar customs; and, as a whole, the Jewish nation had realised their mission as the teachers of religion to the world, and were ready to fulfil it. The opportunity and power to do so were furnished by Alexander's conquests. While they learnt independence from the example of Greece, and soon became divided into sects (analogous to the typical forms of Greek philosophy), this freedom of thought was modified, in their case, by the contemplative temper of the East. Alexandria and Cyrene henceforth exercised a greater influence on Judaism, in its relation to other nations, than did Jerusalem, since that city was the point of contact between Eastern and Western thought. (B.C. 320.) Ptolemy Soter's invasion of Judaea led to a further settlement of Jews at Alexandria (partly by captives, partly by colonists). Under his successor, Ptolemy Philadelphus (B.C. 285), learning was fostered, and an alliance was attempted between Jewish revelation and Greek philosophy, each reacting on the other. The most important result of this was the translation of the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek (LXX.), which became known all over the world, and thus prepared the way for the universal spread of Christianity. So Egypt disciplined and educated anew these appointed teachers of religion. It first impressed upon a nation the firm unity of a family, and then, in due time, re-connected a mature people with the world, from which it had been called out. The same patronage was extended to the Jews, throughout his reign, by Ptolemy Euergetes, who conformed to the Mosaic rites by sacrificing at Jerusalem, and conferred privileges on the high priest which rendered him an almost independent tributary prince. Thus there were two great centres of Judaism growing up contemporaneously, each exercising a distinctive influence, viz. the gradually-decaying Jerusalem, the capital of the Hebrew proper, --the home of the Pharisee,--whose ritual was that of Moses, and whose sacred and only literature was the Hebrew Scriptures and commentaries thereon; and Alexandria, the capital of the Hellenist, or alien Jew, who mingled Greek culture and independence with Jewish autonomy and Oriental contemplation and allegory. The latter infused a new spirit into Judaism, which became divided into two great parties, known, in Gospel times, as "Pharisees" and "Saddu-cees;" the former representing the extreme phase of Hebraism, and the latter the corresponding ultra-development of Hellenism. A third element was introduced by the followers of Antiochus Epiphanes, who brought in a mixture of Greek and Roman paganism, and sought to break down the pure morality of Hebraism by the introduction of heathen licence. His father, Antiochus the Great, had alternately won and lost the Syrian provinces, in a succession of conflicts (from B.C. 223 to 198) with the Ptolemies. He was eventually successful, in combination with Philip III. of Macedon. He was hailed by the Jews as their deliverer from subjection to Egypt, and confirmed the privileges they had previously enjoyed under Alexander and his successors. Under Antiochus Epiphanes (B.C. 173), the Hel-lenizing party were in the majority at Jerusalem, and the high-priesthood was obtained by purchase from Antiochus, who made use of his money and a victorious army to buy over the unscrupulous, and to massacre the faithful, until he established heathenism in the Holy City, proscribed the use of the Mosaic ritual, and promulgated those infamous "Decrees" which led to the revival of the ancient patriotism under the Maccabees. He erected the statue of Jupiter on the altar of burnt-offering, committed all books of Scripture to the flames, and prohibited the worship of God. During these struggles, the high priests played a conspicuous, but not a very honourable part, too often being the creatures of the civil power, which, for the time, was in the ascendant. Succession of High Priests. Those of the first century were of no political importance. Their names are Eliashib, Joiada, Jonathan or Johanan, and Jaddua (whose brother Manasseh married a Samaritan wife, for which he was banished from Jerusalem, and set up a spurious form of Jewish ritual in a temple built under his direction on Mount Gerizim. See John iv. 201. According to Josephus, it was this Jaddua who met Alexander the Great at Mizpeh. Onias I., son of Jaddua, succeeded his father about the time of the death of Alexander the Great. He was succeeded by Simon I. (said by Josephus to have been named "the Just," though this title is applied by others to Simon II.), who was the last teacher of the "Great Synagogue," and closes the list of the righteous in Ecclesias-ticus (ch. 50). He was followed by his brothers Eleazar and Manasseh, in succession; after whom came Onias II., son of Simon I. (B.C. 240), whose avarice, and consequent refusal to pay the tribute, paved the way for the subsequent rupture with Egypt, which was temporarily averted by Joseph, who farmed the tribute from Ptolemy. He was succeeded by his son, Simon II. (supposed by some to be the "Simon the Just"), who was followed by Onias III. (B.C. 198), by whose prayers the intended spoliation of the Temple by Antiochus is said to have been averted. He was treacherously supplanted by his brother Jason (B.C. 175), who bought the office from Antiochus Epiphanes. But that monarch shortly after sold the office a second time to Menelaus (Onias IV.), Jason's brother, by whom the rightful high priest (Onias III.) was murdered, for which crime Menelaus was executed by command of Antiochus. These internal dissensions were the cause of a secession of the most faithful Jews under the lawful high priest (Onias V., son of Onias IV.), to Alexandria, where he sought to give to the Hellenistic Jews a unity which was no longer possible in Judaea; and the Mosaic ritual and polity were, for a time, transferred to the colony at Leontopolis (called Onias, after its founder), and its temple. The site of this temple is supposed to be (Joseph. Antiq. xiv. 8) Tel-el-Yahood, or Tel-el-Yahoodeezeh, twelve miles N.E. of Helio-polis, between Cairo and Zagazig. In this period the prophecies of Daniel (viii. 20-25) were fulfilled. The one horn of the "he goat" was Alexander the Great, and the "four horns " which sprang up when it was broken were his four generals, among whom his kingdom was divided (Cassander, Lysimachus, Ptolemy, and Seleucus); and the "little horn" (yii. 8) was Antiochus Epiphanes, by whom the daily sacrifice was taken away for 2,300 days, and whose conquest of Egypt was stopped by ambassadors from Home (the Fourth Empire) landing at Alexandria (xi. 31, 32), and requiring him to withdraw from that country. The determination of Antiochus to stamp out Judaism produced a recoil. It culminated in the attempt of Antiochus to force the Jews publicly to eat the flesh of swine sacrificed on God's altar to the honour of Jupiter. One aged scribe refused, and was followed by a mother and her seven sons, who all suffered martyrdom with the extremities of torture. This was followed by Mat-tathias, a priest of the Asmonasan family, who killed both a renegade Jew, when about to offer idolatrous sacrifice, and the royal officer who presided. Aided by his five sons, he rallied the faithful round him, threw down the heathen altars, fled to the mountains and raised the standard of liberty, on which were inscribed M.K.B.I., the initials of their Hebrew war-cry, Mi-KamoJca Bdelim, Ihovah, " Who is like unto thee, O Lord, among the gods?" (Exod. xv. 11), from which the insurgents got the name of Maccabees, whence the eldest son and successor of Mattathias is known in history as Judas Mac-cabseus. Under him they were victorious. Antiochus, stricken by God, died of a loathsome disease. The Maccabees recovered Jerusalem, purified the Temple, and restored its worship, holding for eight days (in December, B.C. 165) the first "Feast of Dedication," which continued to be annually observed to our Lord's time (John x. 22). Maccabean Period. The Maccabaean family continued to hold the main sway over the people, who retained their local customs, but were obliged to make terms with the Eomans, under whose protection they retained considerable freedom. Although the Israelites were scattered over many countries, Jerusalem was still their religious and political centre, and in its Temple alone were sacrifices offered, and to it flowed the poll-tax of half a shekel from Jews all over the world. The Roman Government acknowledged and confirmed their independent local administration, as a peculiar "imperium in imperio," by the following decrees:-- (B.C. 47.) Julius Caesar (for services in Alexandrine war) gave to Hyrcanus and his heirs all rights accorded to the high priest by law or courtesy; all doubtful questions to be referred to him personally. ALSO, the privilege of being Patroni of all Jews that were aggrieved: hence all Jews throughout the world had a direct appeal to Caesar through the high priest, whose ambassadors had everywhere a free passage. ALSO, exemption from all tribute every seventh year, "because they neither sow nor reap." ALSO, peculiar liberty to "meet and assemble together, and comport themselves according to the custom of their fathers, and their own laws." (B.C. 44.) On the death of Caesar and Hyrcanus, all the edicts of the former, whether recorded in the Treasury or not, were confirmed by the Senate, in the Consulate of Dolabella and Antony. Thus the Jews, wherever they lived, were exempt from taxation at certain times, free from military service, allowed to maintain their peculiar customs, and looked to their high priest in Jerusalem as their ecclesiastical and civil superior in all that related to religious or ceremonial observances. But, for maintenance of order and general political government, a Roman official, supported by military organization, presided over all Syria. This official at first was one allied to both interests, and to whom was delegated the nomination to the high priesthood, viz. Herod the Great (B.C, 37), an Idumaean by birth, but descended from a Philistine slave. With the aid of Roman troops he deposed the last Asmonsaean prince, Antigonus, married his niece Mariamne (granddaughter of Hyrcanus the high priest), and became a nominal sovereign, subject to Rome. A heathen at heart, a savage in character, a brute in passions, and a fawning slave to the Imperial Court, he made use of his position to betray his country to the Romans by fostering immorality, cultivating alien customs, sapping religious faith, encouraging mutual distrust, corrupting the priesthood, and massacring the nobles. He rebuilt the Temple on the most gorgeous scale, intending it to be the proud monument of his dynasty, but really it was the whitened sepulchre that concealed the foul impurity of his family and the loathsome corruption in which he had buried his people. This loss of temporal status drove the Jewish spirit to an inward self-exaltation and spiritual pride, with a senile fondness for dwelling on the glories of the past. They turned to minute interpretation of, and refinements on the Law, to exaggerated expectations of fulfilment of prophecy, and literal attention to even trivial acts of worship. Pharisees, Scribes, Lawyers, were more in esteem than Priests and Levites, and the teaching was oral and disputatious, rather than dogmatic and authoritative. Hence arose the two great rival schools of Gospel times, the Pharisees and Sadducees (see p. 34). The literature of this period is confined to the Books of Apocrypha, the merit of which is unequal. Highest in rank are the two treatises "Wisdom" and "Ecclesiasticus," which possess high literary and moral excellence. Next are "Baruch," "Song of the Three Children," "Prayer of Manasses;" then the historical books; and last, the Babylonian stories, which shew the decline of faith and increase of superstition among those Jews who remained in Babylon. __________________________________________________________________ FAMILY OF THE HERODS. __________________________________________________________________ JEWISH SECTS, PARTIES, &c. Essenes (? pure and holy; but derivation very doubtful) were a sect who sprang from Egypt, and numbered about 4,000 devotees, who renounced all pleasures of life; abstained from marriage, the use of meat, wine, and oil: had a community of goods; gave themselves wholly to the reading of Scripture, to united prayer and praise, to works of benevolence and mercy. They all wore white priestly dresses, lived in communities, shared the same toil; had no sacrifices, but daily lustrations; strictly observed the Law of Moses, whom they almost deified. Galilaeans were a turbulent and seditious sect, to t$iom Josephus attributes a great part of the calamities of his country (see Luke xiii. 1). Their leader was Judas of Galilee (Acts v. 37), who attracted to him a few Pharisees; but eventually they swallowed up almost all the other sects, and were probably the "Zealots" so conspicuous at the siege of Jerusalem (see Acts xxi. 38). They taught that all foreign domination was unscrip-tural; they refused to pray for foreign princes, and performed their sacrifices apart. Herodians were a political party, rather than a religious sect. They were the partisans of the Idumaean dynasty, which, springing from heathenism, remained in taste, inclination, barbarity, and licentiousness heathen still, though from state policy they outwardly conformed to the Jewish ritual observances. Supported in authority and position solely by Roman might, they endeavoured to repay their benefactors by performing their part of the compact in leavening the Jewish nation with laxity Of moral tone, religious indiffer-entism, and the policy of temporising to Roman ascendancy. Hence they joined the Sadducees in scepticism, the Greeks in licentiousness, pandered to the Herods in vice and cruelty, truckled to the Romans. Of this demoralising leaven our Lord warned His apostles (Mark viii. 15). Nazarites (Heb. "Nazir," separated). They were of two sorts, viz. those devoted in infancy by their parents to God, and those who so devoted themselves, either for life or for a limited time. Of the former were Samson, Samuel, John the Baptist. The order was instituted by God Himself, and the laws respecting it are prescribed in Numb, yi., and consist mainly of abstinence from intoxicating liquors and from pollutions, and of the culture of an ascetic mien and dress. Pharisees, a party whose name was derived from the Hebrew "Parush," separated, because they affected very great sanctity (John vii. 49; Acts xxyi. 5). They were strict observers of external rites and ceremonies beyond the requirements of the Law, placing the traditions of the elders on an equal footing with the written oracles. They were exclusive, formal, self-righteous; proud of their unblemished descent from Abraham; abjuring Greek culture, literature, and commerce; adhering to the land, language, and proud self-satisfaction of the ancient Hebrew race, erusalem was their capital, Aramaic their language, the Hebrew Scriptures their literature, the Temple their one centre of devotion. They held to the literal interpretation of the Law and the prophets; believed in spiritual manifestations, in the pre-existence and immortality of the soul, and in the resurrection of the body. They were already an influential body in the time of the Maccabee, John Hyrcanus (B.C. 108). Proselytes were Gentiles converted to Judaism. They were of two kinds, viz. "Proselytes of the Temple," and "Proselytes of the Gate." The former were circumcised, admitted to the full religious privileges, and charged with the entire obligations of the Mosaic covenant, but were not esteemed to be heirs of the promises made to Abraham and his seed. The latter were allowed to join in the worship of God, standing in the outer "court of the Gentiles;" they were not bound by the ceremonial laws of Moses, but only the moral ones, or, as they were called, the Seven Precepts of Noah. They were uncircumcised, and were admitted into the Jewish Church by baptism. They are usually called "devout men" in the Acts of the Apostles. A difference was made between various nations, no heathens being admitted direct into the condition of Proselytes of the Temple. Edomites and Egyptians had this privilege in the third generation, while Ammonites and Moabites were excluded till the tenth, before which they had none of the civil rights and advantages peculiar to the Jew by descent. This stricture caused the controversy in the Christian Church as to the admission of Gentile converts without circumcision (Acts xv.). Publicans were neither a sect nor a party, but a social class. They were the tax-collectors of the civil power. The taxes were farmed by rich Roman citizens of the Equestrian Order, or sometimes by a joint-stock company at Rome, who had agents in the provinces to arrange the actual collection from the people. These agents divided the country into districts, and offered each district to public competition, which was farmed by the highest bidder. The purchaser was usually required to pay the purchase-money, either wholly or by instalments, in advance, and he must recoup himself. He was always a native of the country, well versed in its resources and the temper of its people; using his knowledge and power to extort as much as possible for his own profit. In this he was backed by the Equestrian Order at Rome, who carried most oppressive decrees in the Senate against defaulters. Such were the "Publicans;" despised throughout the world, branded as "plunderers," classed as beasts of prey, with "bears and lions;" amongst the "most ferocious of wild beasts" in this world, and with the vilest characters in the next. As much of the tax was an "ad valorem" duty on property and produce, which the publican gauged, there was ample opportunity for unjust exaction. T.o this general odium must be added the peculiar sting to "Abraham's seed, in bondage to no man," that they were no longer free; and the question was ever rife, whether it were "lawful to pay tribute to Caesar." Even our Lord classes them with "heathen men" (Matt. xviii. 17); and the Jews forbade marriage with the family in which there was one publican, which thereby became polluted. Sadducees, a party who were said to have got their name either from "Tsedek," righteousness, or from Zadok, disciple of Antigonus Sochseus, a president of the Sanhedrin (B.C. 200-170). They were the very opposite of the Pharisees, denying the authority of all revelation and tradition subsequent to Moses; sceptical with regard to the miraculous and supernatural, they denied the existence of spiritual beings, the immortality of the soul, and resurrection of the body. Hence they were Deists, viewing the Supreme Being as a quiescent Providence, calmly surveying and ruling the regular working of natural laws, and the creatures which spontaneously reproduced themselves from the original germs. They gave themselves up to ease, luxury, self-indulgence; accepted Greek culture and intercourse; mingled with foreigners, and were not indisposed to view with indifferent liberality the laxity of heathen morals and profanity of idol worship. They divided, the hierarchy with the Pharisees, and the chief council seems to have been equally balanced between the two (Acts xxiii. 6) * the family of Annas belonging to the Saddu-cean faction in our Lord's time (Acts v. 17). Samaritans were colonists, sent by the king of Assyria to people the land after he had carried captive the Israelites (2 Kings xvii.). They were a mixed people, from various eastern'nations conquered by him; and they brought with them their various forms of national idolatry, until the plagues sent amongst them by God led them to petition for a priest of the God of the country to teach them the old form of worship. He was stationed at Beth-el, and they endeavoured to combine a formal reverence of God with the practice of their own heathen rites; but after the captivity of Judah they sought an alliance with the returned Jews, with whom they intermarried. On Ezra enforcing the Mosaic law as to mixed marriages, Manasses, a Jewish priest, who had married the daughter of Sanballat, chief of the Samaritans, headed a secession to Shechem, taught them the Mosaic ritual, erected a rival temple on Mount Gerizim; and this mixed community began to claim descent from the patriarchs, and a share in the promises, adopting the Pentateuch and Books of Joshua and Judges as their sacred books. Having the advantage of occupying the most sacred historical ground (Shechem), surrounded by the tombs and memorials of the patriarchs, and intercepting the two portions of the Israelite people (Galilasans and Jews), they held a strong vantage ground, which they used to annoy their neighbours. They erected false beacons to render nugatory the announcements of the great festivals, refused a passage through their territory to pilgrims going up to the feasts, defiled the temple by scattering dead men's bones upon its altar, and finally welcomed the invasion of Alexander the Great, and offered to him their temple for a heathen fane, which resulted in its final destruction by the Jews under John Hyrcanus (B. C. 130). The old feud between the ten tribes- and the house of David was renewed with double hostility by the Samaritans, Shechem and Jerusalem being the centres of animosity, each having rival claims to sanctity. Hence the point of the Samaritan woman's questions to our Lord (John iv.), and the readiness with which her fellow^T-citizens accepted the overture of one "being a Jew" to receive them into full religious communion. The Samaritans now scarcely number 100 persons, living at Nabulus (Shechem), preserving an ancient copy of the Pentateuch, keeping up an annual sacrifice of the Passover on Mount Gerizim, living peaceful, moral lives, and observing, with some peculiar variations, the Mosaic Law. Sanhedrin, or "The Council" of the Jewish Church and people, was a theocratic oligarchy, which, after the return from the Captivity, ruled the new settlement, being " in all causes and over all persons, ecclesiastical and civil, supreme." It was suggested by the old institution of 72 elders (six from each tribe), appointed by Moses, at Jethro's suggestion, to relieve him in the administration of justice (Ex. xviii. 14; Numb. xi. 16, 17). Having died out in the age succeeding Joshua, and being superseded under the monarchy, it was revived either by Ezra, or after the Macedonian ascendancy. It consisted of an equal number (twenty-four) of priests, scribes, elders, all of whom must be married, above thirty years of age, well-instructed in the law, and of good report among the people. This constituted the Supreme Court of Judicature, and Administrative Council, taking cognisance of false doctrine and teaching, as well as breaches of the Mosaic Law, and regulating both civil and ecclesiastical observances peculiar to the Jewish nation. The power of life and death had been taken from it by the Roman government (John xviii. 31; xix. 7), which in other respects covenanted to respect its decrees; though during the interval between the death of Tiberius and accession of Caligula, and in the absence of Pilate at Rome, the opportunity was seized to stone Stephen, in contravention of this compact. The Sanhedrin usually met in the hall Gazith, within the Temple precincts, though special meetings were sometimes held in the house of the high priest (Matt. xxvi.*-3), who was generally (though not necessarily) the president. There were also two vice-presidents, and two scribes, or " heralds," one registering the votes of acquittal (or noes), and the other those of conviction (or ayes), and a body of lictors, or attendants (Matt. xxyi. 58). The assembly sat in the form of a semicircle, the president occupying the centre of the arc, the prisoner that of the centre of the chord, while the two heralds sat a little in advance of the president, on his right hand and his left. Scribes {writers) were a learned profession, neither a party nor a sect. They devoted themselves to the study of the Law, of which they were the authorised expositors and transcribers. They were the lawyers and notaries public of the community (Matt. xxii. 35; Mark vii. 2; Luke v. 17, 21). Such were Gamaliel and Saul. In doctrine and practice they favoured the Pharisees, with whom they are often classed (Matt. xxiii. 2). From being transcribers and expounders of the Law, they supplied, after the Captivity, the place of the prophets and inspired oracles, which had ceased; and from them arose those glosses and interpretations which our Lord rebukes under the term "traditions." These became so numerous, that they were collected by the Ilabbi Judah (A.D. 200) into six books, called the Mishna (Repetition of the oral law), to which was subsequently added a book of comments {Gemara), which completed the whole traditionary doctrine of the Jewish Church. The Mishna and the Gemara together constitute the Talmud, of which there are two, one by the Jews in Judasa (called the Jerusalem Talmud), the other by those in Babylon (called the Babylonian). The Synagogue was a term applied bo^h to the congregation in a provincial town, and to the room in which it met during the week for mutual instruction, disputation, administration of justice, and on the sabbath for prayer and praise (not sacrifice). These buildings were the schools of the children, debating clubs and libraries of the youths; there were 480 in Jerusalem. Each Jewish community had its officers, viz.:-- 1. Ten Batlanim, or "men of leisure," who devoted themselves to the interests of the community (see Jer. iii. 15). They were the provincial council, administering both ecclesiastical and civil affairs. These were the " rulers of the synagogue," and had special seats of honour assigned them during Divine worship (Matt. xxiii. 6; Acts xiii. 15). 2. The Legate, or Apostle. He was a layman, delegated by the chief shepherd (Parnas) to recite the most sacred portions of the liturgy. The office was not permanently vested in one person, but one so delegated was the mouthpiece, for the time, of the congregation (Heb. iii. 1). In large towns the qualifications were very strict, and became the groundwork of those required for Christian bishops (1 Tim. iii. 1-7). Our Lord seems to have held this office at Nazareth (Luke iv. 16). From hence arose Christian "prophets" or "presbyters." 3. Chazan, the minister or attendant, whose duties were partly ecclesiastical, partly civil:-- (a) To unrobe the priests of their sacerdotal vestments. (b) To blow the trumpet for public announce- ments. ' ' (e) To hand the roll of the Law to the Reader. (d) To act as messenger to " the rulers," when dispensing justice. (e) To inflict scourging (40 stripes save one). {/) To take charge of the furniture, light the sabbath lamp, clean the synagogue. These Chazanim are mentioned twenty times in the New Testament, but under three different words in our translation:--viz. Officer in eleven passages (Matt. v. 25; John vii. 32, 45, 46; xviii. 3, 12, 18, 22; xix. 6; Acts v. 22, 26). Servant in four passages (Matt. xxvi. 58; Mark xiv. 54, 65; John xviii. 36). Minister in five passages (Luke i. 2; iv. 20; Acts xiii. 5; xxvi. 16; 1 Cor. iv. 1). It was with them Peter sat and warmed himself; and it was they who smote Jesus with the palms of their hands. 4. Meturgeman (Interpreter). As the synagogue oame mainly into use after the Captivity, when Hebrew was not well known, and Greek was more used in common life, the Law was interpreted to the congregation by an interpreter, selected for his learning and knowledge of languages. To guard against false interpretation, the learned formed a guild of interpreters, who drew up a Book of Paraphrases on the hebdomadal lessons, which from them was called the "Targum;" and the guild of Meturgemans, or Turgemans, has been corrupted into the modern Dragoman. The Great Synagogue was a council of distinguished men, on whom, after the cessation of prophecy, devolved the authoritative teaching of the Jewish Church. They sat in "Moses' seat;" and it was their duty to watch over the purity of doctrine, and sacred usages, define them more accurately, and pronounce judicial decisions in matters affecting them. To them was due the foundation of the profession of scribes, and those traditionary precepts accompanying the Law which were ultimately incorporated in the Mishna. __________________________________________________________________ CHRONOLOGY OF THE OLD TESTAMENT, ACCORDING TO USHER. b.c. 4004 2348 2207 1998 1996 1921 1910 1896 1872 1836 1728 1706 1689 1571 1531 1491 1451 1444 1338 1296 1291 1188 1156 1155 1116 1096 1064 1060 1056 1049 1025 1016 1016 The Creation and Fall of Man. The Deluge. Babel; dispersion of Noah's descendants, {Dr. Angus, 2247.) [Job's supposed date.] Death of Noah. Bieth of Abeam. Call of Abram. Birth of Ishmael. Birth of Isaac. Sacrifice of Isaac. Birth of Esau and Jacob. Joseph sold'i'nto Egypt. Jacob and his sqns go down into Egypt. Death of Jacob. Birth of Moses. Moses' flight into Midian. Moses at the burning bush. The Exodus. Entrance into Canaan. Allotment Of Canaan. Deborah and Barak. {Dr. Angus, 1316.) Ruth's marriage to Boaz. ( " 1256.) Gideon's victory over Midian. ( " 1249.) Jephthah's vow. Birth of Samson. Birth of Samuel. Death of Samson and Eli. Saul anointed king. David anointed king (1 Sam. xvi.); his victory over Goliath. David's flight from Saul. Saul's death. David made king of Ju-dah. David made king of the whole twelve tribes; takes Jerusalem. Revolt of Absalom. Rebellion of Adonijah. Death of David. Accession of Solomon, B.C. 1004 9,76 536 516 458 429 397 332 320 312 300 285 216 203 200 170 165 141 135 130 65 54 37 25 22 17 5 4 Dedication of the Temple. Death of Solomon. Revolt of Ten Tribes. Monarchical Period. (See next page.) Return of the Jews under Zerubbabel. Cyrus. Dedication of the second Temple. Ezra goes tq Jerusalem; cqllepts the Scriptures. Completion of the wall of Jerusalem, under Nehemiah, {Dr. Angus, 445.) The close of prophecy (Mai. iv.). Alexander the Great visits Jerusalem. Ptolemy Lagus takes Jerusalem. Seleucus obtains Syria. Simon the Just, High Priest. LXX. version begun at Alexandria. Ptolemy Philopater tries tq enter Holy of Holies. Antioehus the Great obtains Palestine. Sect of Sadducees founded. Antiochus Epiphanes takes Jerusalem; profanes the Temple. Judas Maccabseus purifies the Temple. Sovereignty and Priesthood conferred on Simon and his heirs. The Pharisees. Temple on Gerizim destroyed. Pompey reduces Syria to a Roman Province. Crassus plunders the Temple. Herod the Great takes Jerusalem. Herod rebuilds Samaria. Herod builds Caesarea. Herod begins to rebuild the Temple. Birth of John the Baptist, Birth of Jesus Christ. __________________________________________________________________ DIVIDED MONARCHY. B.C. JUDAH. B.C. ISRAEL. B.C. JUDAH. B.c. ISRAEL. 976 Rehoboam. 976 Jeroboam L 770 Menahem. 959 Abijah. 955 Nadab. 756 Jotham. 761 Pekahiah. 956 Asa. 953 Baasha. 742 Ahaz. 759 Pekah. 931 Elah. 726 Hezekiall. 730 Hoshea. 930 Zimri. 697 Manasseh. 721 Captivity of the Ten Tribes. 930 Omri. 915 Jehoshaphat. 917 Ahab. 642 Amon. 889 Jehoram. 898 Ahaziah. 640 Josiah. 885 Ahaziah. 897 Jehoram. 609 Jehoahaz (3 months). 883 Athaliah (Queen). 883 Jehu. 609 Jehoiakim. 877 Joash. 855 Jehoahaz. 606 Captivity of Two Tribes. 838 Amazjah. 838 Jehoash. 599 Jehoiachin (3 -Months), tributary prince. ^N 808 Uzziah. 823 Jeroboam 1L 599 Zedekiah, tributary prince. 771 Zachariah. 588 Destruction of the temple. Complete Cap- 770 Shallum (1 month). tivity. __________________________________________________________________ GENEALOGY FEOM ADAM TO JACOB. B.C. 4004 TO 1836. JACOB'S SONS. 1. Adam. 12. Arphaxad, 1. Reuben, 2. Seth. 13. Salah. 2. Simeon, J 3. Enos. 14. Eber. 3. Levi, 4. Cainan. 15. Peleg. 4. Judah, >Sons of Leah. 5. Mahalaleel. 16. Reu. 5. Issachar, I 6. .Tared. 17. Serug. 6. Zebulun, 7. Enoch. 18. Nahor. 7. Dan, } Sons of Bilhah. 8. Methuselah. 19. Terah. 8. Naphtali, 9. Lamech. 20. Abram. 9. Gad, ?» 10. Noah. 21. Isaac. 10. Asher, | Sons of Zilpah. 11. Shem. 22. Jacob. 11. 12. Joseph, Benjamin, j Sons of Rachel. __________________________________________________________________ SUPPOSED CHRONOLOGY OF THE ACTS AND EPISTLES. A.U.C. A.D. (Tiberius.) 30 Introduction to the Acts of the Apostles (i. 1-14). 783-788 30-35 Events till the appointment of deacons (i. 15-vi. 6). 35-40 " " conversion of Cornelius (vi. 7-x.). (Caligula.) 40-43 " " establishment of the Church at Aritidch (xi. 1-26). 43-46 " " end of Paul's first missionary journey (xi. 27-xiv. 28). (Claudius.) 46-54 " " " second missionary journey (xv. 11-xviii. 22). Epistles:--l Thess. (52); 2 Thess. (53). (Nero.) 55-60 Events till the end of Paul's third missionary journey (xviii. 23-xxvi.). Epistles:--1 Cor. (57); 2 Cor., Gal. (57); Rom. (58). 814-816 (Nero.) 60-63 Paul's imprisonment at Caesarea, and voyage to Rome (xxvii., xxviii.). 61 James' General Epistle to Jewish Christians. 62 Paul writes his Epistle to Ephesians. Timothy and Epaphroditus arrive at Rome, bringing tidings from Colosse (Col. i. 1-7). Paul's Epistle to Colossians. " " Philemon, on behalf of Onesimus, his runaway slave. 63 " " the Philippians. 63 " " the Hebrews, explaining how the Old Dispensation is developed into the New. Timothy liberated (Heb. xiii.). 63 Paul visits Crete; leaves Titus in charge of the Church there. 63 Peter writes his first Epistle to Jews and Gentiles scattered abroad and persecuted. 64 Paul goes to Macedonia. 64 " writes first Epistle to Timothy, at Ephesus (1 Tim. i.-vi.). " " Epistle to Titus. " winters at Nicopolis, Dalmatia, Troas. 65 (?) Jude writes his Epistle. 65 Peter writes his second Epistle to Jewish and Gentile Christians scattered through Pontus. 65 Paul's second imprisonment in Rome; tried before Nero. 820 66 Paul's second Epistle to Timothy, summoning him to Rome. " martyrdom. Peter's martyrdom at Rome. 825 71 Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. John writes his three Epistles. 75 (?) Jude writes his Epistle. 850 96 John writes the Book of Revelation. 97 " his Gospel. __________________________________________________________________ ITINERARY OF THE JOURNEYINGS OF THE ISRAELITES TO THEIR SETTLEMENT IN CANAAN. __________________________________________________________________ Rameses (from), near Port Said, to [2] Succoth (?). Southward. To the borders of the Wilderness of Egypt. Southward. Pi-Hahiroth (to), between Migdol (Suez) and the (Red) Sea. Eastward. Through the Red Sea to the "Wells of Moses." Etham (Wilderness of). Shur (Wilderness of). Three days without water. Marah. Bitter water sweetened. Southward. Elim. Twelve wells, seventy palm trees. Southward. Sin (Wilderness of). Quails and manna sent Eastward. Rephidim. Water from the rock of Horeb. Eastward. Battle of Rephidim. Massah and Meribah. Altar of Jehovah-nissi. Sinai. in the third month. Northward. Sinai, (from), through Wilderness of Paran or Zin:-- STATIONS. Taberah ("burning"). Murmurings at fatigue; punishment by fire; three days' journey. Kibeoth-hattaavah ("graves of lust"). Murmuring for flesh; flock of quails, and plague. Council of seventy elders. Hazeroth. Sedition of Aaron and Miriam, and leprosy of the latter. Kadesh-barnea. Twelve spies sent to Canaan. Ten spies destroyed; forty years' wandering declared; defeat of Israelites. Rebellion of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram. Rebellion of congregation (14,700 die of plague). Forty Years' Wanderings in Wilderness of Zin. Kadesh-baenea (return to). Water from rock at Meribah; the sin of Moses and Aaron. Death of Miriam. Refusal of passage through Edom. Mount Hor (in Moab). Death of Aaron. Hormah ("utter destruction"). Defeat of Canaanites. Edom (circuit of borders of). Crossing Zared (R.), through Moabites' territory, to Arnon (R.). Plague of fiery serpents. Free passage refused by Sihon; his defeat. Edrel. Similar refusal by Og, king of Ba-shan; his defeat. These two victories gave to Israel possession of the whole country E. of Jordan, from the River Arnon (which falls into the Dead Sea) to Mount Hermon. Shittim. Alliance of Moabites, Ammonites, and Midianites, under Balak, against Israel. Balaam's fruitless attempt to curse them. Fornication of Israel, and defection to worship of Baal. 24,000 slain by a plague. Zeal of Phinehas. Defeat of Midian; Balaam slain. Moab (plains of). Review of Israelite army, 625,030 males above twenty years old (B.C. 1451). Book of the wars of the Lord. Repetition and confirmation of the Law by Moses, to the new generation of Israel. Moses' view of Canaan from Pisgah. His death. Jordan (crossing the). Gilgal (encampment at). Circumcision. Jericho (fall of). March on Ai. Ai (its capture). Achan's sin. Shechem. The whole congregation (half on Mount Ebal, half on Gerizim) swear to the Covenant, in presence of the ark. The Law written on twelve stones on Mount Ebal; the cursings read from the same mountain, and the blessings from Gerizim. Gilgal (return to). Treaty with Gibeonites. Gibeon (march to relief of). Beth-horon. Defeat of Adoni-zedek and four other kings. Conquest of Southern Canaan. Merom. Defeat of Northern Canaanite confederacy. Shiloh. Settlement of the twelve tribes in their possessions. __________________________________________________________________ [2] Succoth ("Booths") was probably not a place, but only an encampment, so called from the temporary booths, hastily made from the boughs of trees, to shelter the fugitives during their Sabbath rest, for they would not be provided with tents. __________________________________________________________________ HISTORICAL SUMMARY. __________________________________________________________________ From the fall of man, the promise of a restorer of the race was given and at intervals renewed; but it was open to the whole of mankind, "the seed of the woman," until the time of Abram, when it was restricted to his family, "in thy seed shall all the families of the earth be blessed." Abram, called by God to leave his native place Ur (at that time the capital of Chaldæa), retires to Haran, with his father and the rest of his family. On his father's death, five years later, he is again bidden to travel to the S.W., passes through Damascus, and reaches Shechem (in the centre of the land, in the pass between Ebal and Gerizim), where God meets him and makes a covenant. Pursuing his journey he stops at Beth-el, where God renews the covenant. He still goes southward till he reaches Egypt, whence he is bidden to return; and he retraces his steps to Beth-el, where Lot leaves him, after which God promises him the whole land. He then removes southward to Mamre, where Ishmael is born, circumcision instituted, Isaac promised by the angel, and the destruction of Sodom revealed. After that event Abraham removed to Beer-sheba, where he lived the last seventy-five years of his life. Here Isaac was born and spent all his days. Jacob, at seventy-seven years of age, fled to Padan-Aram, returning after twenty years; settled at Shechem, removed to Beer-sheba, and was driven by famine into Egypt, where his descendants remained 215 years. Moses, by God's command, led them to the wilderness of Sinai, where they received from God a code of laws,--social, political, and religious,--and a complete constitution, with civil and ecclesiastical officers. After forty years' training by God in the wilderness, they entered Canaan, conquering on their way the aboriginal inhabitants E. of Jordan, but sparing those akin to them. The extermination of the Canaanites from Palestine was miraculous, but incomplete, because of the lethargy of the invaders. The succeeding 400 years of occupation was a period of listless anarchy, both priests and people being faithless to the theocracy, content with the indolent enjoyment of an exuberant land, of which the surviving remnants of the Canaanites (Philistines), and the kindred tribes of Hebrews (Amalekites, Edomites, Moabites, Midianites) tried to dispossess them. This warfare continued, until David subjugated the latter and made the former peaceful subjects, and Israel obtained full inheritance of the promise from the River of Egypt to the Euphrates, a sovereignty which lasted till the end of Solomon's reign. A civil rupture rent the kingdom in twain. Ten tribes revolting sought to consolidate a separate sovereignty by establishing a rival worship, of which the two great shrines were at Dan and Beth-el. This rapidly declined into Baalism, which attained its zenith under Ahab, and was punished first by incursions of the Syrians, and afterwards by the invasion of the Assyrians, who carried the people captive, and colonised the country with a mixed idolatrous race, who mingled their native worship with that of Israel. From these sprang the "Samaritans," who intermarried with some of the Jews, borrowed their rites, accepted the Pentateuch, and set up a false temple on Gerizim. The two tribes, 133 years later, were carried captive by the Babylonians; but after seventy years (B.C. 536), a portion of them returned, and rebuilt Jerusalem and the temple, the government being vested in a Persian Satrap, resident at Damascus. As the faith of Abraham had been rewarded by the inheritance of Canaan, the unfaithfulness of his descendants had forfeited it, and they were all sent back to that heathen land "between the rivers," from which their progenitor was Divinely called; from which exile ten tribes never returned, but the remnant (principally of the tribe of Judah) came back, cured of idolatry, and looking hopefully for the restoration of their kingdom, and the birth of the promised seed. As the early undivided monarchy produced the devotional books of Holy Scripture, the later monarchy brought forth the earlier, and the Captivity the later prophets, with warnings from the past, and encouragement for the future; but the glorious picture in which they represented the Messiah's kingdom raised a mistaken conception of a temporal sovereignty, which the oppression of successive tyrants (between the Captivity and the birth of Christ) was intended to correct. The fiery trial through which the people passed, and the new life which it evoked, are recorded in the Books of the Maccabees; while the moral decline of those who remained in exile, and their substitution of superstition for religion, are painfully exhibited in the Book of Esther, and those apocryphal narratives, which are valuable literary remains, but have been rejected from the Canon of Holy Scripture. __________________________________________________________________ MIRACLES IN THE OLD TESTAMENT In Egypt. Aaron's rod turned into a serpent ................ Exod. vii. 10--12. The Ten Plagues:-- 1. Water made blood.... 20-25. 2. Frogs.... viii. 5--14. 3. Lice.... 16-18. 4. Flies.... 20-24. 5. Murrain.... ix. 3--6. 6. Boils and blains.... 8--11. 7. Thunder and hail.... 22--26. 8. Locusts.... x. 12-19. 9. Darkness.... 21-23. 10. Firstborn slain.... xii. 29, 30. Parting of the Red Sea.... xiv. 6, 21-31. In the Wilderness. The curing of the waters of Marah .... xv. 23-25. Feeding with manna .... xvi. 14--35. Water from the rock, at Rephidim.... xvii. 5--7. Death of Nadab and Abihu.... Lev. x. 1, 2. Burning of the congregation at Taberah.... Numb. xi. 1--3. Death of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram, &c.... xvi. 31--35. Budding of Aaron's rod, at Kadesh.... xvii. 8. Water from the rock, at Meribah.... xx. 7--11. The brazen serpent.... xxi. 8, 9. Stoppage of the Jordan stream.... Josh. iii. 14--17. In Canaan.--Under Joshua. Fall of Jericho.... vi. 6--25. Staying of sun and moon ... *.... x. 12--14. Under the Kings. Death of Uzzah.... 2 Sam. vi. 7. Withering of Jeroboam's hand; and destruction of the altar at Beth-el.... 1 Kings xlii. 4--6. By Elijah. The stdying of the cruse of oil and meal at Zarephath.... xvii. 14-16. The raising of the widow's son at Zarephath.... 17-24. The burning of the sacrifice on Mount Carmel.... xviii.30-38. Burning of the captains and their companies.... 2 Kings i. 10-12. Dividing of Jordan.... ii. 7, 8. By Elisha. Dividing of Jordan.... ii. 14. Cure of waters of Jericho .... 21,22. Destruction of mocking children at Beth-ei.... 24. Supply of water to the allied armies in Moab.... iii. 16-20. Multiplication of the widow's oil.... iv. 2-7. Raising the Shunammite's son.... 32-37 Healing the deadly pottage.... 38-41. Feeding bne hundred men with twenty loaves .... 42-44. Cure of Naaman's leprosy, and its transfer to Gehazi .... v. 10-14, 27. Making an iron axe swim.... vi. 5-7. Smiting the Syrian army.... 18-20. Resurrection of dead man by touching Elisha's bones .... xiii. 21. Recorded" by Isaiah. Destruction of Sennacherib's army.... xix. 35. Return of sun by the dial of Ahaz.... xx. 9--11. During Captivity. Deliverance of the three children from the fiery furnace.... Dan. iii. 19--27. Deliverance of Daniel from the lions.... vi. 16-23. Miscellaneous. Smiting of Philistines, and fall of Dagon.... 1 Sam. v. 3--12. Smiting of Uzziah with leprosy.... 2 Chron. xxvi. 16--21. Deliverance of Jonah from the great fish.... Jonah ii. 1-10. __________________________________________________________________ PARABLES IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. PARABLES. By whom Spoken. Reference. The two brethren, and avengers of blood . Escaped captive............Vineyard and grapes.......... Lions' whelps.............The boiling pot............ Paeabolic Fables. Micaiah's vision...........Thistle and cedar........... Widow of Tekoah.......Son of the prophets to Ahab . . Isaiah to Judah and Jerusalem . Jotham to Shechemites .... 2 Sam. xii. 1--1. ----- xiv. 1-11. 1 Kings xx. 35-40. Isaiah v. 1-7. Ezek. xvii. 3-10. ----- xix. 2-9. ----- xxiv. 3-5. Judg. ix. 7-15. 1 Kings xxii. 19-23. 2 Kings xiv. 9. __________________________________________________________________ OUR LORD'S MIRACLES. Miracles. I. Narrated only in one Gospel. Two blind men healed....... . . . A dumb demoniac healed......... Stater in the mouth of the fish....... The deaf and dumb man healed ...... A blind man healed........... When Christ passed unseen through the multitude............... Draught of fish............. Raising the widow's son......... Healing the woman with an infirmity .... " " man with the dropsy...... " " ten lepers.......... " " ear of Malchus, servant of the high priest........ Turning water into wine......... Healing the nobleman's son (of fever ) . . . " " impotent man at Bethesda . . . " " man born blind........ Raising of Lazarus........... Draught of fish ............. II. Narrated in two Gospels. Healing the daughter of the Syrophoenician . Feeding the four thousand ........ Cursing the fig tree........... Healing the centurion's servant (of palsy) . . The blind and dumb demoniac...... The demoniac in a synagogue ."...,.. III. Narrated in three Gospels. Stilling the storm ............ The legion of devils entering the swine . . . Healing Jairus' daughter......... " the woman with an issue of blood . " " man sick of the palsy . . . . . " " leperl............ ,, Peter's mother-in-law...... " the man with a withered hand . . . " demoniac child......... " blind Bartimaeus ........ Walking on the sea........... IV. Narrated in four Gospels. Feeding the five thousand........ Locality. Capernaum, 99 Decapolis Bethsaida Nazareth Bethsaida Nain . . Jerusalem Samaria Gethsemane Cana . . . Jerusalem Bethany . Bethsaida Tyre .... Gennesaret (?). Mount of Olives Capernaum. . Galilee . . . Capernaum. . Sea of Galilee Gadara . . Capernaum. Gennesaret. Capernaum. Gennesaret. Bethsaida . Capernaum. Mount Tabor (?) Jericho . . Sea of Galilee Bethsaida (Julias) Matt. ix. ix. xvii. XV. XV. xxi. viii. xii. viii. viii. ix. ix. ix. viii. viii. xii. xvii. XX. xiv. xiv. Mark. vii. viii. vii. viii. xi. l. iv. v. V. y. ii. i. i. iii. ix. x. vi. vi. Luke. iv. v. vii. xiii. xiv. xvii. xxii. vii. xi. iv. viii. viii. viii. viii. v. y. iv. yi. ix. xviii. ix. John. ii. iv. v. ix. xi. xxi. vi. vi. B3 __________________________________________________________________ OUR LORD'S PARABLES. Paeables. Locality. Matt. Make. Luke. Lessons. I. Recorded in one Gospel only. The tares......... Gennesaret. . xiii. Good and evil in life and judgment. The hid treasure...... xiii. Value of Gospel. The goodly pearl...... xiii. * Christian seeking salvation. The draw net........ xiii. Visible Church of Christ. The unmerciful servant . . . Capernaum . xviii. Danger of ingratitude. The labourers in the vineyard. Jerusalem . . XX. * Call at various epochs. The two sons........ xxi. Insincerity and repentance. The marriage of the king's son Mount of Olives xxii. Need of righteousness. The ten virgins....... XXV. * * Watchful and careless profession. The ten talents....... XXV. Use of advantages. The sheep and goats. .. . . . XXV. Final separation of good and bad. The seed growing secretly . . Gennesaret. . iv * Gradual growth of religion. The householder...... Xlil. The two debtors...... Galilee . . . vii. Gratitude for pardon. The good Samaritan..... Jerusalem . . X. Compassion to suffering. The friend at midnight.... XI. Perseverance in prayer. The rich fool........ xii. Worldly-mindedness. The -wedding feast...... xii. Vigilance towards Second Advent. The wise steward...... xii. Conscientiousness in trust. The barren fig tree ..... xiii. "Unprofitableness under grace. The great supper...... XIV. Universality of Divine call. The piece of money..... XV. Joy over penitence. The prodigal sdn...... XV. Fatherly love to penitent son. The unjust steward..... XVI. Preparation for eternity. The rich man and Lazarus . . xvi. Becompence of future life. The unprofitable servants . . xvii. God's claim to all our services. The unjust judge...... XVlll. Advantage of persevering prayer. The Pharisee and publican . . xviii. Self-righteousness and humility. XIX. Diligence rewarded, sloth punished. II. Recorded in two Gospels. House on rock and sand . . . Galilee . . . vii. vi. Consistent and false profession. The leaven......... Gennesaret. . xiii. viii. Pervading influence of religion. Jerusalem . . xviii. * * XV. Joy over penitent. III. Recorded in three Gospels. New cloth and old garment. . Capernaum . ix. ii. V. New doctrine on old prejudices. New wine in old bottles . . . ix. ii. V. New spirit in unregenerate heart. The sower......... Gennesaret. . mi. iv. vm. Hearers divided into classes. The mustard seed...... xiii. iv. xiii. Spread of Gospel. The wicked husbandmen . . . Jerusalem . . XXI. XII. XX. Eejection of Christ by Jews. The fig tree and all the trees . Mount of Olives xxiv. xii i. xxi. Indications of Second Advent. N.B.--These miracles and parables are grouped according to their record by the Evangelists; for their chronological position reference must be made to tlie "Harmony." 42 __________________________________________________________________ THE NAMES, TITLES, AND OFFICES OF CHRIST. Adam, the Second, 1 Cor. 15. 45, 47, Advocate, an, 1 John 2.1. 1 Alpha and Omega, Rev. 1. 8; 22; 13. Amen, Rev. 3.14. * [s] 2 Author and Finisher of our faith, Heb: 12. 2. Author of eternal salvation, Heb. 5. 9. Beginning of the creation of God, Rev. 3.14. Blessed and only Potentate, 1 Tim. 6.15. Branch, Zech. 3. 8; 6.12. Bread of God, John 6. 33. Bread of Life, John 6. 35. 3 Captain of Salvation, Heb. 2.10. 4 Child, Holy, Acts 4; 27. Child, Little, Isa. 11. 6. 5 Christ, the, Matt. 16.16; Mark 8. 29; Luke 9. 20: John 6. 69. Corner-stone, Eph. 2. 20; 1 Pet. 2. 6. Counsellor, Isa. 9. 6. David, Jer. 30. 9; Ezek. 34. 23; 37. 24; Hos. 3. 5. David, Son of, Matt. 9. 27; 21. 9. Day-spring, Luke 1. 78. Deliverer, Rom. 11. 26. Desire of all nations, Hag. 2. 7. 6 Emmanuel, Isa. 7.14; Matt. 1. 23. Everlasting Father, Isa. 9. 6. Faithful witness, Rev. 1. 5; 3.14. First and Last, Rev. 1.17. 7 First-begotten of the dead, Rev. 1. 5. God, Isa. 40. 9; John 20. 28; 1 John 5. 20. God blessed for ever, Rom. 9. 5. Good Shepherd, John 10.11. Governor, Matt. 2. 6. Great High Priest, Heb. 4.14. High Priest, Heb. 5.10. 8 Holy child Jesus, Acts 4. 27. Holy, the most, Dan. 9. 24. 9 Holy One, Luke 4. 34; Acts 3.14; Rev. 3, 7. 10 Holy Thing, Luke 1. 35. Horn of Salvation, Luke 1. 69. I AM, Ex. 3.14, with John 8. 58. Image of God, 2 Cor. 4. 4. Jehovah, Isa. 26. 4. Jesus, Matt. 1. 21; 1 Thess. 1.10. HJust One, Acts 3.14; 1. 52; 22. 14. King of Israel, John 1. 49. King of the Jews, Matt. 2. 2. Xinflr of Icings, 1 Tim. 6.15; Rev. 17.14; 19.16. Lamb of God, John 1.29, 36. Lawgiver. Isa. 33. 22. Life, the, John 14. 6. Life, Bread of, John 6. 35. Light of the world, John 8.12; 9. 5. Light, True, John 1. 9; 12. 35. Lion of the tribe ofJudah, Rev. 5. 5. Living stone, 1 Pet; 2. 4. Lord, Matt. 3. 3; Mark 11. 3. Lord God, Almighty, Rev; 15.3; 12 -- of Holy Prophets, Rev. 22. 6. Lord of all, Acts 10r36. Lord of Glory, 1 Cor. 2. 8. Lord of lords, 1 Tim. 6.15; Rev. 17.14; 19.16. Lord our Bighteousness, Jer. 23. 6. Maker and Preserver of all things, John 1. 3, 10; 1 Cot. 8. 6; Col. 1.16; Heb. 1. 2,10; Rev. 4.11. Mediator, 1 Tim. 2. 5. 13 Mediator of the new covenant, Hefa. 12. 24. Messiah, Dan. 9. 25; John 1. 41. Mighty God, Isa. 9. 6. Mighty One of Jacob, Isa. 60.16. Morning star, Rev. 22.16. Nazarene, Matt; 2. 23. Passover, Our, 1 Cor. 5. 7. Priest for ever, Heb. 5. 6. Prince, Acts 5. 31. Prince of Life; Acts 3.15. Prince of Peace, Isa. 9. 6; 14 p[r]i[n]ce of the Mngs of the earth, Rev. 1. 5. Prophet, Deut. 18.15; Luke 24.19. Redeemer; Job 19. 25; Isa. 59. 20. Righteous, the, 1 John 2.1. Boot and offspring of David, Rev. 22.16. Boot of David, Rev. 5. 5. Buler in Israel, Mic. 5. 2. Same yesterday, to day, and for ever, Heb. 13. 8. Saviour, Luke 2.11; Acts 5. 31. Shepherd and Bishop of souls, 1 Pet. 2. 25. Shepherd in the land, Zech. 11.16. Shepherd of the sheep, Great, Heb. 13. 20. Shiloh, Gen. 49.10. Son, a, Heb. 3. 6. 15 Son, My beloved, Matt. 3.17; 17. 5; Luke 9. 35. Son of David, Matt. 9. 27; 21. 9. Son of God, Matt. 8. 29; Luke 1. 35. Son of Man, Matt. 8. 20; John 1. 51; Acts 7. 56. lQSon of the Highest, Luke 1. 32. Son, Only-begotten, John 1; 14,18; 3.16,18. Son, the, Ps. 2.12. Star and Sceptre, Num. 24.17. W Star, bright and mornings Rev. 22.16. Truth, the, John 14. 6. Vine, the, John 15. 5. Vine, true, John 15.1. Way, John 14. 6. Witness, faithful and true, Rev. 3.14. Wonderful, Isa. 9. 6. Word, John 1.1. Word of God, Rev. 19.13. K.B.--In the Kevised New Testament, 1881 > the lines to which figures are prefixed are given as follows :-- 1 The Alpha and the Omega. 2 Author and Perfecter. 3 Author of Salvation. 4 Holy Servant. 5 The Holy One of God (John 6. 69). 6 Immanuel. 7 Firstborn. 8 Holy Servant Jesus. 9 Holy and Righteous One (Acts 3. 14) * He that is holy (Rev. 3. 7). 10 (In margin only.) 11 Bighteous One. 12 The Lord, the God of the Spirits of the Prophets. 13 Mediator of a new covenant. 1± Buler of the kings of the earth. 15 My Son, My chosen (Luke 9. 35). 16 Son of the Most High, 17 The bright, the morning Star. __________________________________________________________________ PROPHECIES RELATING TO CHRIST. Adoration by Magi, Ps. 72.10,15; Isa. 60. 3, 6. Advent, Gen. 3.15; Deut. 18.15; Ps. 89. 20; Isa. 2.2; 9. 6; 28. 16; 32. 1; 35. 4; 42. 6; 49. 1; 55. 4; Ezek. 34. 24; Dan. 2. 44; Mic. 4.1; Zech. 3. 8. Advent, time of, Gen. 49. 10; Num. 24.17; Dan. 9.24; Hag. 2. 7; Mai. 3.1. . Ascension and exaltation, Ps. 16.11; 24.7; 68.18; 110.1; 118.19. Betrayal for thirty pieces, Zech. 11.12. " by own friend, Ps. 41. 9; 55.13. Betrayer's death, Ps. 55.15, 23; 109.17. Bone not to be brojcen, Ps. 34. 20. Burial ivith the rich, Isa. 53. 9. Casting lots for vesture, Ps. 22.18. Conversion of Gentiles, Isa. 11.10; 42.1. Crucifixion, 'Ps. 22.14,17. Death with malefactors, Isa. 53.9,12. " in prime of life, Ps. 89. 45; 102. 24. " attested by convulsions of nature, Amos 5. 20; 8. 9; Zech. 14. 4, 6. Descent into Egypt, Hos. 11.1. Desertion by disciples, Zech. 13. 7. Divinity, Ps. 2. 11; 45. 7; 72. 8; 110.1; Isa. 9i 6; 25. 9; 40.10; Jer. 23. 6; Mic. 5. 2; Mai. 3.1. Dominion universal and everlasting, Ps. 72-. 8; Isa. 9. 7 ; Dan. 7.14. False accusation. Ps. 27.12; 35.11; 109. 2. Forerunner of Christ, Isa. 40. 3; Mai. 3.1; 4. 5. Galilee, ministry in, Isa. 9.1, 2. Gall and vinegar, offer of, Ps. 69. 21. Generation, human, Gen. 12. 3; 18. 18; 21. 12; 22.18; 26. 4; 28.14; 49.10; Ps. 18. 50; 89. 4, 29, 36; 132.11; Isa. 11.1; Jer. 23. 5; 33.15. Insult, buffeting, spitting, scourging, Ps. 35. 15, 21; Isa. 50. 6. Massacre of Innocents, Jer. 31.15. Miraculous power, Isa. 35. 5. Mission, Gen. 12. 3; 49.10; Num. 24.19; Deut. 18. 18; Ps. 21.1; Isa. 59. 20; Jer. 33.16. Mocking, Ps. 22.16; 109. 25. Nativity, place of, Num. 24.17,19; Mic. 5.2. " from virgin, Gen. 3.15; Isa. 7.14; Jer. 31. 22. Patience under suffering, Isa. 53. 7, 9. Persecution, Ps. 22. 6; 35. 7,12; 109. 2; Isa. 49.7; 53. 3. Piercing, Ps. 22.16; Zech. 12.10; 13. 6. Prayer for enemies, Ps. 109. 4. Preacher, Ps. 2. 7; Isa. 2. 3; 61.1; Mic. 4. 2. Priest like Melchizedek, Ps. 110. 4. Prophet like Moses, Deut. 18.15. Purchase of potter's field, Zech. 11.13. Purification of temple, Ps. 69. 9. Rejection by Jews and Gentiles, Ps. 2.1; 22.12; 41.5. Resurrection, Ps. 16. 10; 30. 3; 41. 10; 118. 17; Hos. 6.2. Silence against accusation, Ps. 38.13; Isa. 53. 7. Spiritual graces, Ps. 45. 7; Isa. 11. 2; 42.1; 61.1. Triumphal entry into Jerusalem, Ps. 8. 2; Zech. 9.9. Vicarious suffering, Isa. 53.4--6,12; Dan. 9.26. __________________________________________________________________ RECORDED APPEARANCES OF CHRIST AFTER HIS RESURRECTION Befoee Ascension. 1. To Mary Magdalene.......... 2. To other women from Galilee...... 3. To two Disciples............ 4. To Peter............... 5. To ten Apostles............ 6. To eleven Apostles (with Thomas)..... 7. To seven Apostles fishing........ 8. To five hundred brethren at once (1 Cor. xv.) 9. To James the Less (1 Cor. xv.)...... 10. To eleven Apostles and others...... After Ascension. 11. To Stephen at his martyrdom (Acts vii. 56.) . 12. To Paul at his conversion (1 Cor. xv.) . . . 13. To the Apostle John (Rev. i.)....... Time. His resurrection . Sunday after . " Week following . TT P * ' ' Unknown. . . Ascension Day. Lord's Day . . . Place. Garden. Jerusalem. Emmaus. Jerusalem. Upper room. Tiberias. Jerusalem. Bethany. Jerusalem. Damascus. Patmos. 44 __________________________________________________________________ SPECIAL PRAYERS. Scripture Names. Recorded. Subjects. Aaron and priests. . Num. 6. 22--26.. The Aaronic blessing of Israel. Gen. 15.2. ... For a son. Abraham..... -- 17.17,18. . For Ishmael's acceptance. -- 18.23. . . For mercy on Sodom. Abraham's servant. -- 24.12. . . Success in his mission, when sent to find a wife for Isaac. Prov. 30.1. . . For moderation in his desires.^ Apostles. .... Acts 1.24. . . On choosing an apostle. 2Chr. 14.11. . . When going to battle with Zerah the Ethiopian. Dan. 9.4. . . . For the restoration of Jerusalem. 2 Sam. 7.18. . . Prayer for a blessing on his house. Ps. 51..... After his sin with Bath-sheba. David...... 2 Sam. 24.17. . After numbering the people. 1 Chr. 29.10--19. Thanksgiving at close of life. Early Church. . . Acts 4. 24. . . . For support under persecution. Elijah...... 1 Kin. 17. 20.. * For the restoration of the widow's son. Elijah...... -- 18. 36.. * For Divine attestation of his mission. Elijah...... -- 19.4. . * For death. Elisha...... 2 Kin. 6.17. . * For his servant's eyes to be opened. - 18. . That the army sent to take him may be blinded. Ezek. 9. 8. . . . Intercession for the people. Ezra 9.6. . . . Confession of sin in the people's alliances with the heathen. Habakkuk. . . . Hab. 3.1--16. . For revival of God's work. Hannah..... 1 Sam. 1.11. . . For the gift of a son. Hezekiah..... 2 Kin. 19.15; Is.15. in ift For protection against Sennacherib. Hezekiah. .... 61. 10. -- 20.3; Is. 38. 3. When dangerously ill. Hezekiah..... 2 Chr. 30.18. . . For the unprepared who had eaten of the passover. Deut.21. 6--8. . Expiation of undiscovered murder. -- 26. 5-10. Confession on presenting firstfruits. - 13-15. The prayer of the tithing year. IChr. 4.10. . . For the Divine blessing. Jacob...... Gen. 32. 9.... For deliverance from Esau. Jehoshaphat. . . . 2 Chr. 20. 6. . . For protection against the armies of the Moabites and Jeremiah. .... Jer. 14. 7. . . . xxIIllllUill Lt/b» In a great famine. Jeremiah. .... -- 15.15-18. . For comfort. Matt. 11. 25, 26.. Thanksgiving. John 11. 41, 42. . Thanksgiving for the Father's acceptance of His prayer. «j oolXS* * t * * * * -- 12.27. . . Imploring His Father's aid. ti t?oLiS» ****** -- 17. ... For Himself, His apostles, and all believers. For unity. Matt. 26.39; Lk.39. 99 AO Under suffering in Gethsemane. Jesus....... AL. 4Z. Luke 23. 34. . . For His murderers. Matt. 27. 46. . . Under suspension of Divine consolation. Jonah 2. 2. . . For deliverance from the great fish. Josh. 7. 7--9.. . After Achan's sin. Neh. 9. 5. . . . Confession of God's goodness, and their nation's sins. Lord's prayer. . . Matt. fi. 9; Luke 11 O The model of supplication for relief of human needs. 11. £>. Judg. 13. 8, 9. . For Divine guidance in training his child. Moses...... Ex. 32.11; Deut.11. n oft Forgiveness for the people's idolatry. Moses...... y. zo. ?-- oo. J.Z. ... For the Divine presence. Moses...... Num. 10. 35, 36.. At the setting forth and stopping of the ark. -- 11. 11--15. For Divine help to govern the Israelites. -- 12.13. . . For Miriam, for cure from leprosy. -- 14. 13-19. For the people disappointed at the spies' report. - 27.15. . . For a successor. Deut. 3. 24. To enter Canaan. Nehemiah..... Neh. 1.5. . For the remnant in captivity. Nehemiah..... - 4,4. . For protection against Sanballat and Tobiah. Penitent thief. . . Luke 23. 42. To be remembered by Jesus. Pharisee's prayer. . -- 18.11. Thanksgiving for his own righteousness. Publican's prayer. . -- 18.13. For Divine mercy. Judg. 16. 28. . . To be avenged on his enemies. Solomon..... 1 Kin. 3. 5-9. . For wisdom to govern Israel. Solomon..... 1 Kin. 8. 23: 2 C\v ft. Id. Dedication of temple. L*nr. d. 14. Acts 7. 59, 60. . Commendation of his soul; forgiveness of his murderers. 45 __________________________________________________________________ ALPHABETICAL TABLE OF THE FIRST LINE OF EACH PSALM. A Psalm As the hart panteth after the water brooks .... 42 B Behold, bless ye the Lord .... 134 Behold, how good and how pleasant.... 133 Be merciful unto me, G-od, be merciful.... 57 Be merciful unto me, O God: for man.... 5fi Blessed are the undefiled in the way .... 119 Blessed be the Lord my strength .... 144 Blessed is every one that feareth .... 128 Blessed is he that considereth the poor.... 41 Blessed is he whose transgression .... 32 Blessed is the man that walketh not.... 1 Bless the Lord, O my soul: and all .... 103 Bless the Lord, my soul. O Lord.... 104 Bow down thine ear, O Lord.... 88 By the rivers of Babylon.... 137 C Consider mine affliction.... (ver. 153) 119 D Deal bountifully with.... (ver. 17) 119 Deliver me from mine enemies.... 59 Deliver me, O Lord, from the evil man .... 140 Do ye indeed speak righteousness.... 58 E Except the Lord build the house.... 127 F For ever, O Lord, thy word.... (yer. 89) 119 Fret not thyself because of evildoers .... 37 G Give ear, my people, to my law.... 78 Give ear, O Shepherd of Israel .... 80 Give ear to my prayer, O God.... 55 Give ear to my words, O Lord.... 5 Give the king thy judgments, O God .... 72 Give unto the Lord, ye mighty .... 29 God be merciful unto us, and bless us.... 67 God is our refuge and strength --.... 46 God standeth in the congregation.... 82 Great is the Lord, and greatly.... 48 H Have mercy upon me, O God .... 51 Hear me when I call, O God .... 4 Hear my cry, O God.... 61 Hear my prayer, O Lord, and let.... 102 Hear my prayer, O Lord, give ear .... 143 Hear my voice, O God.... 64 Hear the right, O Lord .... 17 Hear this, all ye people .... 49 Help, Lord; for the godly man ceaseth.... 12 He that dwelleth in the secret place.... 91 His foundation is in the holy .... 87 Hold not thy peace, O God of my praise.... 119 How amiable are thy tabernacles.... 84 How long wilt thou forget me, O Lord.... 13 I I cried unto God with my voice .... 77 I cried unto the Lord with my voice .... 142 I cried with my whole heart.... (ver. 145) 119 If it had not been the Lord .... 124 I hate vain thoughts .... (ver. 113) 119 I have done judgment.... (ver. 121) 119 I love the Lord, because he hath heard .... 116 In Judah is God known.... 76 In my distress I cried unto the Lord .... 120 In thee, O Lord, do I put my trust; let me never be ashamed.... 31 In thee, O Lord, do I put my trust: let me never be put to confusion.... 71 In the Lord put I my trust .... 11 I said, I will take heed to my ways .... 39 It is a good thing to give thanks .... 92 I waited patiently for the Lord .... 40 I was glad when they said unto me.... 122 I will bless the Lord at all times .... 34 I will extol thee, my God, O king.... 145 I will extol thee, O "Lord .... 30 I will lift up mine eyes unto the hills.... 121 I will love thee, O Lord, my strength .... 18 I will praise thee, O Lord.... 9 I will praise thee with my whole heart.... 138 I will sing of mercy and judgment.... 101 I will sing of the mercies of the Lord.... 89 J Judge me, O Lord.... 26 Judge me,O God, and plead my cause.... 43 K Keep not thou silence, O God.... 83 L Let God arise, let his enemies.... 68 Let my cry come near before.... (ver. 169) 119 Let thy mercies come also.... (ver. 41) 119 Lord, how are they increased that.... 3 Lord, I cry unto thee: make haste .... 141 Lord, my heart is not haughty ...".... 131 Lord, remember David .... 132 Lord, thou hast been favourable.... 85 Lord, thou hast been our dwelling place.... 90 Lord, who shall abide in thy tabernacle.... 15 M Make a joyful noise unto God.... 66 Make a joyful noise unto the Lord .... 100 Make haste, O God, to deliver me.... 70 Many a time have they afflicted me .... 129 My God, my God, why hast thou .... 22 My heart is inditing a good matter.... 45 My soul cleaveth unto the dust.... (ver. 25) 119 My soul fainteth.... (ver. 81) 119 N Not unto us, O Lord, not unto us.... 115 O O clap your hands, all ye people.... 47 O come, let us sing unto the Lord.... 95 O give thanks unto the Lord; call upon.... 105 O give thanks unto the Lord, for he is.... 107 O give thanks unto the Lord; for he is .... 118 O give thanks unto tbe Lord; for he is .... 136 O God, my heart is fixed.... 108 O God, the heathen are come into.... 79 O God, thou art my God.... 63 O God, thou hast cast us off.... 60 O God, why hast thou cast us off for ever.... 74 Psalm how love I tby law .... (ver. 97) 119 O Lord God of my salvation.... 88 O Lord God, to whom vengeance .... 94 O Lord my God, in thee do I put .... 7 O Lord our Lord, how excellent is thy.... 8 O Lord, rebuke me not in thine anger.... 6 O Lord, rebuke me not in thy wrath .... 38 O Lord, thou hast searched me.... 139 praise the Lord, all ye nations.... 117 O sing unto the Lord a new song; for.... 98 sing unto the Lord a new song; sing .... 96 Out of the depths have I cried.... 130 P Plead my cause, O Lord.... 35 Praise waiteth for thee, O God.... 65 Praise ye the Lord. Blessed is the man.... 112 Praise ye the Lord: for it is good .... 147 Praise ye the Lord. I will praise .... Ill Praise ye the Lord, give thanks .... 106 Praise ye the Lord. Praise God .... 150 Praise ye the Lord. Praise, O ye .... 113 Praise ye the Lord. Praise the Lord.... 146 Praise ye the Lord. Praise ye the Lord.... 148 Praise ye the Lord. Praise ye the name.... 335 Praise ye the Lord. Sing unto the Lord.... 149 Preserve me, O God: for in thee.... 16 Princes have persecuted me.... (ver. 161) 119 R Rejoice in the Lord, ye righteous .... 33 Remember the word.... (ver. 49) 119 Righteous art thou, O Lord .... (ver. 137) 119 S Save me, O God, by thy name.... 54 Save me, O God; for the waters.... 69 Sing aloud unto God our strength.... 81 T Teach me, O Lord, the way .... (ver. 33) 119 The earth is the Lord's, and the fulness.... 24 The fool hath said in his heart, There is .... 14 The fool hath said in his heart, There is.... 53 The heavens declare the glory pf God.... 19 The king shall joy in thy strength.... 21 The Lord hear thee in the day.... 20 The Lord is my light and my salyation.... 27 The Lord is my shepherd .... --.... 23 The Lord reigneth, he is clothed.... 93 The Lord reigneth; let the earth.... 97 The Lord reigneth; let the people.... 99 The Lord said untoony Lord.... 110 The mighty God, even the Lord.... 50 The transgression qf the wicked saith.... 36 They that trust in the Lord .... 125 Thou art my portion, O Lord.... (ver. 57) 119 Thou hast dealt well .... (ver. 65) 119 Thy hands have made me .... (ver. 73} 119 Thy testimonies are wonderful.... (ver. 129) 119 Thy word is a lamp.... (ver. 105) 119 Truly God is good to Israel .... 73 Truly my soul waiteth upon God .... 62 U Unto thee lift I up mine eyes.... 123 Unto thee, O God, do we give thanks .... 75 Unto thee, O Lord, do I lift up my soul .... 25 Unto thee will I cry, O Lord, my rqck.... 28 W We have heard with our ears, O God .... 44 When Israel went out of Egypt .... 114 When the Lord turned again .... 126 Wherewithal shall a young man.... (ver. 9) 119 Why boastest thou thyself in mischief.... 52 Why do the heathen rage.... 2 Why standest thou afar off, O Lord.... 10 __________________________________________________________________ A LIST OF QUOTATIONS FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. MATTHEW. Behold, a virgin shall be with child.... 1. 23.--Is. 7.14. Thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda.... 2. 6.--Micah 5.2. Out of Egypt have I called my son.... 2.15.--Hos. 11.1. In Rama was there a voice heard.... 2.18.--Jer. 31.15. The voice of one crying in the wilderness.... 3.3.--Is. 40. 3. Man shall not live by bread alone.... 4.4.--Deut. 8.3. He shall give his angels charge.... 4.6.--Ps. 91.11,12. Thou shalt not tempt the Lord .... 4. 7--Deut. 6.16. Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God.... 4.10.--Deut. 6.13. The land of Zabulon, and the land of Nephthalim.... 4.15,16.-Is. 9.1, 2; 42.7. Thou shalt not kill .... 5.21.--Ex. 20.13. Thou shalt not commit adultery.... 5.27--Ex. 20.14. Whosoever shall put away his wife .... 5.31.--Deut. 24.1. Thou shalt not forswear thyself .... 5. 33--Lev. 19.12. An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth .... 5.38.--Ex. 21. 24. Thou shalt love thy neighbour.... 5.43.--Lev. 19.18. Be ye therefore perfect.... 5.48.--Gen. 17.1. Depart... ye that work iniquity.... 7. 23.--Ps. 6.8. Himself took our infirmities .... 8.17.--Is. 53. 4. I will have mercy, and not sacrifice.... 9.13; 12. 7.--Hos. 6. 6. Behold, I send my messenger .... 11.10--Mai. 3.1. Behold my servant, whom I have chosen.... 12.18-21.--Is. 42.1-4. By hearing ye shall hear, and shall not understand .... 13.14,15.--Is. 6. 9,10. I will open my mouth in parables .... 13.35.--Ps. 78.2. Honour thy father and mother .... 15.4--Ex. 20.12. He that curseth father or mother.... 15.4.--Ex. 21.17. MATTHEW (cont). This people draweth nigh unto me.... 15. 8, 9.--Is. 29.13. He ... made them male and female .... 19. 4.--Gen. 1.27. For this cause shall a man leave father and mother .... 19. 5.--Gen. 2. 24. Thou shalt do no murder.... 19.18.--Ex. 20.13. Honour thy father and thy mother .... 19.19.--Ex. 20.12. Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself 19.19.--Lev. 19.18. Tell ye the daughter of Sion, Behold.... 21.5.--Is. 62.11; Zech.9.9. Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord.... 21.9.--Ps. 118.26. My house shall be called the house of prayer .... 21.13.--Is. 56. 7. Ye have made it a den of thieves.... 21.13.--Jer. 7.11. Out of the mouth of babes .... 21.16.--Ps. 8.2. The stone which the builders rejected .... 21. 42.--Ps. 118. 22,23. If a man die, having no children.... 22.24.--Deut. 25. 5. I am the God of Abraham.... 22. 32.--Ex. 3.6. Thou shalt love the Lord thy God.... 22. 37.--Deut. 6. 5. Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.... 22.39.--Lev. 19.18 The Lord said... Sit thou on my right hand.... 22.44.--Ps. 110.1. Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord .... 23. 39.--Ps. 118. 26. I will smite the shepherd 26. 31.--Zech. 13. 7. And they took the thirty pieces of silver .... 27.9,10--Zech. 11.12,13. They parted my garments.... 27. 35--Ps. 22.18. My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?.... 27.46.--Ps. 22.1. MARK. Behold, I send my messenger .... 1.2.--Mal. 3.1. Prepare ye the way of the Lord .... 1. 3--Is. 40. 3. Seeing they may see, and not perceive.... 4.12.--Is. 6. 9,10. This people honoureth me with their lips.... 7. 6, 7.--Is. 29.13. Honour thy father and mother .... 7.10.--Ex. 20.12. Whoso curseth father or mother .... 7.10.--Ex. 21.17. Where their worm dieth not .... 9. 44.--Is. 66. 24. God made them male and female .... 10. 6.--Gen. 1.27. They twain shall be one flesh.... 10. 7, 8--Gen. 2. 24. Do not commit adultery, Do not kill .... 10.19.--Ex. 20.13,14T Hosanna; Blessed is he that cometh.... 11. 9.--Ps. 118.26. My house shall be called ... house of prayer .... 11.17.--Is. 56. 7. Ye have made it a den of thieves.... 11.17.--Jer. 7.11. The stone which the builders rejected .... 12.10,11.--Ps. 118.22, 33. If a man's brother die, and leave.... 12.19.--Deut. 25. 5. I am the God of Abraham.... 12.26.--Ex. 3. 6. The Lord our God is one Lord.... 12.29.--Deut. 6. 4. Thou shalt love the Lord thy God.... 12. 30.--Deut. 6. 5. Thou shalt love thy neighbour.... 12.31.--Lev. 19.18. The Lord said to my Lord, Sit thou, &c.... 12. 36--Ps. 110.1. I will smite the shepherd.... 14.27.--Zech. 13. 7. He was numbered with the transgressors .... 15.28.--Is. 53.12. My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?.... 15. 34.--Ps.22.1. LUKE. To turn the hearts of the fathers .... 1.17--Mai. 4.6. Every male that openeth the womb.... 2. 23.--Ex. 13. 2,12. A pair of turtledoves, &c.... 2.24.--Lev. 12.8. The voice of one crying in the wilderness .... 3.4-6.--Is. 40.3-5. Man shall not live by bread alone.... 4. 4.--Deut. 8. 3. Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God.... 4. 8.--Deut. 6.13. He shall give his angels charge over thee.... 4.10,11.--Ps. 91.11,12. Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God .... 4.12--Deut. 6.16. The Spirit of the Lord is upon me .... 4.18,19.--Is. 61.1,2; 58.6. Behold, I send my messenger.... 7.27.--Mai. 3.1. That seeing they might not see .... 8.10.--Is. 6. 9. Thou shalt love the Lord thy God.... 10.27.--Deut. 6.5; Lev. 18-19. And thy neighbour as thyself .... 10.27.--Lev. 19.18. Blessed is he that cometh in the name.... 13.35.--Ps. 118.26. Do not commit adultery, Do not kill .... 18.20--Ex.20.12-16. My house is the house of prayer .... 19.46.--Is. 56.7. Ye have made it a den of thieves.... 19.46.--Jer. 7.11. The stone which the builders rejected .... 20.17.--Ps. 118. 22, 23. If a man's brother die, having a wife.... 20.28.--Deut. 25. 5. The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou.... 20.42, 43--Ps. 110.1 He was reckoned among the transgressors .... 22. 37.--Is. 53.12. Say to the mountains, Fall on us.... 23. 30.--Hos. 10.8. Into thy hands I commend my spirit.... 23.46.--Ps. 31. 5. JOHN. The voice of one crying in the wilderness.... 1.23.--Is. 40. 3. The zeal of thine house hath eaten me up.... 2.17.--Ps. 69. 9. He gave them bread from heaven .... 6. 31--Ps. 78.24. They shall be all taught of God.... 6.45--Is. 54.13. I said, Ye are gods .... 10. 34.--Ps. 82. 6. Hosanna: Blessed is the King of Israel.... 12.13.--Ps. 118.26. Fear not, daughter of Zion: Behold, thy King .... 12.15.--Zech. 9. 9. Lord, who hath believed our report? .... 12.38.--Is. 53.1. He hath blinded their eyes.... 12.40--Is. 6. 9,10. He that eateth bread with me.... jL3.18.--Ps. 41. 9. QUOTATIONS FROM OLD TESTAMENT IN NEW TESTAMENT. JOHN (cont.). They hated me without a cause .... 15. 25.--Ps. 35.19; 69.4. They parted my raiment among them .... 19.24--Ps. 22.18. A bone of him shall not [20. be broken.... 19. 36.--Ex. 12.46; Ps. 34. They shall look on him whom they pierced .. 19. 37.--Zech. 12.10. ACTS. Let his habitation be desolate.... 1.20.--Ps. 69.25. His bishoprick let another take.... 1. 20--Ps. 109.8. I will pour out my Spirit upon all flesh .... 2.17-21.--Joel 2.28-32. I foresaw the Lord always before my face 2.25-28--Ps. 16.8-11. The Lord said... Sit thou on my right hand .... 2.34, 35.--Ps. 110.1. A prophet shall the Lord . . . raise up ... like unto me .... 3. 22,23.--Deut. 18.18,19. In thy seed shall all the kindreds.... 3.25.--Gen. 22.18; 12. 3. This is the stone which was set at nought.... 4.11.--Ps. 118.22. Why did the heathen rage.... 4. 25, 26.--Ps. 2.1,2. [3] Get thee out of thy country.... 7.3.--Gen. 12.1. Who made thee a ruler and a judge over us?.... 7. 27,28.--Ex. 2.14. I am the God of thy fathers .... 7. 32.--Ex. 3. 6. Put off thy shoes from thy feet.... 7. 33, 34.--Ex. 3.5,7, 8,10. A prophet shall the Lord your God.... 7.37.--Deut. 18.15. Make us gods to go before us .... 7. 40--Ex. 32.1. ye house of Israel, have ye offered .... 7.42, 43--Amos 5.25-27. Heaven is my throne, and earth is my footstool .... 7. 49, 50.--Is. 66.1,2. He was led as a sheep to the slaughter.... 8. 32, 33.--Is. 53. 7, 8. 1 have found David the on of Jesse.... 13.22--Ps. 89.20. - Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten thee.... 13. 33.--Ps. 2. 7. I will give you the sure mercies of David.. .. 13. 34.--Is. 55.3. Thou shalt not suffer thy Holy One to see corruption.... 13.35--Ps. 16.10. Behold, ye despisers, and wonder, and perish .... 13.41.--Hab. 1.5. I have set thee to be a light of the Gentiles.... 13. 47.--Is. 49. 6. After this I will return, and will build .... 15.16,17--Amos9.11,12. Thou shalt not speak evil of the ruler .... 23. 5.--Ex. 22. 28. Go unto this people, and say, Hearing .... 28. 26, 27.--Is. 6. 9,10. ROMANS. The just shall live by faith .... 1.17.-Hab. 2. 4. The name of God is blasphemed .... 2. 24--Is. 52.5. Thou mightest be justified in thy sayings.... 3.4.--Ps. 51.4. There is none righteous, no, not one .... 3.10.--Ps. 14.1, 3. There is none that understandeth.... 3.11.--Ps. 14.2. They are all gone out of the way.... 3.12.--Ps. 14. a Their throat is an open sepulchre .... 3.13.--Ps. 5.9; 140.3. Whose mouth is full of cursing .... 3.14.--Ps. 10.7. Their feet are swift to shed blood.... 3.15--Is. 59. 7. Destruction and misery are in their ways .... 3.16,17.--Is. 59.7,8. There is no fear of God before their eyes.... 3.18.--Ps. 36.1. Abraham believed God, and it was counted .... 4.3.--Gen. 15. 6. Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven.... 4.7, 8.--Ps. 32.1, 2. I have made thee a father of many nations.... 4.17.--Gen. 17. 5. So shall thy seed be.... 4.18.--Gen. 15. 5. Thou shalt not covet .... 7. 7.--Ex. 20.17. For thy sake we are killed all the day.... 8.36--Ps. 44.22. In Isaac shall thy seed be called .... 9.7.--Gen. 21.12. At this time . . . Sarah shall have a son.... 9. 9.--Gen. 18.10. The elder shall serve the younger.... 9.12_--Gen. 25.23. Jacob have I loved, but Esau ... hated .... 9.13-- Mai. 1. 2, 3. I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy.... 9.15--Ex. 33.19. Even for this same purpose have I raised.... 9.17.--Ex. 9.16. I will call them my people, which were not my people.... 9.25--Hos. 2.23. Ye are not my people .... 9. 26.--Hos. 1.10. Though the number of the children of Israel.... 9. 27, 28--Is. 10. 22,23. Except the Lord of Sabaoth had left us .... 9. 29.--Is. 1. 9. Behold, I lay in Sion a stumbling stone.... 9.33.--Is. 28.16. The man which doeth those things shall live.... 10. 5.--Lev. 18.5. Who shall ascend into heaven .... 10. 6, 7--Deut. 30.12,13. The word is nigh thee, even in thy mouth .... 10.8.--Deut. 30.14. Whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed .... 10.11.--Is. 28.16. Whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord.... 10.13--Joel 2. 32. How beautiful are the feet of them that preach 10.15.--Is. 52. 7. Lord, who hath believed our report? .... 10.16--Is. 53.1. Their sound went into all the earth .... 10.18.--Ps. 19. 4. I will provoke you to jealousy.... 10.19.--Deut. 32.21. I was found of them that sought me not.... 10. 20--Is. 65.1. All day I have stretched forth my hands.... 10. 21.--Is. 65.2. Lord, they have killed thy prophets .... 11. 3-1 Kin. 19.10,14. I have reserved to myself seven thousand .... 11. 4.-1 Kin. 19.18. God hath given them the spirit of slumber .... 11. 8.--Is. 29.10. ROMANS (cont.). Let their table be made a snare .... 11. 9,10.--Ps. 69. 22, 23. There shall come out of Sion the Deliverer.... 11.26,27--Is. 59. 20, 21. Who hath known the mind of the Lord? .. 11. 34--Is. 40.13. Who hath first given to him.... 11. 35--Job 41.11. Vengeance is mine; I will repay.... 12.19.--Deut. 32.35. If thine enemy hunger, feed him.... 12. 20.--Prov. 25.21, 22. Thou shalt not commit adultery.... [19.18. 13. 9.--Ex. 20.13-17; Lev. Every knee shall bow to me.... 14.11--Is. 45. 23. The reproaches of them that reproached thee . 15. 3.--Ps. 69. 9. For this cause I will confess to thee among the Gentiles.... 15. 9.--Ps. 18. 49. Rejoice,ye Gentiles with his people.... 15.10.--Deut. 32.43. Praise the Lord, all ye Gentiles.... 15.11--Ps. 117.1. There shall be a root of Jesse .... 15.12.-Is. 11.1,10. To whom he was not spoken of .... 15. 21.--Is. 52.15. I. CORINTHIANS. I will destroy the wisdom of the wise.... 1.19.--Is. 29.14. He that glorieth, let him glory in the Lord .... 1. 31.--Jer. 9. 24. Who hath known the mind of the Lord? .. 2.16--Is. 40.13. He taketh the wise in their own craftiness.. 3.19.--Job 5.13. The Lord knoweth the thoughts of the wise . 3. 20.--Ps. 94.11. Two shall be one flesh.... 6.16.--Gen. 2. 24. Thou shalt not muzzle the mouth of the ox.. 9. 9--Deut. 25. 4. The people sat down to eat and drink.... 10. 7.--Ex. 32. 6. The earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof 10. 26--Ps. 24.1. With men of other tongues and other lips 14.21.--Is. 28.11,12. He must reign, till he hath put ali enemies 15. 25.--Ps. 110.1. All things are put under him.... 15. 27.--Ps. 8. 6. Let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we die .... 15. 32.--Is. 22.13, The first man Adam was made a living soul .. 15. 45.--Gen. 2. 7. Death is swallowed up in victory.... 15. 54.--Is. 25. 8. O death, where is thy sting .... 15. 55.--Hos. 13.14. II. CORINTHIANS. Moses ... put a veil over his face .... 3.13--Ex. 34. 33. I believed, and therefore have I spoken.... 4.13.--Ps. 116.10. 1 have heard thee in a time accepted.... 6. 2.--Is. 49. 8. I will dwell in them, and walk in them.... 6.16.--Lev. 26.11,12. Wherefore come out from among them .. 6.17.--Is. 52.11. He that had gathered; much had nothing over.... 8.15.--Ex. 16.18. He hath dispersed abroad.... 9. 9--Ps. 112. 9. He that glorieth, let him glory in the Lord.... 10.17.--Jer. 9. 24. In the mouth of two or three witnesses.... 13.1.--Deut. 19.15. GALATIANS. Abraham believed God, and it was accounted 3. 6.--Gen. 15. 6. In thee shall all nations be blessed.... 3. 8.--Gen. 12. 3. Cursed is every one that continueth not .... 3.10--Deut. 27. 26. The just shall live by faith.... 3.11.--Hab. 2. 4. The man that doeth them shall live in them.... 3.12.--Lev. 18. 5. Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree .... 3.13.--Deut. 21. 23. Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not .... 4. 27.--Is. 54.1. Cast out the bondwoman and her son .... 4. 30.--Gen. 21.10. Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself . 5.14.--Lev. 19.18. EPHESIANS. When he ascended up on high, he led .... 4. 8.--Ps. 68.18. Speak ... truth with his neighbour.... 4. 25.--Zech. 8.16. Be ye angry, and sin not 4. 26.--Ps. 4. 4. For this cause shall a man leave.... 5. 31.--Gen. 2. 24. Honour thy father and [5.16. thy mother .... 6. 2, 3--Ex. 20.12; Deut. I. TIMOTHY. Thou shalt not muzzle the ox.... 5.18.--Deut. 25. 4. II. TIMOTHY. The Lord knoweth them that are his .... 2.19--Num. 16. 5, HEBREWS. Thou art my Son, this day have I .... 1. 5.--Ps. 2. 7. I will be to him a Father 1. 5.-2 Sam. 7.14. Let all the angels of God worship him.... 1. 6.--Ps. 97. 7. Who maketh his angels spirits.... 1. 7.--Ps. 104. 4. Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever.... 1. 8, 9.--Ps. 45. 6, 7. Thou, Lord, in the beginning hast laid .... 1.10-12.--Ps. 102. 25-27. Sit on my right hand, until I make .... 1.13-- Ps. 110.1. What is man, that thou art mindful.... 2. 6-8.--Ps. 8. 4-6. I will declare thy name unto my brethren .... 2.12--Ps. 22. 22. I will put my trust in him 2.13.--Is. 8.18. Behold I and the children . . . given me .. 2.13,--Is. 8.18. To-day if ye will hear his voice .... 3. 7-11.-Ps. 95. 7-11. As I have sworn in my wrath.... 4. 3.--Ps. 95.11. And God did rest the seventh day.... 4. 4.--Gen. 2.2. Thou art my Son, to-day ... begotten thee .... 5. 5.--Ps. 2.7. Thou art a priest .. . order of Melchisedec .. 5. 6.--Ps. 110. 4. Blessing I will bless thee .... 6.14.--Gen. 22.17, See,... that thou make all things according to the pattern ..,.... 8, 5--Ex. 25. 40. Behold, the days come, saith the Lord.... 8.8-12.--Jer. 31. 31-34. This is the blood of the testament.... 9. 20.--Ex. 24. 8. Sacrifice and offering thou wouldest not .. 10. 5-7.--Ps. 40. 6-8. For ever sat down on the right hand.... 10.12,13.-Ps. 110.1. I will put my laws into their hearts.... 10.16,17.--Jer. 31.33, 34. Vengeance belongeth unto me.... 10.30--Deut. 32.35, 36. He that shall come will come ... not tarry .. 10. 37, 38-- Hab. 2. 3, 4. In Isaac shall thy seed be called .... 11.18.--Gen. 21.12. My son, despise not thou the chastening .... 12.5, 6.--Prov. 3.11,12. Lift up the hands that hang down .... 12.12.--Is. 35. 3. Yet once more I shake not the earth only.... 12. 26--Hag. 2. 6. I will never leave thee, nor forsake thee.... 13. 5.--Josh. 1. 5. The Lord is my helper, I will not fear.... 13. 6.--Ps. 118. 6. JAMES. Thou shalt love thy neighbour.... 2. 8.--Lev. 19.18. Do not commit adultery 2.11.--Ex. 20.13,11 Abraham believed God, and it was imputed .. 2. 23.--Gen. 15. 6. God resisteth the proud, but giveth grace.... 4. 6.--Prov. 3. 34. I. PETER. Be ye holy; for I am holy.... 1.16--Lev. 11.44. All flesh is as grass, and all the glory of man .. 1.24,25.--Is. 40.6-8. Behold, I lay in Sion a chief corner stone .... 2.6--Ps. 118.22; Is.28.16. The stone which the builders disallowed .. 2. 7.--Ps. 118. 22. Who did no sin, neither was guile found.... 2. 22.--Is. 53. 9. Who his own self bare our sins.... 2. 24.--Is. 53. 4. He that will love life, and see good days.... 3.10-12.--Ps. 34.12-16. God resisteth the proud, and giveth grace to.. 5. 5.--Prov. 3. 34. II. PETER. The dog is turned to his own vomit.... 2. 22-- Prov.26.11. REVELATION. The whole of this book is a reflex of the prophetic visions of the Old Testament. It contains pictures of that heavenly form of worship, divinely manifested to Moses (of which the Tabernacle ritual was only a pattern), reproduced, and further developed, by its fulfilment in the atonement of Christ; while it also repeats the mysterious predictions, uttered by Isaiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, pourtraying the philosophy of history, the recurrence of its cycles, and the supremacy over all other powers of the kingdom of Christ. It is, therefore, full of references and allusions to the writings of Moses and the prophets, too numerous (and often allusive rather than literal) to be tabulated; but the marginal references will better aid the reader in working out the connection between this Revelation, which closes Holy Scripture, and the inspirations vouchsafed to the earlier dispensation, which prepared the way for the fulness of the glory of Christ. __________________________________________________________________ [3] Stephen, in this chapter, refers to God's dealings with His people, in support of his argument that God s favour has never been limited to one particular place. He glances cursorily at the sacred records, paraphrasti-cally, but does aot quote literally (see next Table). __________________________________________________________________ REFERENCES TO THE OLD TESTAMENT, BEING NOT EXACT QUOTATIONS. MATTHEW. [4] He shall be called a Nazarene .... 2. 23.--Is. 11.1; Zee. 3.8; 6. 12; Ps. 22. 6; Is. 53.3. The meek shall inherit the earth .... 5. 5.--Ps. 37.11. Shew thyself to the priest 8. 4.--Lev. 14. 3. The blind receive their sight .... 11. 5.--Is. 29.18. Elias, which was for to come .... 11.14; 17.10--Mai. 4. 5. David . . . did eat the shewbread.... 12. 3, 4-1 Sam. 21. 6. Priests profane the sabbath, and are blameless 12. 5.--Num. 28. 9. Teaching for doctrines the commandments of men.... 15. 9--Is. 29.13. If thy brother trespass ... tell him... alone.. 18.15.--Lev. 19.17. In the mouth of two or three witnesses.... 18.16.--Deut. 19.15. Moses' command to give a writing of divorcement .... 19. 7--Deut. 24.1. With God all things are possible.... 19. 26.--Jer. 32.17. Parable of a vineyard .. 21. 33.--Is. 5.1. Your house is left unto you desolate.... 23. 38.--Jer. 22. 5. The abomination of desolation .... 24.15.--Dan. 12.11. Wheresoever the carcase is, there will the eagles 24. 28.--Job 39. 30. The sun... darkened .. 24.29.--Is. 13.10; Ezek. 32.7; Joel 2.10; 3.15. Heaven and earth shall pass away.... 24. 35,--Is. 51. 6, Depart from me, ye cursed 25.41.--Ps. 6. 8. Son of man goeth, as it is written.... 26. 24.--Ps. 22. At last came two false witnesses .... 26. 60. -Ps. 35.11. They did spit in his face 26. 67.--Is. 50. 6. He trusted in God .... 27. 43.--Ps. 22. 8. All power given unto me 28.18.--Dan. 7.14. MARK. Shew thyself to the priest 1. 44.--Lev. 14. 3. David did eat the shewbread .... 2. 26.-1 Sam. 21. 6. Elias must first come .. 9.11.--Mal. 4. 5. Moses suffered... bill of divorcement.... 10. 4.--Deut. 24.1. A certain man planted a vineyard .... 12.1.--Is. 5.1. More than all whole burnt offerings .... 12. 33-1 Sam. 15.22. Take heed lest any man deceive you.... 13. 5.--Jer. 29. 8. The brother shall betray brother .... 13.12--Micah 7. 6. Abomination of desolation .... 13.14.-Dan. 12. 2. Sun shall be darkened.. 13. 24.--Is. 13.10. My words shall not pass away .... 13. 31.--Is. 40. a LUKE. Shall give him... throne of David.... 1. 32.--Ps. 132.11. Of his kingdom there shall be no end .... 1. 33.--Dan. 4. 3. As he spake to ... Abraham, and to his seed for ever.... 1. 55.-Gen. 17.19. Oath he sware to ... Abraham .... 1. 73.--Gen. 12. 3. The dayspring from on high.... 1.78.--Num. 24.17; Mal. 4. 2. Give light to them that sit in darkness .... 1. 79.--Is. 9. 2. Eight days were accomplished for the circumcising .... 2. 21.--Lev. 12. 3. The days of her purification .... 2. 22.--Lev. 12. 2-4. For the fall and rising again .... 2. 34.--Is. 8.14. Shew thyself unto the priest .... 5.14.--Lev. 14. 3. David . .. did take and eat the shewbread.... 6. 4.-1 Sam. 21. 6. This do, and thou shalt live .... 10. 28.--Lev. 18.5. Depart, ye workers of iniquity.... 13. 27. -Ps. 6. 8. House is left unto you desolate.... 13. 35.--Jer. 22. 25. If thy brother trespass against thee.... 17. 3.--Lev. 19.17. Parable of the vineyard 20. 9.--Is. 5.1. Blessed are the barren . 23. 29.--Is. 54.1. It behoved Christ to suffer.... 24. 46.--Is. 53. 5. JOHN. One soweth and another reapeth .... 4. 37--Micah 6.15. If any... thirst... come unto me.... 7. 37.--Is. 55.1. Wells of living water (illustration of the Spirit) 7.38.--Prov. 18.4; Is. 12. 3. Of the Spirit . . . they should receive .... 7. 39.--Is. 44. 3. Christ's birth at Bethlehem, and of David's house .... 7. 42.--Micah 5. 2. The testimony of two men is true.... 7.17.--Deut. 19.15. Christ abideth for ever 12.34--Ps.89.36,37;Is.9.7. God's command to the Christ, what he shall say .... 12.49--Deut. 18.18. None shall be lost, but the son of perdition .. 17.12.--Ps. 109. 8. They filled a sponge with vinegar, &c..... 19.29.--Ps. 69. 21. He must rise again from the dead.... 20. 9--Ps. 16.10. ACTS. God promised to give Canaan for a possession to Abraham, and to his seed after him . 7. 5.--Gen. 12.7; 13.15. That his seed should sojourn in a strange land; and that they should bring them into bondage, and entreat them evil four hundred years .... 7. 6.--Gen. 15.13. After that, thou shalt come forth and serve me in this place.... 7. 7.--Gen. 15.16. Abraham begat Isaac .. 7. 8.--Gen. 21. 3. And circumcised him the eighth day .... 7. 8.--Gen. 21. 4. Isaac begat Jacob.... 7. 8.--Gen. 25. 26. Jacob begat the twelve patriarchs.... 7. 8--Gen. 42.13. The patriarchs, . . . sold Joseph into Egypt.... 7. 9.--Gen. 37. 4,11, 28. But God was with him.. 7. 9.--Gen. 39. 2, 21. I have seen the affliction of my people 7. 34.--Ex. 3. 7. Have ye offered to me slain beasts .... 7. 42.--Amos 5. 25, 26. I will carry you away beyond Babylon.... 7.43.--Amos 5.27; Jer.20.4. God is no respecter of persons .... 10. 34-- Job 34.19. ROMANS. "Who will render to every man according to his deeds .... 2. 6--Ps. 62.12. There is no respect of persons with God.... 2.11--Deut. 10.17. Shall the thing formed say to him that formed it .... 9. 20--Is. 45. 9. The potter has power over the clay .... 9. 21.--Jer. 18. 6. Eyes that they should not see .... 11. 8--Is. 29.10. I. CORINTHIANS. Eye hath not seen.... 2. 9.--Is. 64. 4. EPHESIANS. Helmet of salvation.... 6.17.--Is. 59.17. PHILIPPIANS. Every knee should bow 2.10.--Is. 45. 23. II. THESSALONIANS. Exalteth . . . self above all... called God .... 2. 4--Dan. 11. 36. I. TIMOTHY. We brought nothing into the world.... 6. 7--Job 1.21. HEBREWS. Abraham's seed ... as the stars of the sky in multitude, and as the sand by the sea shore 11.12.--Gen 22. 17. The patriarchs confessed themselves . . . strangers and pilgrims on the earth.......... 11.13.--Gen. 23. 4; 47. 9. Moses' parents... saw he was " a proper child " 11. 23.--Ex. 2. 2. JAMES. As flower of ... shall pass away............ 1.10.--Job 14. 2. I. PETER. Tasted that the Lord is gracious.............. 2. 3.--Ps. 34. 8. A chosen generation .. 2. 9.--Deut. 10.15. Which in time past ... not a people.......... 2.10.--Hos. 1.10. Fear God. Honour the king.................. 2.17--Prov. 24. 21. Charity shall cover the multitude of sins .... 4. 8.--Prov. 10.12. II. PETER. A thousand years as one day .................. 3. 8--Ps. 90. 4. The heavens shall pass away ................ 3.10.--Ps. 102. 26. A new heaven and a new earth ................ 3.13.--Is. 65.17; 66. 22. I. JOHN. If we say we have no sin 1. 8.--Prov. 20. 9. __________________________________________________________________ [4] This exact term is not found in any prophecy. Chrysostom and oihers suppose it to be quoted from some lost book. Jerome refers it to the Hebrew root N'zer," a sprout." and identifies it with "the Branch," by which the Messiah is designated by Isaiah and Ezekiel. This view is adoptpd by most modern expositors. Others consider it to be equivalent to "a reproach," or "scorn of men" (Is. A3; Ps. 22), and trace the fulfilment of those prophecites in the low estimation in which the people of Nazareth were held by the other Jews (John 1.46). __________________________________________________________________ REFERENCES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT TO INCIDENTS RECORDED IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. David's visit to Ahime-lech, at Nob..........Matt. 12.3,4.-1 Sam. 21.1. Jonah's entombment for three days and nights in the belly of the fish --12.40; 16.4.--Jonah 1.17. The Queen of Sheba's visit to Solomon......--16. 42.--1 Kin. 10.1. The death of Abel......-- 23. 35--Gen. 4. 8. [5] Death of Zacharias.... -- 23. 35.-2 Chr. 24. 20. Elijah's visit to the widow of Zarephath .. Luke 4. 26.--1 Kin. 17. 9. The healing of Naaman's leprosy ..............-- 4. 27.-2 Kin. 5.14. Jonah's mission to Nineveh ..................-- 11. 30--Jonah 3; 4. The Queen of Sheba's visit to Solomon ___-- 11. 31.--1 Kin. 10.1. The murder of Abel and Zacharias ............ (See under Matthew.) The deluge in the days of Noah ................Luke 17. 26.--Gen. 7. The destruction of Sodom -- 17. 29.--Gen. 19.16. The fate of Lot's wife .. -- 17. 32.--Gen. 19. 21. Moses' vision of the burning bush.............. -- 20. 37.--Ex. 3. Moses lifting up the brazen serpent ..........John 3.14.--Num. 21. 9. Manna in the wilderness -- 6. 31.--Ex. 16.15. Mosaic enactment of circumcision ............-- 7.22.--Lev. 12. 3. Mosaic enactment of stoning, as punishment for adultery .... -- 8.5.--Lev. 20.10. God appeared unto Abraham, when he was in Mesopotamia, before he dwelt in Charran .. Acts 7.2.--Gen. 15.7; Neh .9.7. Abraham's residence in Charran..............-- 7.4.--Gen. 11.31. His migration from Charran to Canaan .. -- 7.4.--Gen. 12. 4, 5. God's promise to give Canaan to! Abraham and his seel..........-- 7.5.--Gen.10.1-7; 13.15. Israel's bondage in Egypt -- 7. 6.--Gen. 15.13. The birth of Isaac from Abraham ............-- 7. 8.--Gen. 21. 3. Isaac's circumcision the eighth day .......... Acts 7. 8.--Gen. 21.4. Jacob's birth from Isaac -- 7. 8.--Gen. 25. 26. The birth of the twelve patriarchs from Jacob -- 7. 8.--Gen. 42.13. Joseph sold into Egypt by his brethren ......-- 7. 9--Gen. 37. 4,11, 28. God's favour to Joseph in Egypt..............-- 7. 9.--Gen. 39. 2, 21. Joseph's deliverances from affliction by God's favour, and his divine gift of wisdom........-- 7.10--Gen. 41.37-39. Pharaoh's promotion of Joseph to be ruler over Egypt and over his house ................ --7.10.--Gen. 41. 40. The famine over Egypt and Canaan..........-- 7.11.--Gen. 41. 54. Jacob sending his sons to Egypt to buy corn.... -- 7.12.--Gen. 42. 2. Joseph makes himself known to his brethren in Egypt..............-- 7.13.--Gen. 45.1. The descent of Jacob and his family into Egypt.................. -- 7. 14, 15--Gen. 45. 9; 46. 5, 6. Jacob's death in Egypt -- 7.15.--Gen. 49. 33. The burial of the patriarchs at Shechem -- -- 7.16.--Gen. 33.19; Josh. 24. 32. The great increase of the Israelites ............-- 7.17.--Ex. 1. 7. The accession of a king of Egypt hostile to the Israelites ............ -- 7.18.--Ex. 1.8. Pharaoh dealt subtilly with them............-- 7.19.--Ex. 1.10. The casting of their sons into the river ........-- 7.19--Ex. 1.22. The concealment of Moses' birth for threemonths .............. -- 7.20.--Ex. 2.2. ' His being cast out, and adoption by Pharaoh's daughter ............-- 7. 21--Ex. 2. 3-10. His murder of an Egyptian, and flight into Midian .............. -- 7. 24-29--Ex. 2.12-15. The birth of his two sons in Midian............-- 7.29.--Ex.18. 3. The appearance of an angel to him in a burning bush, in the wilderness of Sinai ........ Acts 7. 30.--Ex. 3. 2. God's mission to Moses -- 7. 35--Ex. 3.15-18; 4. The miracles in Egypt by Moses' mission .. -- 7. 36.--Ex. 7-12. The miracle by Moses in the Red Sea..........-- 7. 36.--Ex. 14. 21, &c. The exodus ............-- 7. 36.--Ex. 12. 41. Miracles in the wilderness................ Acts 7. 36.--Ex. 15. 23; 16, &c. The forty years' wandering in the wilderness.................-- 7.36.-Num.l4.33;Ps.95.10,11. Thriving of the Law to Moses on Mount Sinai -- 7. 38.--Ex. 20.--24.18. The worship of the golden calf............ -- 7. 41--Ex. 32.19. The making of the tabernacle in the wilderness -- 7.44.--Ex. 25.40; 26.30. The erection of the tabernacle in Canaan......-- 7.45.--Josh. 18.1. David's desire to build a tabernacle............ -- 7.46.-2 Sam. 7. The building of Solomon's Temple........-- 7. 47.--1 Kin. 8. The exodus ............-- 13.17.--Ex. 12. 41. The forty years' wandering in the wilderness -- 13. 18.--Num. 14. 33; Ps. 95.10. God's expulsion of seven nations from Canaan.. -- 13.19.--Deut. 7.1. The division of Canaan amongst the Israelites by lot ................-- 13; 19.--Josh. 14. 2. The rule of the judges .. -- 13.2O.-Judg. 2.16. The judgeship of Samuel the prophet .......... -- 13.20.--1 Sam. 3. 20. The desire of Israel for a kingdom..............-- 13.21.--1 Sam. 8. 5. The forty years' reign of Saul, son of Kish, the Benjamite............ -- 13.21.--1 Sam. 10. 21. God's removal of Saul from the kingdom, and selection of David to succeed him.......... -- 13. 22.--1 Car. 10.14. The pillar df a cloud, guiding Israel........ 1 Cor. 10.1.--Ex. 13. 21. The passage through the RedSea.............. -- 10.1.--Ex. 14. 22. The Israelites fed by manna................ -- 10.3-- Ex. 16. 3-35. Moses bringing water out of the rock........-- 10.4.--Ex. 17. 6. Birth of Ishmael from Abraham and Hagar.. Gal. 4.23,25.--Gen. 16.15. The creation of Adam and Eve.............. 1 Tim. 2.13.--Gen. 2.7,21,22. The priority of Eve's fall -- 2.14.--Gen. 3.12. The opposition of the Egyptian magicians to Moses................ 2 Tim. 3.8.--Ex. 7.11. The tabernacle and its furniture ............ Heb. 9.2,3.--Ex. 25. & 26. The pot of manna, Aaron's rod, and the two tables, in the Ark of the Covenant ........ -- 9.4.--Ex.16.33,34; 2516; Num. 17.10. The high priest's offering on Day of Atonement -- 9. 7.--Ex. 30.10. Moses' sprinkling the people with the blood of the testament......-- 9.20.--Ex. 24. 8. The daily sacrifice...... -- 10.12.--Ex. 29. 38. The creation of the world -- 11.3.--Gen. 1. God's acceptance of Abel's sacrifice........-- 11. 4.--Gen. 4.4. Enoch's translation .... -- 11.5.--Gen.5.24. Noah's preparation of the ark, and the salvation of himself and family Heb. 11. 7.--Gen. 6.15-18. The call of Abraham .. -- 1L 8.--Gen. 12.1. His sojourn in Canaan.. -- 11. 9.--Gen. 12; 5, &c. The sojourn of Isaac and Jacob in Canaan ..... -- 11. 9--Gen, 27. The birth of Isaac from Sarah in her old age.. --11.11.--Gen. 18.11,12,14. Abraham offering up Isaac.................. -- 11.17.-Gen. 22. Isaac blessing Jacob and Esau.................. -- 11. 2O.-Gen. 27. Jacob blessing Joseph's sons before his death.. -- 11.21.--Gen. 48.15. Joseph's dying command concerning his bones, &c..................... -- 11 22-Gen. 50. 25. Moses' return to his own people from Pharaoh's daughter.............. -- 11. 25.-Ex. 2.11. His flight from Egypt .. -- 11. 27.--Ex. 2.15. The Passover in Egypt, and slaughter of the firstborn.............. - 11. 28.--Ex. 12. 21- 29. The passage of the Red Sea, and destruction of the Egyptian army .. -- 11.29.--Ex. 14. The compassing Jericho for seven days, and the fall of its walls........-- 11.30.--Josh. 6.12-20. The sparing of Rahab and her household... -- 11,31.--Josh. 6. 23. The exploits of the judges, Gideon, Barak, Samson, Jephthah, Samuel -- -- 11.32.-Judg.andlSam. " of David ..........-- 11.32.-2 Sam. Deliverance of DsLniel in the lions' den ........-- 11. 33.--Dan. 6; 22. Deliverance of the three children from the fiery furnace .............. -- 11. 34.--Dan. 3; 27. Restoration of children to life by Elijah and Elisha....................-- 11. 35.-1 Kin. 17. 23; 2 Kin. 4. 37. The visit of angels to Abraham and Lot .... -- 13. 2.--Gen. 18; 2; 19.1. Rahab's reception and deliverance of the spies James 2. 25.--Josh. 2.1. The patience of Job.... -- 5.11.--Job 1. 21. Elijah's prayer for a dearth on Israel......-- 5.17.--1 Kin. 17.1. The deluge, the disobedience of the world, and salvation of Noah and his family.. 1 Pet. 3. 20.--Gen. 6. 3; 2 Pet. 2. 5.--Gen. 7.1. Sarah's deference to Abraham, calling him lord .................. 1 Pet. 3. 6.--Gen. 18.12. The destruction of Sodom and the cities of the plain.................. 2 Pet. 2. 6.--Gen. 19. Balaam rebuked by his ass.................... -- 2.15.--Num. 22. Cain's murder of Abel.. 1 John 3.12.--Gen, 4. 8. The exodus of Israel from Egypt ................ Jude5.--Ex.12.41. The death of unbelievers in the wilderness... -- 5.--Num.l4. 32. The destruction of Sodom, Gomorrha, &c... -- 7.--Gen. 19 The body of Moses -- 9.--Deut. 34. 5, 6. "The way of Cain' .... -- 11.--Gen 4.8. The error of Balaam for reward .......... -- 11.--Num. 22. The gainsaying of Core (Korah) .............. -- 11-Num 16. Enoch, the seventh from Adam ................-- 14.--Gen 5.18. __________________________________________________________________ [5] The event, to which reference is here made, is not certain. __________________________________________________________________ NOTES ON THE NEW TESTAMENT. Its Genuineness. 1. External evidence. Although we have no complete catalogue for the Canonical Books previously to the fourth century, we have constant quotations from most of them by various Christian writers up to the time of the Apostles themselves. It will be best to trace this backwards. In the fourth century A.D. there are ten catalogues, in six of which all the books are counted Canonical, viz.: those of Augustine, Jerome, Rufinus, Council of Carthage, Epiphanius, and Athanasius; and three, which omit only the Book of Revelation, viz.: those of Gregory Nazianzen, Council of Laodicea, and Cyril of Jerusalem; and that of Philaster, which omits both the Epistle to the Hebrews and the Revelation. Of these the testimony of Jerome is the most important, from his great learning, his protracted residence in Palestine, and his life-long devotion to the work of verifying the Scriptures and the localities of Bible history. To all the books of the New Testament he assigns the same authors as those whose names they bear, giving the Acts of the Apostles to Luke, and the Epistle to the Hebrews to Paul, though he mentions that some doubt the authorship of the latter. Eusebius of Cæsarea, 315 A.D., in his. "Ecclesiastical History," after carefully investigating the history of his time, affirms it to be universally admitted that the following are genuine, viz.: the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the fourteen Epistles of Paul, the first Epistles of John and Peter, and "(if it so seem good) the Revelation of John." Origen, A.D. 243, gives a catalogue identical with that of Eusebius. Tertullian, A.D. 150--220, mentions the four Gospels and most of the books of the New Testament as genuine, as also does Irenæus. Papias, a disciple of Polycarp, expressly assigns the Gospels of Matthew and Mark to those writers; and Clemens Romanus, the fellow-labourer of Paul, refers as expressly to I. Corinthians as the work of that Apostle. Besides this general consent of Christian writers, there is a complete absence in the works of their opponents (whether Jewish or heretical), of any satisfactory evidence that any of these books were spurious. II. Authenticity of the New Testament. Early Copies. There is no existing original MS. of the New Testament written in the first three centuries. Fragments of an early Syriac Version of the Four Gospels were found by Mr. Cureton in the Nitrian Monasteries, and published by him in London A.D. 1858. This copy is considerably anterior to the Peshito, which had previously been considered the oldest document. There is abundant evidence that, in the first two centuries, copies of the New Testament only existed in separate books, or in volumes containing such portions as the Gospels, the Catholic Epistles, the Pastoral Epistles, &c., respectively, but that no copy of the New Testament, as a whole, existed in one book. The first witnesses to the apostolic text are the early Syriac Peshito (Cent. i.), and Latin (Cent, ii.) versions; and the rich quotations of Clement of Alexandria (A.D. 220), and of Origen (A.D. 184--254). The most important early MSS. of the New Testament are the following:-- A. Sinaitic (Cent. iv.), in the Library of St. Petersburg, found by Tischendorf in the convent of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai, in 1859. The New Testament is entire, with the Epistle of Barnabas, and part of the "Shepherd of Hermes." B. Alexandrine (the first half of Cent, v.), in the Library of the British Museum, given by Cyril Lucar, Patriarch of Constantinople, to Charles I. in 1628. It contained the entire Bible in Greek, with the addition of the Epistles of St. Clement; but there are some parts of the New Testament missing (Matt. i.--xxv. 6; John vi. 50--viii. 52; 2 Cor. iv. 13--xii. 6). C. Vatican (supposed to be of Cent, iv.), in the Vatican Library ever since its foundation, A.D. 1450. It is a MS. of the entire Greek Bible, as far as Heb. ix. 14, the remainder being added in Cent. xv. D. Ephrem's (supposed to be written in the early part of Cent. v.), now in the Library of Paris. It was brought from the East to Florence early in Cent. xvi., and came to Paris with Catherine de Medicis in the middle of that century. It contains fragments of the LXX., and of each book of the New Testament. In Cent. xii. the original writing was effaced, and some Greek writings of "Ephrem Syrus" were written over it. E. Beza's (Cent, vi.), found by Beza in the Monastery of St. Irenseus at Lyons, A.D. 1562, and presented by him to the University Library, Cambridge. It is a Graeco-Latin MS. of the Gospels and Acts, with small fragments of the Epistles of John. It abounds in interpolations, especially in the Acts of the Apostles. F. Parisian Imperial (Cent, viii.), one of the most important of the late Uncial MSS. It contains the four Gospels (except Matt. iv. 22--v. 14; xxviii. 17--20; Mark x. 16--20; Xv. 2--20; John xxi. 15--25). It agrees in a remarkable manner with the quotations of Origen, and with the Vatican MS. List of New Testament MSS.:-- ??Uncial.--Gospels, 34; Acts and Catholic Epistles, 10; Paul's Epistles, 14; Evangelistaria, 58. ??Cursive.--Gospels, 601; Acts and Catholic Epistles, 229; Paul's Epistles, 283; Evangelistaria, 183. The New Testament is the Sacred Scripture of the Last Dispensation, in which a New Covenant is made between God and man, by which all mankind are offered the privileges of (1) adoption to be the sons of God, (2) incorporation into Christ's Church, (3) inheritance in the kingdom of heaven. As no preference is given to any particular family or people, but these privileges are freely offered to all, the offer, the incorporated society who accept it, the faith (or terms of membership), are all said to be Catholic, or universal, viz. open to all, not necessarily accepted by all. This offer is called the Gospel, the Preacher of which is Christ; the Head also of the Society, which is called the Church, or "Body of the Lord." The Books of the New Testament have, to some extent, their counterpart in the Old. Thus, the Four Gospels correspond with the Pentateuch, as they contain an account of the Origin and Law of the Covenant; the Acts of the Apostles with the Historical Books (especially Joshua and Judges); the twenty-one Epistles with the Prophets; and Revelation with the concluding portions of Daniel and Ezekiel. Divisions of the New Testament:-- I. Constitutional and Historical. i. The Four Gospels: two by Apostles, two by missionary Evangelists. ii. The Acts of the Apostles: forming the link of connection between the historical and didactic portions. II. Didactic. i. The Pauline Epistles, viz.: a. Doctrinal, addressed to Churches, viz. Romans, Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians,Thessalonians, Hebrews. b. Pastoral, addressed to Timothy and Titus. c. Special, to an individual (Philemon). ii. Catholic Epistles, addressed to the Church at large: a. One of James. b. Two of Peter. c. Three of John. d. One of Jude. III. Prophetic. The Revelation of John the Divine. __________________________________________________________________ I. HISTORICAL. i. The Four Gospels. The Gospels (evayyeXiov, Evangelium) contain the "Good Tidings" of salvation through Jesus Christ. The first three give a general view of our Lord's Life and Teaching, and so are called "Synoptical;" the fourth is supplementary and doctrinal. They are not four Gospels, but one Gospel under four aspects, as presented to the minds of four different writers, supposed to have been prefigured by the four cherubim seen by Ezekiel in his vision (chap, i.): Matthew as a Man; Mark as a Lion; Luke as an Ox; John as an Eagle. The first emphasises the historical import of the Life of Christ; the second His Royal Supremacy; the third His Sacrificial Significance; the fourth His Divinity. MATTHEW gives the human descent of our Lord from Abraham, as evidence of His being the promised seed, in whom all nations should be blessed. Thus He completes the Old Testament history and covenant. He is the one Antitype in whom all has been fulfilled; in Him the Old Testament passes into the New; the prohibitions of the Law into the encouragements of the Gospel; Sinai into the Mount of Beatitudes; the prophetic into the teaching office; priesthood into redemption by suffering; kingship into the supremacy of Almighty grace restoring a fallen race. The writer, before his conversion named Levi, a publican, and collector of the tolls and customs of persons and goods crossing the lake at Capernaum, was son of Alphæus, and a Hebrew. He wrote his Gospel, mainly for his fellow-countrymen, both in Hebrew and Greek; but the latter was not a mere translation of the former, the phraseology in the two being often different. It was probably written about A.D. 42, though some fix it so late as A.D. 69. Papias, at the beginning of Cent, ii., refers to the original of this Gospel. Its arrangement is not chronological, but in groups, in which Jesus, the offspring of Abraham, fulfils the promises of the Old Testament. His doctrine and life are the fulfilment of types, prophecies, and hopes, but disappointing to false aspirations of degenerate Judaism. The conflict, provoked by this disappointment, apparently terminates against Him; really it completes His triumph and establishes His kingdom, since His death reconciles the world to God, which is the basis of His new constitution. Thus, fulfilling the old covenant, He transforms the typical into the eternal theocracy, and He is the true Christ,--eternal Prophet, Priest, and King. The true character of the Messiah is attested :-- 1. By His lineal descent, and Divine revelation at His birth (i.--iv.). 2. By the manifestation of His triple office (Prophet, Priest, and King), in conflict with the popular ideas (v.--xvi.). 3. By unfolding the true nature of His kingdom and its future history, in contrast with that of the ancient world (xvi.--xx.). 4. By his self-sacrifice and humiliation (xxi.--xxiv.). 5. By prophetic revelations of the judgment on the Jewish nation and on the world (xxiv., xxv.). 6. By His sacerdotal presentation of Himself as the atoning sacrifice (xxvi., xxvii.). 7. By His glorification at the right hand of power (xxviii.). This Gospel is peculiarly characterised by repeated reference to the Law and Prophets (i. 23; ii. 6, 15, 18; iii. 3; iv. 15; viii. 17, &c.); by careful enunciation of such teaching as would awaken Jews, and correct their false views; and the warnings of national calamities. MARK, who had also the Hebrew name John, was son of Mary, whose house at Jerusalem became the refuge and earliest church of the Christian community. He was nephew of Barnabas, and the attendant of him and Paul on their first mission; but returned home from Perga (Acts xiii. 5, 13), afterwards attaching himself to Barnabas, though subsequently reconciled to Paul (Col. iv. 10). He is the reputed founder of the Alexandrine Church. He was attached to Peter (1 Peter v. 13), from whom he obtained some materials for his Gospel; but it is evident that he had also before him both the Hebrew and the Greek copies of Matthew, since he clearly compared the differences in diction between the two, weighed their relative value, made his selection, and supplied occasional new graphic touches to the narrative from some independent witness: e.g. Christ is among "wild beasts;" the fig-tree dried up "from the roots;" Jesus is asleep "on a pillow" (i. 13; xi. 20; iv. 38). His theme is "Judah is a young lion" (Gen. xlix. 9; Hos. xi. 10); and he depicts the Saviour as the conqueror of all Satanic powers, with a brevity and vividness which add force to the heroic character pourtrayed. Hence he gives only three burning words of controversy and denunciation, not the longer discourses of the Lord; event succeeds event in rapid succession; he accumulates negatives; his favourite word is "immediately;" his tenses are present; and he supplies often the very vernacular words used in the occurrences (iii. 17, 22; v. 41). The Messiah seems to rouse every emotion of the soul,--amazement, fear, confidence, hope, joy,--and adapts His Divine power to temper each. The rapidity and completeness of His achievements, the pervading influence of His Name throughout the world, His victory over death, and exaltation to the throne of glory, are the grand characteristics of the Divine Redeemer. These are heightened and relieved by regular intervals of pause and rest, preparatory to fresh campaigns; for Mark narrates only the three years' ministry of our Lord. I. Preparation; Christ's appearance by the side of the Baptist (i. 1--13). His conflicts in Galilee after His baptism (i: 13--ix.). III. His victories in Peraea (x.). IV. His conflicts in Judaea (x.--xv.). V. His Resurrection and Ascension. LUKE was probably of Gentile extraction (Col. iv. 10--14), born at Antioch, and a faithful colleague of Paul. His superior education is proved by the philological excellence of his writings (viz. the Gospel and Acts of Apostles, which are but two yols. of one work). His preface, in pure Greek, implies previous careful study of documentary and other evidence. He speaks of "other attempts" to write a Life of Christ, which were unsatisfactory. Though it is the same Gospel, it is narrated with peculiar independence, containing additional matter, more accuracy in preserving the chronological order of events, and complying with the requirements of history. He tested tradition by documentary records (e.g. i. 5; ii. 2; iii. 1); by comparing the oral testimony of living witnesses (i. 2, 3); and only when he had "perfect understanding of all things from the very first," ventured to compile a "Life of Christ" as a perfect man, restoring human nature, and offering Himself a sacrifice for all mankind. To him we are indebted for the history of the birth and childhood of Jesus and the Baptist, for those liturgical hymns, and the scene in the synagogue at Nazareth (vi.), which were probably communicated by the Virgin Mary. The Physician shews himself in the particular details of diseases; the Artist in the vivid pictures of lifelike scenes; the companion of Paul in the extension of the Gospel to Gentiles (iv. 16--30), and the favour shewn by Jesus to "publicans and sinners "(yii. 36--50; xxiii. 39--43). Hence his genealogy is traced up to Adam, the progenitor of the whole race. I. The miraculous birth of Jesus and His forerunner; His manifestation in childhood, and growth to rhanhoqd (i. and ii.). II. The testimony to His Messiahship (iii. and iv.). III. His ministry in Galilee (iv.--xvii.). IV. His Passion, Resurrection, and Ascension (xviii.--xxiv.). JOHN was brother of James, son of Zebedee, one of the earliest and also the youngest of our Lord's disciples, honoured with the distinction "whom Jesus loved." His Gospel was written at the close of the first century, or beginning of the second, long after the others had become well known throughout Christendom. He had all of them before him; he supplemented what they had omitted, corrected false impressions formed by readink them, and gave the cue to their deeper interpretation. He indirectly refers to and corroborates much that they have recorded, but abstains filom traversing the same ground. He only narrates one miracle which is common to all the Gdspels (the feeding of the 5,000), but gives us four others peculiar to him: the change of water into wine; the healing of the impotent man, and ine born blind; and the raising of Lazarus. "While the events narrated by the Sy-noptists are mainly those which took place in Galilee, John's Gospel is almost wholly occupied with Christ'i ministry in Judaea, and one-third of it is occupied with the sayings and doings of the last twenty-four hours of His life. He omits all the Paranles given by the Synoptists. Generally, his Gospel is rather a compilation of distinct dissertations than a continuous narrative. It connects the Redemption of mankind with the Creation by the same Source of Life. Its subject id "The Eternal Word made Flesh," (1) as pre-eastent, (2) as incarnate, (3) as revealing the lather, (4) as connecting humanity with Divinity through His own incarnation by means of spiritual agency. Hence the transmission of this spiritual influence through material substances is evidenced by the first miracle (ii.); expounded to Nicodemus (iii.); allegorised to the Samaritan woman (iv.); exemplified in the impotent man (v.); symbolised and emphasised in the feeding of 5,000, and subsequent discourse (vi.). The Revelation of the Father is developed by miracle and parable in vii.--x.; His life-giving power communicated to human nature temporarily and eternally by spiritual agency in xi.--xiii.; the perpetual transmission of that power from Himself to mankind through His apostles, and their commission to execute their functions, in xiv.--xxi. Many additional scenes in His Passion, and especially Pilate's efforts to release Him, are furnished only by John. His reckoning of time is in accordance with the division of the day from midnight, which is identical with our own. ii. ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. This book, according to internal and external evidence, was written by Luke, and forms the sequel to his Gospel. It is the history of the foundation and spread of the Christian Church-- the former under Peter (i.--xii.), the latter under Paul (xii.--xxviii.). It was founded on the Day of Pentecost; its first sons were Jews (hence it appeared only a Jewish sect in Judaea), and the former part of the book is occupied with its establishment there, with arguments in its favour, and with challenges to disprove the fundamental fact of Christ's resurrection. Its first development into an organised community, with official staff, provoked the first persecution and martyrdom, which precipitated its extension to Samaria and Syria, caused a new and more independent centre of operations to be planted at Antioch, whence under Paul (the first converted persecutor) it spread to Asia Minor, Greece, Rome, a,nd various parts df the Gentile world. The motive influence was the direct impulse of the Holy Spirit, not any preconceived plan of the Apostolic body (ii. 4; xi. 17; xv. 6, 7, 9). Analysis. A. The Acts of Peter:--Birth of Christian Church, and Extension to Samaria, comprising (1) Foundation and Progress of the Church in Jerusalem and Judaea (i.--viii.); (2) First Persecution, and Extension to Samaria and to Gentile family of Cornelius (viii.--xi. 18); (3) Second Persecution, and Foundation of the Church at Antioch (xi. 19--xiii. 3). B. The Acts of Paul:--Extension of the Church to the Gentiles. (1) Paul's Call, and first Apostolic journey (xiii. 4--xv. 5); (2) Council of Jerusalem, fixing terms of admission (xv.); (3) Second Apostolic journey (xv. 36--xviii. 22); (4) Third Apostolic journey (xviii. 23--xxi. 17); (5) Paul's imprisonment at Caesarea, and voyage to Rome (xxi. 18--xxviii.). So the progress is recorded from a small Jewish sect to the universal Church. In this book all. the Articles of the Apostles' Creed may be found, chiefly in Peter's speeches (i.--v.). __________________________________________________________________ II. DIDACTIC. i. The Pauline Epistles. These are not in their chronological order; probably the earliest is I. Thessaibnians, and the latest that to the Hebrews. The subscriptions are not authentic. a. ROMANS. This Epistle is a summary of God's dealings with mankind, from the first adoption of one portion to closer connexion with Him, i.e. to sonship and inheritance of a promise. This election of a particular family is illustrated by a master-potter selecting out of his bed of clay one portion for his choicest fabrics, meet vessels for the master's highest use: the particular clay was selected because of its freedom from flaw, and the rest rejected because tainted with flaws; but not rejected absolutely, since it has a position in the household, useful, but less honoured. The absence of flaw is lack of worldliness or irreligion; its excellence is the possession of unquestioning faith--a special capacity for receiving the Divine impress, to be moulded at God's will, and so convey to others, by precept and example, the Divine standard of perfection, and the revelation of the truth. This was the peculiar quality seen by the Omniscient in the character of Abraham, which led to his call and adoption. Hence he became the "Father of the Faithful," and the "Friend of God." But it was a quality not transmitted by bodily generation; nor were the privileges accorded to Abraham, and promised to his seed, an inheritance descending by hereditary right, but resumed by God, the Giver, at each decease, and re-awarded at His decision, who "looketh on the heart." Hence "they are not all Israel, which are of Israel: neither, because they are the seed of Abraham, are they all children" of God; i.e. "they which are the children of the flesh, these are not the children of God" (ix. 6-8). Acceptance by God is the reward of faith; by it Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, were adopted; from want of it, Ishmael, Esau, and the three eldest sons of Jacob were rejected, and finally the whole Jewish nation, the Gentiles being received instead, through faith. Because of unbelief the former were broken off, and the latter stand by faith. Summary. I. Sinfulness of the human race: (a) of the heathen (i.); (b) of the Jews (ii.): (c) Comparison of Jews and Gentiles. II. The Plan of Salvation explained (a) in theory (iii.); (b) by illustration (iv., v.). III. Its value: (a) union with Christ (vi.); (b) as servants of Christ (vi.); (c) supplying defects of the Law (vii.). IV. Justification by Faith: (a) Christian's duty and privilege; (b) cause of rejection of some, election of others, of Abraham's seed; (c) blindness and final rejection of the Jews. V. Development of truth (xii.-xv.). VI. Personal communications (xv.-xvii.). It was probably written from Corinth, A.D. 58, and sent by Phoebe (xvi. 1, 2). CORINTHIANS. Two Epistles are addressed to this Church, which included not only those who lived at Corinth, but in the adjacent towns of Achaia (the upper portion of the Morea, along the coast of the Gulf of Lepanto). Paul passed eighteen months at Corinth during his second missionary tour, visiting the neighbouring cities, and establishing Churches in them. Corinth was the great centre of commercial traffic on the overland route from Rome to the East; and also between Upper and Lower Greece. It possessed the only good harbour in that quarter, and as it was the shortest and safest route, small vessels were dragged across the isthmus, larger ones transhipped their cargoes, and hence all the trade of the Mediterranean flowed through it, so that "a perpetual fair was held there from year's end to year's end;" to which were added the great annual gatherings of Greeks at the "Isthmian Games" (to which Paul alludes, 1 Cor. ix. 24-27). Hence it was proverbial for wealth, luxury, and profligacy. Its population, and that of Achaia, was mainly foreign, formed of colonists from Cæsar's army, and of manumitted slaves (e.g. Tertius, Quartus, Achaicus, Fortunatus, &c.), settlers from Asia Minor, returned exiles from the islands, and at this time a large influx of Jews lately expelled from Rome (Acts xviii. 2). Paul's preaching in the synagogue was acceptable till he boldly testified that Jesus was the Messiah, when persecution set in, he was ejected from the community, brought before the Roman governor, and set up a rival Church. His disciples were mostly of the lower orders, partly Jews, but mainly Roman freedmen and heathen Greeks, who became enthusiastic admirers of the apostle. Here he wrote the latter or both of his two Epistles to the Thessalonians, and one to the Romans; immediately after which he returned to Ephesus, and was succeeded in his mission by Apollos, who likewise made many converts. The latter was imperfectly instructed in Christianity, but was well versed in the Jewish Scriptures, and very eloquent. There arose two factions,--a Jewish, clinging to a Pharisaic attachment to the Law; a Gentile, prone to push evangelical freedom to licence: while keeping the right faith, claiming to indulge in even heathen licentiousness. They joined freely in heathen sacrificial feasts; degraded the Holy Communion into a festive banquet; women threw off the usual eastern veil of modest attire; and the Greek love of intellectual speculation and discussion ran riot on sacred subjects, till appeals on Christian disputes were brought before heathen tribunals, and morality was scandalized by even incestuous intercourse. First Epistle. Under such corruption, during three years, factions attained a formidable height. Paul was defamed by the Jewish party, and rumours of alarming disputes reached him, followed by a letter full of inquiries on matters of morality and doctrine, brought by a deputation of freedmen. Paul had already despatched thither Timotheus, but now writes the First Epistle to the Corinthians from Ephesus (A.D. 57), instead of going to them, as he intended, because he deemed it his duty to stay for the great Pan-Ionian Festival to Diana, held that year at Ephesus. Summary. I. Reproof of the Factions: contrasting human and Divine wisdom, his own simple preaching with the assumption of his followers, and the proper relation of teachers and disciples (i.-iv. 20). II. Intercourse with Heathens: (a) Incest; (b) Law-suits; (c) Church discipline (iv. 21-vi. 20). III. Answer to the Letter of the Corinthian Church: (a) Marriage; (b) Heathen feasts; (c) Public worship. 1. Male and female head-dress; 2. The Lord's Supper; 3. Exercise of spiritual gifts; 4. Unity and uniformity (vii.-xiv. 40). IV. Resurrection of the Dead: the future state the aim and end of Christian life (xv.). Conclusion: of a personal nature. Second Epistle. This was called for by the effect of the first. In the interval occurred the riot at Ephesus (headed by Demetrius), and Paul's expulsion. Timothy and Titus had both been sent to Corinth, and at Troas he waited their return in vain, till he was bowed down with anxiety and evil foreboding. Titus at last brought sufficiently cheering accounts: the Church, as a whole, had bowed to its "father's" reproofs; the incestuous man had been expelled and brought to repentance; the Gentile licence had been restrained; confidence between the Church and its founder had been restored; but the Judaizers had been reinforced by some bearing "letters of commendation" from some higher authority, and now were arrogant in their supremacy. This Epistle expresses two conflicting emotions: 1.Thankfulness for the removal of evils; 2. Indignation at the arrogance of his opponents. The former Epistle is a careful and systematic intellectual treatise; the latter is unguarded, expressing the natural feelings of a warm heart. Summary. I. Its Occasion: A narrative of events, and assurance of his confidence (i., ii.). II. His Apostolic Mission: (a) Its source (iii., iv.); (b) Its difficulties (iv. 7-v. 10); (c) Its motive (v. 11-vi. 10). III. Intercourse with heathen (vi. 14-vii. l). IV. Collection for fellow-Christians (viii., ix.). V. His self-vindication (x.-xiii.). GALATIANS. This Epistle is one of a set on doctrinal subjects, which should be read together--viz, those to Romans, Galatians, and Hebrews,--since they clearly define the relation of Jews and Gentiles to the Church of Christ, and form one whole treatise, each alone being incomplete. It also has affinity with those to the Corinthians, as it vindicates the writer against the defamation of Judaizers. Galatia was inhabited by hordes of northern Gauls, who poured down into Asia (B.C. 300), conquered it, and settled there; but being enervated by luxurious food and climate, were gradually driven inland to the central mountain fastnesses of Asia Minor. The people were first barbarian, then mingled with Greeks, tempered by Greek civilization, and finally subjugated by Romans (B.C. 189). Enriched by the constant traffic of Armenian caravans to the Hellespont, many Jews settled there for trading purposes; and the inhabitants were a mixture of Scythian, Greek, Roman, and Hebrew. Paul traversed the country on his second journey, where he was detained by illness (Gal. iv. 13, 14), and converted many Jews and Greeks (iii. 27, 28). He visited it again on his third journey (Acts xviii. 23). Originally worshippers of those who were no gods (iv. 8), they were converted to Judaism (iv. 9), then by Paul to Christianity (iii. 1, 2), and again relapsed into Judaism under the teachers that remained after his visit (iv. 21-31). The Epistle was written from Ephesus, about A.D. 57, to prevent this lapse into Judaism. It resembles that to the Romans in the contrast therein presented between the righteousness by the Law and Justification by Faith. Summary. I. Narrative. The apostle's own conversion, and conflict against Judaism (i., ii.). II. Argument, based on Old Testament history, shewing how the Law was preparatory to the Gospel (iii., iv.). III. Practical Exhortation, to use the liberty of the Gospel for the cultivation of true godliness. EPHESIANS. The inscription of this letter to the Ephesians is doubtful, and it is thought to have been either a circular, of which copies were sent to many adjacent churches, or to have been intended to be circulated amongst several (see Col. iv. 16). Ephesus was to Asia, as Corinth to Greece, the great port to which flowed the commerce of E. and W. Its inhabitants were equally noted for licentious and luxurious life, and for cultivation of magical arts, and fanatical worship of Diana (the personification of exuberant natural production). Her temple was one of the wonders of the world for its magnificent structure, and extravagant enrichment. It was the great treasury of Pan-Ionia, and the centre of their worship and nationality, as that of Solomon was to the Jews; But a three years' sojourn there by the apostle broke its power, till the annual festival brought about a temporary reaction (Acts xix.). This Epistle was probably written about A.D. 62, when Paul was prisoner at Rome. It was not evoked by any relapse or special errors, but was written to establish those who had left heathenism, contrasting their present higher life with their previous degradation. Its summary of Christian revelation as the foundation of spiritual life is couched in language both fervent and sublime. Summary. I. Doctrinal, (a) Thanksgiving for their call; (b) Enumeration of Christian privileges (i., ii.); (c) The mystical union between Christ and His Church, drawn out first by revelation, and then by prayer. II. Practical. An exhortation to make their life conformable to their profession, (a) By the unity with which the Spirit of Christ brings them to Him, casting out all feelings leading to discord; (b) By the purity of Christ, whose example they must follow; (c) By the example of His obedience, the mutual forbearance of all in their respective relations of life. PHILIPPIANS. Philippi, a chief city in Macedonia, N. of the Archipelago, was the scene of the last struggle of the Roman republic against despotism, where Brutus and Cassius, defeated by Augustus and Antony, committed suicide. Hence it became a Roman "colony," with full rights of citizenship, governed by Roman magistrates and laws,--Rome in miniature. The Jews were few, and had no synagogue, but were allowed a small chapel outside the gate, in a secluded spot by the river's bank. Here Paul and Silas converted Lydia, came into contact with heathen Paganism (the worship of evil spirits), were scourged and imprisoned, which led to the jailer's conversion, and the founding of a faithful Christian community. The Epistle was written during Paul's first imprisonment at Rome (Acts xxviii.), in answer to expressions of sympathy, and a substantial gift sent by Epaphroditus, who had a dangerous illness at Rome. It is a letter of grateful affection mingled with personal sorrow; of joy on their behalf, of gloom at the ingratitude of others; of anxiety also as to his own future, caused probably by the increased rigour of his incarceration. Summary. I. Prayer for their advancement in grace (i. 1-12). II. Effects of his imprisonment, and his future prospects (i. 13-30). III. Exhortation to follow the example of Christ (ii. 1-18). IV. Personal matters (ii. 19-30). V. Warnings against Judaizers (iii.). VI. Personal appeals (iv. 1-7). VII. Final exhortation and commendation (iv. 8-23). COLOSSIANS. Nothing is known of the foundation of the Church at Colosse, a chief city of Phrygia; but the Christians there were in danger of relapse, from a tendency to asceticism, Judaism, and angel-worship. Paul sets before them the majesty and all-sufficiency of Christ, as the source of all spiritual blessings. Christian perfection is attained by the practical realisation of this truth influencing the daily life. The attention is fixed upon the Person of Jesus Christ, whose sacrifice completes the typical offerings of Judaism, crucifies the old man with his affections and lusts, while the Resurrection unfolds a new life in Him, elevating the soul above earthly objects more effectually than mere mortification of the flesh to quench out the emotions of the heart, according to a Stoic philosophy. The Epistle was probably written about A.D. 62, during Paul's imprisonment at Rome. Summary. I. Thanksgiving for their faith, hope, and charity, with a prayer for their spiritual progress (i. 1-15). II. The supremacy and glorious pre-existence of Christ through all eternity, and His reconciliation of humanity to God the Father by His own Resurrection and Ascension to the right hand of power (i. 16-29). III. A stimulus to advance in the knowledge of Christ by the apostle's own example and eager desire for their perfection, and by reference to the privileges of membership with Christ; and a warning against false teaching which endangered them (ii.). IV. Moral and spiritual effects of their participation in Christ's resurrection, both generally and in various social relations (iii.). V. Concluding address to the whole Church, and special salutation and messages from individuals (iv.). THESSALONIANS, I. and II. These Epistles were addressed to a Church in Northern Greece, where Paul on his second journey had suffered persecution (Acts xvii. 1-10). Thessalonica (Saloniki), anciently called Thermè, but re-named after the sister of Alexander the Great by her husband Cassander, who restored it, was the chief metropolis of Macedonia (a region extending N. to the Danube, E. to the Black Sea, W. to the Adriatic, S. to Achaia). The most populous city of that division of Europe, and its greatest port, it was to the W. what Ephesus was to the E., and Corinth to Southern Greece. Situated on the sea-margin of a vast plain, watered by numerous rivers, halfway between the Adriatic and Hellespont, at the entrance of the pass into the Macedonian plains, a busy commercial centre, with a constant tide of traffic ebbing and flowing, abroad by sea, inland by the two arms of Roman road, it was a fit centre of evangelization, as "from thence the word of the Lord sounded forth (as from a trumpet) not only in Macedonia and Achaia, but also in every place" (1 Thess. i. 8). Here was the chief colony and chief synagogue of the Jews (and at this day there are 80,000 Jews there). Here Paul and Silas shewed their unhealed stripes inflicted at Philippi (1 Thess. ii. 2), and for three sabbaths preached Jesus as the promised Messiah (Acts xvii. 2, 3). The Jews, failing in controversy, resorted to violence, roused a mob of vagabonds from the docks, assailed the lodgings of the apostle, and dragged its owner (Jason) before the rulers. First Epistle. From Epistle I., written soon after from Athens, and sent by Timothy, we learn:--The apostle's primary success and unflinching courage in preaching; not flattering, but warning; not self-asserting, but displaying a blameless example; entreating, exhorting, rebuking; his self-support by manual labour. His converts were principally from idolatry (i. 9), but partly Jewish proselyte women of rank and influence (Acts xvii. 4). Summary. I. Paul's gratitude for their eager acceptance of the Gospel, and fidelity in maintaining it; encouraging them under persecution by his own example. II. Practical exhortations: (a) against their besetting sin; (b) encouraging the cultivation of Christian virtues (iv., v.). III. Consolation to those bereft of friends, by unfolding the glories of speedy resurrection, and transformation to a glorified body. Second Epistle. This Epistle was probably written from Corinth, after Paul received an answer to the first, to correct an erroneous impression gained from the vividness of his picture of the resurrection; viz. that it was near at hand, which led to a neglect of practical duties. Summary. I. Affectionate commendations, and exhortations to perseverance. II. Answer to false anticipations of the Second Advent. III. Appeal for their prayers, and practical precepts for their guidance. HEBREWS. The greatest weight of testimony favours the opinion that Paul was the author (though probably Luke was the writer) of this Epistle. It was probably composed by the former when in very strict custody, either at Cæsarea, or at Rome (A.D. 62-64), just before his martyrdom (2 Tim. iv. 6), when denied writing materials; and dictated by him to Luke, who then committed it to writing from memory. Some think we have only a Greek translation of an original Hebrew text. It was addressed specially to those Aramaic Christians of Palestine, who were exposed to severe persecution from their fellow-countrymen, who adhered to the expected return of visible glory to Israel. Brought up in fond reminiscence of the glories of the past, they seemed in Christianity to be receding from their peculiar privileges of intercommunion with God, as a favoured people. Angels, Moses, the High Priest, were superseded by Jesus, the peasant of Nazareth; the Sabbath by the Lord's Day, the. Old Covenant by the New; while temple and sacrifices were obsolete. What, they asked, did Christianity give in their place? And the writer answers, Christ; i.e. God for their Mediator and Intercessor: superior to Angels, because nearer to the Father; to Moses, because a Son, not a servant; more sympathising than the High Priest, and more powerful in intercession, because He pleads His own blood. The Sabbath is but a type of the Rest in heaven, the New Covenant is the fulfilment of the Old. Christ's atonement is perfect and eternal, and Heaven itself the true Jerusalem, of which the Church is the temple, whose worshippers are all advanced into the Holy of Holies. Thus the exceptional ministration of angels is superseded by the continuous ministration of man. The legislative ministration of Moses is perfected by the Divine Lawgiver. The typical sacrifice of the High Priest by a real sacrifice of a Priest of a higher order. The indirect communion with God is supplanted by the direct union of God and man in Christ, and the communion of the Head with His body, the Church. This Epistle completes the trilogy with those to the Romans and Galatians. Summary. A. Doctrinal Portion, shewing the superiority of the Christian to the Jewish Dispensation (i.-x. 18). I. Because its Author is superior (a) to Angels, and in Him humanity is exalted above them (i.-ii. 18); (b) to Moses, because of (1) His position: He is the Builder, Son, Master, of the house; Moses part of, a servant in, the house; (2) His acquired inheritance, viz. perfect eternal rest in heaven, instead of imperfect transitory rest in Canaan (iii.-iv. 13); (c) to the Aaronic High Priest, (1) as to His Office; (2) as to His nature; (3) as to His vocation (iv.-v. 10). A Digression of practical exhortation (v. 11-vi. 20). (d) To the Primeval High Priest of superior dispensation (vi. 21-vii. 28). II. Because the Old Covenant was imperfect, being incapable of making its members perfect. Comparison of the typical and real sacrifice of atonement, illustrated by the service of the sanctuary, compared with that of the Christian Sacrifice (viii. 1-ix. 19). B. Practical Portion, (a) Warning against relapse into Judaism; (b) encouraging to peace and holiness; (c) inculcating practical, duties; (d) Conclusion. Special advice to individuals (probably catechumens). i. b.Pastoral Epistles. I. To TIMOTHY, the son of a Greek father and Jewish mother (Eunice), Converted and circumcised by Paul at Iconium (Acts xvi. 31 The First Epistle was probably written immediately after Paul's release from his first imprijonment, to counteract the Judaizing influence so strongly at work everywhere against Paul's more liberal views of Christianity; and also to guide and encourage Timothy in the duties of his Office, laying down rules of Church organisation for all times. Summary. I. Controversial (i.), Recalling the charge committed to Timothy, and Paul's claim to his allegiance; contrasting the truth with the false teaching of Judaizers. II. Practical (ii. 1-i. 2). (a) Injunctions as to public worship generally, regarding both men and women. (b) Qualifications of ministers, and demeanour of their wives and families; (c) Special advice to Timothy himself (iv.); (d) Directions respecting communities of widows, and presbyters (v.); (e) Of servants. Ill. Doctrinal (vi. 3-21). Special charge to Timothy to peace, holiness, self-denial, steadfastness, humility, and to the promotion of almsgiving. II. TIMOTHY. This Epistle was written (A.D. 66) from Home, in the interval between one trial of the apostle before the Emperor, and that at which he was condemned to death (iv. 16, 17). He viewed his case as desperate (iv. 16), and his martyrdom as imminent (iv. 6-8); and he entreats Timothy to come to him at once (iv. 9, 21), to be with him at his last trial. It has all the tone of a farewell letter to a loved friend; full of love (i. 1-5), encouragement (i. 6-ii. 15), warning (ii. 16-iii. 9), adjuration (iv. 1-5), concluding with personal matters (iv. 6-22). The Epistle furnishes a noble view of the consolation afforded by Christianity in the midst of suffering, and face to face with death. It alludes to a few otherwise unknown incidents of the life of Paul, between his two imprisonments; also of Timothy, viz. the falling away from the former of some Asiatic converts of note (i. 15); the injury done him by Alexander, mentioned in Acts xix. 33; the lapse of Demas (iv. 10); his reconciliation with Mark (iv. 11); another visit to Corinth and Miletus (iv. 20), and probably Troas (iv. 13); and Timothy's presence with him on his first journey (iii. 11); the names of his grandmother and mother, and his consecration by Paul (i. 5, 6). TITUS, a Greek by birth, was consecrated by Paul, and was the first Christian convert who was not circumcised, but was taken by Paul to Jerusalem to try the matter, when the Council decided against its necessity (Gal. ii. 3; Acts xv.). It is not known when the Church in Crete was founded, but it is probable that it was after Paul's first imprisonment, on his way to Asia, and that he then left Titus in charge of it. His position was one of peculiar difficulty: the people had sunk into gross immorality, instability, and lying. Paul advises his deputy upon the course he should take. The Epistle resembles the first to Timothy, was probably written about the same time, and gives a condensed code of instruction on doctrine, morals, and discipline. Summary. I. Apostolic salutation. II. Church Organization: (a) Qualifications of elders, &c.; (b) Suppression of false teachers (i.); (c) The Christian character of aged men and women, young of both sexes, and servants (ii.). III. Personal advice to Titus (iii.). c. Special Epistle, to an individual. PHILEMON was an inhabitant of Colosse, of some considerable distinction, whom Paul had converted (ver. 19). He was a "fellow-labourer," probably only as a zealous layman, though some have thought the expression implies that he was ordained. His slave, Onesimus, had run away from him to Rome, having, perhaps, been guilty of misappropriation of his master's goods (ver. 18). Falling into Paul's hands, he was converted to Christianity, reclaimed to his duty, and sent back to his master with this letter of reconciliation. It is remarkabfe for its delicacy, generosity, and justice. The apostle maintains civil rights (even of slavery), maintaining that Onesimus, though under the liberty of the Gospel, is still the slave of Philemon, and justly liable to punishment for desertion. The damage caused by his absconding Paul takes upon himself, playfully using his name "Onesimus" profitable, both to thee and to me) urging his suit for pardon. As the returning slave was the bearer also of the Epistle to the Colossians, it was probably written at the same time (A. D. 62), near the close of Paul's first imprisonment at Rome. ii. Catholic Epistles. JAMES the Less, brother, or near relation, of our Lord, an apostle, had the oversight of the Church at Jerusalem (Acts xv. 13), where he remained until his martyrdom (A.D. 62). This Epistle, generally attributed to him, shews evident tokens of a degeneracy in the tone of Jewish Christians, to whom it is addressed, stimulating them to the exercise of higher principles. It reproves the prevailing vices of his countrymen,--hypocrisy, presumption, censoriousness, love of riches; and insists that true faith necessitates good works. It is remarkable for its eminently practical nature, the homeliness and aptness of its illustration, and the bold, plain-spoken rebukes of the wealthy oppressors of the poor. It was probably written near the close of his life, and is addressed to the whole "twelve tribes." Summary. I. On sincerity, and patience in afflictions (i. 1-15). II. Against hypocrisy and self-deceit (i. 16-27). III. Against adulation of the rich, and contempt of the poor; against false charity and spurious faith (ii.). IV. On the duty of ruling the tongue, and cultivating peace. V. Warning against the corruption of the world, and the attempt to serve both God and mammon, by the consideration of the uncertainty of life (iv.). VI. Against Covetousness, impatience, oaths; with encouragement to mutual confession of faults, intercession, and holiness. I. PETER. Simon Peter, son of Jonas, a fisherman at Bethsaida, was one of the foremost apostles, by whom three thousand were converted on the Day of Pentecost (Acts ii.), and the first Gentile family admitted by baptism into Christianity (Acts x. 47, 48). He is said to have preached to the Jews scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, i.e. the countries of Asia adjacent to the Black Sea, to whom he addressed this Epistle from Babylon, probably about A.D. 63. Its general design was to comfort them under afflictions. The First Epistle. Summary. I. The necessity, use, and transitory nature of earthly trials (i. 1-12). II. An exhortation to walk worthy of their vocation, and to follow the example of Christ, who died to purchase their glorification (i. 13-ii. 10). III. Practical advice as to their duty in various relations of life, e.g. as citizens, slaves, husbands, wives, &c. (ii. 13-iii. 8). IV. An exhortation generally to unanimity, peaceableness, sanctifieatiori; with a warning of the Second Advent, enforced by a reference to the previous judgments of God on those who neglected the preaching of Noah (iii. 9-iv. 19). V. Practical exhortation to pastors on their duties. The Second Epistle. II. PETER. This Epistle was written when he apprehended his death (i. 14), and also not long after the former Epistle. It is also addressed, no doubt, to the same persons. Its date is generally supposed to be AID. 65. It is valuable, as containing the last words to his converts of one of the original Twelve, and for certain personal traits, such as the mention of the Transfiguration by an eye-witness (i. 17, 18), and the commendation of Paul and his Epistles (iii. 15, 16). Summary. I. An exhortation to persevere in faith and good works, by an assurance of the reality of the glorification of Christ as the pattern man, accepted by God, and the Messiah of prophecy (i.). II. Warning of the certainty of punishment on impenitent sinners, by reference to past history, e.g. the Flood, overthrow of Sodom (ii. 1- 10). III. Warning against false teachers, by the example of Balaam (ii. 11-22). IV. The certainty of the Second Advent, and its warning (a) to the godly, (b) to the wicked (iii.). I. JOHN. The tract called the First Epistle of John seems rather to partake of the nature of a doctrinal discourse, addressed to believers generally, but more particularly to Gentiles in Asia Minor, probably in the neighbourhood of its chief city, Ephesus. Its date is uncertain. Some place it before the destruction of Jerusalem, others towards the end of the first century, thinking it bears marks of combating the Gnostic heresy. Its aim seems to be to establish the true doctrine concerning the Person of Christ, as to His Divine and human nature, and that true communion with Him necessitates a holy life. The chief grace inculcated in this and the two following Epistles is love. Summary. I. The true nature of fellowship with God, who is Light and Love, requiring purity and holiness (i.-ii. 27). II. The blessings and duties of sonship. The privilege of adoption demands the corresponding duty of conformity to Christ, the true Son (iii.-iv. 6). III. The essential bond of fellowship and sonship is love, both to the Father and to one another (iv. 7-v. 18). II. JOHN. This Epistle contains only thirteen verses, eight of which are found in substance in the First. It was probably written about the same time, but it is addressed "to the Elect Lady" (thought by some to mean the Church), and "her children;" or to "the Lady Electa," a person so called for her eminent piety. They are exhorted to persevere in love, faith, and godliness, and to beware of false teachers. III. JOHN. A short address, of a similar kind, to "the well-beloved Gaius," of whom nothing certain is known, though he is supposed to be identical with the one named in Rom. xvi. 23, and 1 Cor. i. 14. He is commended for his hospitality and piety; warned against the ambition and malice of Diotrephes (one in authority); and his friendly offices are besought for Demetrius. JUDE, "brother of James," is supposed to be the apostle (surnamed Thaddæus and Lebbæus), and a near relation of our Lord (Matt. x. 3; xiii. 55; Luke vi. 16). This Epistle is remarkable for the quotation of an otherwise unrecorded saying of Enoch (ver. 14), and a tradition of a dispute between Michael the archangel and Satan regarding the body of Moses (ver. 9). Its date, place, and occasion, are unknown; but it seems to denounce the same false teachers as those rebuked in 2 Pet. ii., and in very similar language; warning them by the example of the fallen angels, of Cain, the impenitent in the times of Noah, of the wicked cities of the plain, of Korah, and Balaam; asserting the certainty of the future judgment and punishment of the wicked. __________________________________________________________________ III. PROPHETIC. REVELATION (Apocalypse) of John the Divine. This is the only prophetic book of the New Testament, and much of it remains still unfulfilled. It closes the Canon of Scripture, and the revelation of God to man. There is satisfactory evidence of its genuineness. Justin Martyr, living sixty years after its supposed date, ascribes it to John; Papias acknowledges its inspiration; Irenseus (disciple of Polycarp, who was John's own disciple) testifies to his authorship, and that he had himself received the explanation of one passage in it from those who had conversed with the apostle about it. To these may be added Clement of Alexandria, Theophilus, Tertullian, Origen, Cyprian, Jerome, Athanasius, &c. John was banished by Domitian to Patmos, after a vain attempt to martry him; but on the Emperor's death (A.D. 96) he returned, under a general amnesty, to Ephesus, and resumed the supervision of that Church. While in exile he saw and recorded these visions, in the introductory chapters of which incidental evidence is furnished that a considerable interval must have elapsed between the foundation of the Asiatic Churches and the composition of this book: e.g. they are reproached for faults and corruptions that do not speedily arise; the Nicolaitans had separated themselves into a sect; there had been open persecutions, and Antipas had been martyred at Pergamos (ii. 13). Summary. I. Prefatory: The Divine authority of the record. The narrative of the first vision, respecting the Churches of proconsular Asia (i.). II. The Messages to the seven Churches (ii., iii.), viz. (1) Ephesus: reproof for forsaking its first love and first works. (2) Smyrna: commendation of works, poverty, endurance of persecution. (3) Pergamos: reproof for false doctrine, immoral conduct, idolatrous pollution. (4) Thyatira: reproof to one party for similar corruptions; commendation to the other for their fidelity. (5) Sardis: reproof for spiritual deadness with mere nominal life. (6) Philadelphia: approval of its steadfastness and patience. (7) Laodicea: rebuke for lukewarmness. These predictions have long been fulfilled, but the remainder of the book is still a mystery, though generally regarded as prophetic of the history of the Church from the close of the first century to the end of time. By some the major part is considered to have had its fulfilment in the early ages of the Church; by others to have been gradually realized by successive religious revivals and persecutions; by others it is regarded as a picture of the historical epochs of the world and the Church. Its outline is as follows:-- III. The Prophetic Visions: viz.-- 1. The Divine glory, sealed book, and the Lamb (iv., v.). 2. The vision of the opening of six seals; the sealing of 144,000 Israelites; the worship by innumerable multitudes of saints; and the opening of the seventh seal (vi., vii.). 3. The vision of an angel offering incense on the golden altar, followed by the sounding of six trumpets (viii., ix.). 4. The vision of an angel with an open scroll; seven thunders, and the angel's proclamation (x.); measuring the temple and altar; the two witnesses; sounding of the seventh trumpet (x., xi.). 5. The vision of the woman and the dragon; the conflict between Michael and the dragon; rescue of the woman; the rising of a beast from the sea, and of another from the earth (xii., xiii). 6. The vision of the Lamb and the 144,000 on Mount Sion; the proclamations of the three angels; the harvest and vintage (xiv.) 7. The pouring out of seven vials of wrath (xv., xvi.); the woman sitting upon the beast (xvii.); the angel's proclamation of the fall of Babylon, followed by songs of praise and triumph (xviii., xix. 1-10). 8. The vision of the "Word of God," attended by the faithful, who destroy the three great enemies, viz. the beast, false prophet, and confederate kings (xix. 11-21); the binding of the dragon for 1,000 years; the reign of righteousness, and final conflict (xix. 11-xx. 10). 9. Visions of the final judgment, me new heaven, new earth, new Jerusalem (xx 10-xxii. 5), with closing addresses from the angel, Christ, and John, enjoining the universal proclamation of these visions, and attesting the certainty of the predictions (xxii. 6-21). __________________________________________________________________ Harmony of the Gospels B.C. 3 A.D. 7 7-26 26 27 27 27 28 Events. The Divinity of Christ........ Preface.............. Annunciation of the birth of John the Baptist............ Espousal of Virgin Mary....... The Annunciation of the birth of Jesus . . The visitation of Mary to Elisabeth . . . Her return to Nazareth........ J oseph's vision........... Birth and infancy of John Baptist .... Birth of Jesus............ Adoration by shepherds........ Circumcision............ Presentation and purification...... Genealogies............. Adoration by the wise men....... Flight into Egypt.......... Massacre of the Innocents....... Return to Nazareth......... Childhood of Jesus.......... With the doctors in the temple..... Youth of Jesus........... Mission of John the Baptist. Ministry of John the Baptist . . . . Baptisms by " " . . . . Witness to Christ by " . . . . Baptism of Jesus " " . . . . Temptation of Jesus ....... John Baptist's second testimony Call of first disciples (five) . . . (Cfjrtst's JTtrst First miracle, at Cana........ Visit to Capernaum........ First Passover: first cleansing of temple Discourse with Nicodemus...... The Baptist's last testimony..... Christ's visit to Samaria....... " return to Cana....... " healing of nobleman's son . . . First Public Preaching. Imprisonment of John the Baptist.... Christ's preaching in Galilee:-- " " at Nazareth..... ,, " at Capernaum .... Call pf Andrew. Peter, James, and John . Miracles:--Casting out a devil..... "'? Healing Peter's mother-in-law. ,, " many sick and diseased First General Circuit. Preparatory Prayer......... Circuit through Galilee........ Sermoi on the Mount Sermoii in the boat; miraculous draught offth............. Healingiof a leper.......... Retirement for prayer......'. . . Healingpf palsied man........ Call of UMatthew (Levi), supper, and dis-couite gear's Second Aassover Miracle at Bethesda, and discourse on it . The Sab oath; plucking corn...... The mirasle of the withered hand .... Opposition of Herodians........ Retirement for prayer......... Ordinatic i of Twelve Apostles..... Sermon i the Plain (of Gennesaret) . . . Healing c nturion's servant...... ,, s ii of widow of Nain...... Message I'om John Baptist; Christ's tes- timoi t............. Locality. Jerusalem Nazareth . Hebron, or Juttah . . Nazareth . Hebron . Bethlehem Jerusalem Bethlehem Egypt . . Bethlehem Nazareth . Jerusalem Nazareth . Bethabara Wilderness of Judaea . Bethabara Cana . . . Capernaum . Jerusalem . iEnon , Sychar Cana Machaeriis Nazareth . Capernaum Hill above Gennesaret. Gennesaret . Capernaum Jerusalem Galilee. . Capernaum near " Nain . . Capernaum 63 Matt. i. 18 i. 20--25 i. 25 1.17 ii. 1--12 ii. 13--15 ii. 16--18 ii. 19--23 iii. 1--4 iii. 5 iii. 11,12 iii. 15--17 iv. 1-11 iv. 12 iv. 13 iy. 18--22 iv. 23-25 v.--vii. 27 Tiii. 2-4 ix. 2 ix.9 xii. 1 xii. 10 xii. 14 x! viii. 5--13* xi. 2--7 Mark. i.1-8 i. 5 i. 7, 8 i.9-11 i. 12,13 i. 14 vi. 1 * * i. 16 i. 23 i. 29 i. 32 5.35 i. 39 i. 40 i. 45 ii. 1 ii. 13-18 ii. 23 iii. 1 iii. 6 iii. 13 iii. 14 Luke. 11--4 i. 5--25 i. 27 i. 26--38 i. 89--55 i. 56 i. 57--80 ii. 1--7 ii. 8--16 ii. 21 ii. 22-29 iii. 23 ii. 39 ii. 40 ii. 46--50 ii. 51 iii. 1--6 iii. 7 iii. 15--18 iii. 21, 22 iv. 1-13 iv. 15-30 iv. 31 iv. 33 iv. 38 iv. 40 iv. 42 iv. 44 v.l v. 12 v. 16 V. 17 v. 27-33 vi.l vi. 6 vi. 11 vi. 12 vi. 13 vi. 17-49 vii. 1 vii. 11 vii. 17--24 John. i. 1--5 i. 6--15 i. 19-35 i. 37--51 ii. 1-11 ii. 12 ii. 13--23 iii. 1--21 iii. 25--36 iv. 1--42 iv. 43--46 iv. 46--54 v.l v. 2-47 Harmony of the Gospels-(continued). A.D. 28 28 28 Warning to Chorazjn, &c. Mary Magdalene . . . . Events. Second General Circuit. Through Galilee........ Healing of a demoniac..... Blasphemy against the Holy Ghost. The unclean spirit....... The interruption of His relatives . ^arables.--The Sower ,#.... Tares. . . Mustard seed Leaven . . Candle . . Treasure . Pearl . . . Net. . . . Christ calms the storm . . Locality. Capernaum . Capernaum (?) xi. 20--28 Galilee. . Capernaum Plain of Gen nesaret. " suffers devils to enter the swine Parables:--Bridegroom...... New cloth and new wine . Miracles:--Issue of blood..... Jairus' daughter .... Two blind men..... Dumb spirit...... Third General Circuit. Mission of the Twelve Apostles..... Death of John the Baptist....... Feeding five thousand......... Walking on the water......... Discourse on the plain and in the synagogue Discourse on pollution........ Syrophoenician woman........ Miracles:--Healing of the deaf and dumb man........ " of many sick...... Feeding four thousand .... Parable of leaven.......... Healing blind man.......... Peter's confession of Christ's Divinity . . Transfiguration.......... Healing demoniac child....., Predictions of His Passion . . . . , The stater in the fish's mouth . . . Lesson on docility........ ,, forgiveness....... ,, self-denial....." . Parable of the unmerciful servant . , The Feast of Tabernacles . . . , Discourses ........ Officers sent to arrest Him . The adulteress..... Discourses....... Threatened with stoning Healing of blind man, and discourses Christ the Door........ Good Shepherd .... Feast of Dedication...... Christ's oneness with the Father . " retreat across the Jordan . " raising of Lazarus .... " retreat to Ephraim . . . * " repulse by the Samaritans * Mission of the Seventy ..... * Parable of the Good Samaritan . * Visit to Martha and Mary . . . * The Lord's. Prayer...... Sea ol Genne saret, . Gadara Capernaum Gennesaret Capernaum Mach33rus Bethsaida Lake . . Capernaum Phoenicia. . Decapolis. . Gennesaret . Bethsaida Mount Tabor, or Hermon »» * Galilee. . . Capernaum . Jerusalem Parable of the importunity of a friend The dumb spirit......... The rich fool.......... God's providence to birds and flowers The barren fig tree ........ The woman with an infirmity . . . * The mustard seed......, * Healing the man with dropsy . . . * Lesson on humility....... Persea . . Bethany . . Ephraim . . Samaria . . Galilee . . . Jerusalem . Bethany . . Mount of 0- lives . . . Jerusalem Matt. xii. 22 xii. 24 ii. 43 ii. 46 xiii.,1-9,18 --23 iii. 24 riii. 31 iii. 33 * * * * :iii. 44 xiii. 45 xiii. 47 viii. 24 viii. 28 ix. 15 ix. 16,17 Mark. ix. 27 ix. 32 x.l xiv. 1 xiv. 13 xiv. 25 xiv. 34 xv. 1--20 xv. 21 xv. 29 xv. 32 xvi. 5 xvi.13* xvii. 1 xvii. 14 xvii. 22 xvii. 27 xviii. 1 xviii. 15 xviii. 18 xviii. 23 iii. 19 iii. 22 iii. 31 iv.1,14-20 iv.30 iv. 21 iv.37 v.l v. 22 vi. 6--11 vi. 14 vi. 30 vi. 48 Luke. vii. 1--23 vii. 24 vii. 32 viii. 1 viii. 14 viii. 22 viii. 27 ix. 2 ix. 14 ix. 30 ix. 33 ix. 43 vii. 36 viii. 1--3 viii. 4, ll- viii. 16 viii. 23 viii. 27 viii. 41 ix. 1-3 ix. 7 ix. 12 John. vi. 1 vi. 19 vi. 22--70 ix. 18 ix. 28 ix. 37 ix. 43 ix. 46 vi.9-13 ix. 53 : x. 1-17 ! x. 30 x. 38 xi. 2--4 ! xi. 5 xi. 14 xii. 16 xii. 22-)30 xiii. 6 xiii. 11 xiii. 18 xiv. 1-xiv. 7 vii. 2,10 vii. 30-46 vii. 30,46 viii. 3 viii. 12 viii. 59 ix. 1 x.l x. 11 x. 22 x. 30 x. 40 xi. 1 xi. 54 As an interval of nearly three months occurred between the Feasts of Tabernacles and Dtiication, some place the events marked* in that interval, and vary their order, putting the "healing of t^e ten lepers" immediately after the "repulse by the Samaritans." _ Harmony of the Gospels-(continued). A.D. 28 29 29 Events. Parables:--The Great supper...... " Lost sheep and piece of silver....... " Frqdigal son...... " Unjust steward..... " Dives and Lazarus.... * The ten lepers........... Parables:--Importunate widow..... Pharisee and publican .... Rich young man...... Labourers in the vineyard . . Ten pounds........ * Healing blind Bartimaeus......, The Last Passover. The supper in Simon's house...... Mary anoints Jesus.......... Triumphal entry into the temple .... Retirement to Bethany........ Cursing the fig tree.......... Cleansing the temple......... Retirement to Bethany........ The withered fig tree and its lesson . . . Discourses in the temple:-- The father and two sons . . . The wicked husbandmen . . . The wedding garment .... Tribute money....... The Sadducees and resurrection " Great commandment . . . " Widow's mite...... " Eight woes....... Destruction of Jerusalem and of the world ...... Parables:--Ten virgins........ Talents.......... Sheep and goats...... Warning of the betrayal........ The counsel of the Sanhedrin...... Judas' betrayal........... Preparation of the Passover...... Washing the apostles' feet....... The breaking of bread........ "One of you shall betray me" . . . . . "Is it IV"............. The giving of the sop. " That thou doest, do quickly" . . . . ..... Departure of Judas.......... Peter warned........... . The blessing the cup......... The discourses after supper....... Christ's prayer for His apostles..... The hymn............. The agony............. His prayer (repeated thrice)...... His sweat, and the angel's comfort .... The sleep of the apostles........ Betrayal by Judas.......... Peter smites Malchus......... Christ heals the ear of Malchus..... " forsaken by His disciples..... " led to Annas.......... " tried by Caiaphas......, . Peter follows Christ......... The high priest's adjuration...... Christ condemned, buffeted, mocked . . . Peter's denial of Christ........ Christ before Pilate.......... Repentance of Judas......... Pilate comes out to the people *..... " speaks to Jesus privately..... " orders Him to be scourged . . . . Jesus crowned with thorns....... " exhibited by Pilate: " Ecce Homo!" " accused formally........ " sent by Pilate to Herod, mocked, arrayed in purple........ "Behold your King!" ........ Pilate desires to release Him...... " receives a message from his wife . . " washes his hands........ " releases Barabbas........ " delivers Jesus to be crucified. . . . Simon of Cyrene carries the cross . . . . They give Him vinegar and gall..... Nail Him to the cross......... The superscription .......... Locality. Matt. Mabk. Luke. John. Jerusalem. xiv. 12 99 XV. 1 XV 11 A V » -Li. xvi. 1 " xvi. 19 Samaria xvii. 11 Jerusalem xviii. 1 ,y xviii. 9 tt xix. 16 x. 17 xviii. 18 XX. 1 * xix. 12 Jericho . xx. 29 x. 46 Bethany . xxvi. 6-13 xiv. 3--9 * * . * xii.l >> * xxvi. 7 xiv. 3 xii. 3 Jerusalem. xxi. 1--17 xi. 1--11 xix. 29--41 xii. 12--20 Bethany . xxi. 17 xi. 11 Mount of Olives . xxi. 18 xi.12 Jerusalem. xxi. 12 xi. 15 xix. 45 Bethany . * * * * xi. 19 Mount of Olives . * * * * xi. 20 Jerusalem. xxi. 28 f f * xxi. 33 xii. 1 xx. 9 xxii. 1 xxii. 15 xii. 13 xx. 20 > * xxii. 23 xii. 18 xx. 27 9 * xxii. 34 xii. 28 9 * * * * * xii. 41 xxi. 1 » * xxiii. «* * xxiv. 1 xiii. 1 xxi. 5 Mount of Olives . xxv. 1 »* * xxv. 14 *» * xxv. 31 Bethany . xxvi. 1 Jerusalem. xxvi. 3 xiv.l xxii. 1 j» * xxvi. 14 xiv. 10 xxji. 3 #» * xxvi. 17 xiv. 12 xxii. 7 xiii. 1--17 t> * xxvi. 26 xiv. 22 xxii.* 19* xxii. 21 xiii. 18 »» * xxvi. 22--25 xiv. 19 Xiii. 26, 27 * * * xiii. 30 t > * >» * xxvi. 34 xiv. 30 xxii! 34 xiii. 36 t> * xxvi. 28 xiv. 24 xiv.---xvi. n * ? * * * xvii. 9* * 9* * xxvi. 30 xiv. 26 * * * * Gethsemane xxvi. 37 xiv. 33 xxii. 39 xviii. 1 >» * xxvi. 39-44 xiv. 36t39 xxii. 42 xxii 43 44 ft « xxvi. 40-45 xiv. 37-41 »» * xxvi. 47--50 xiv.43,44 xxii. 47 xviii.2--i Jt * xxvi. 51 xiv. 47 xxii. 50 xviii. 10 xxii. 51 ,, . xxvi. 58 xiv. 50 Jerusalem. xviii. 12 !> ' xxvi. 57 xiv. 53 xxii." 54 xviii. 15 If * xxvi. 58 xiv. 54 xxii. 55 xviii. 15 99 ' xxvi. 63 xiv. 61 * 1 * xxvi. 66,67 xiv. 64.65 xxii. 63--05 xviii .17--27 »» * xxvi. 69 xiv. 66 xxij. 55--59 xviii. 28 11 * xxvii. 1 XV. 1 xxiii. 1 * » * xxvii. 3 xviii 28 Jl * ?". T 111* XAJ »» * xxvii. 26 xv. 15 * * * * xix. 1 »* * xxvii. 29 xv. 17 * * * * xix. 2 xix, 5 » * xxvii. 11 xv. 2 xxiii. 2* »» « xxiii. 6--11 * » * t» * xxvii. 15 xv. 6 xxiii. 17 ' xix. 14 »l * xxvii. 19 M * xxvii. 24 »* * xxvii. 26 >t * .... xv. 15 xxiii. 25 xix. 16 ft * xxvii. 32 xv. 21 xxiii. 26 Golgotha . xxvii. 34 xv. 23 xxiii. 36 if * xxvii. 35 * * * xxiii. 33 xix. 18] * * * xxvii. 37 xv. 26 xxiii. 38 xix. 19 Harmony of the Gospels-(continued). A.D. 29 Events. The Seven Woed3. 1. Father, forgive them........ His garments parted, and vesture allotted Passers-by rail, the two thieves revile . . The penitent thief......... 2. To-day shalt thou be with me in Paradise .............. 3. Woman, behold thy Son, &c........ The darkness........... 4. My God, my God, why hast thou for- saken met........... 5. I thirst ............ The vinegar........... 6. It is finished........... 7. Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit.............. Rending of the veil........., Opening of graves, and resurrection of saints............. Testimony of centurion........ Watching of the women........ Piercing His side........... Taking down from the cross, and burial by Joseph of Arimathfea and Nicodemus . A guard placed at the door, which was sealed............. The Great Forty Days. Women carry spices to the tomb .... An angel had rolled away the stone . . . Women announce the resurrection. . . . Peter and John run to the tomb .... The women return to the tomb..... The guards report it to the chief priests . . Appearances op Christ after His Resurrection. 1. To Mary Magdalene........ "All hail! Fear not. Touch me not." . . 2. To the women returning home .... " Go, tell my brethren that they go into Galilee; there shall they see me." 3. To two disciples going to Emmaus . . (Exposition of prophecies on the Passion). 4. To Peter.......(1 Cor. xv. 5) 5. To ten apostles in the upper room . . "Peace be unto you. As my Father hath sent me, even so send I you." "Receive ye the Holy Ghost. Whose soever sins ye remit," &c. 6. To the eleven apostles in the upper room.............. " Peace be unto you." To Thomas. " Beach hither thy finger," &c. "Blessed are they that have not seen, and yet have believed." 7. To seven apostles at the Sea of Tiberias To Peter. " Feed my sheep. Feed my lambs." 8. To eleven apostles on a mountain in Galilee.......(1 Cor. xv. 5) "All power is given unto me in heaven and, in earth." " Go ye and teach all nations, baptizing them," &c. " Lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen." 9. To five hundred brethren at once . . (1 Cor. xv. 6) 10. To James.......(1 Cor. xv. 1) 11. Ascension........ " 12. To Paul........(1 Cor. xv. 8) Locality. Golgotha . Jerusalem. Golgo'tha ! The Garden Jerusalem Tile Garden Jerusalem The Garden Emmaus . Jerusalem. Tiberias . Galilee . . Galilee, or Bethany Bethany . Damascus(?) Matt. xxvii. 35 xxvii. 39-44 xxvii. 45 xxvii. 46 xxvii. 48 xxvii. 51 xxvii. 52 xxvii. 54 xxvii. 55 xxvii. 57-60 xxvii. 65,66 xxviii. 1 xxviii. 2 xxviii. 8 xxviii.U-15 xxviii. 9 xxviii. 9 xxviii. 16 Mark. xv. 24 xv. 29--32 xv. 33 xv. 34 xv. 36 xv. 38 xv. 39 xv. 40 xv. 46 xvi.2 xvi. 9,10 xvi. 12 xvi. 14 xvi. 19 Luke. xxiii. 34 xxiii.23--34 xxiii. 35 xxiii. 40 xxiii. 43 xxiii. 44 ' xxiii. 46 xxiii. 45 xxiii. 47 xxiii. 49 xxiii. 53 xxiv. 12 xxiv. 1 xxiv. 13 xxiv. 34 xxiv. 36 xxiv. 50, 51 John. xix.23 xix.26,27 xix. 28 xix. 29 xix. 30 xix. 31 xix. 38 xix.39-42 xx. 1, 2 xx. '6 xx. 14 xx. 17 xx. 19 xx. 26 xxi.1-24 __________________________________________________________________ PAUL'S MISSIONARY JOURNEYS. I. With Barnabas and John Mark (Acts xiii., xiv.). Antioch (in Syria), the centre of Gentile evangelization. Barnabas and Saul, specially called by the Holy Ghost to mission work, and taking with them John Mark, go to Seleucia (port of Antioch), whence they sail to the island of Cyprus (the native place of Barnabas), landing at the eastern extremity, Salamis, a populous mercantile port. The apostles preached in the synagogues there; then traversed the isle (100 miles) to Paphos, its western extremity, the capital city. Here Elymas was struck blind, and the Roman proconsul, Sergius Paulus, converted. They crossed to the southern shore of Asia Minor, landing at Perga, the ancient port of Pamphylia, whence goods from the interior were exported. Here John Mark returned home. The apostles went up into the mountains, on which journey they are supposed to have suffered the trials enumerated in 2 Cor. xi. 26, 27, till they reached Antioch (in Pisidia), a central resting place, just over "the pass," where the great road from Ephesus into Asia intersected the southern road. It was a Roman colony. They preached in the synagogue, one sabbath to Jews (Paul's first recorded sermon), and the next to Greeks. Ejected by the rulers, they followed the great road to Iconium (capital of Lycaonia, a dreary plateau). They stayed "a long time," making many converts, till, a factious mob trying to stone them, they fled to Lystra, a small rural town of simple heathens. Paul healing a cripple, they were treated as gods (Jupiter and Mercury), till Jews from Iconium followed, declaring them to be impostors, and had them stoned. They fled to Derbe, a small town away from the high-road, where they rested awhile, returning by the same route through Lystra, Iconium, Antioch, to Perga, where they taught with no great success; so sailed back to Antioch, where they reported their work to a full assembly of the congregation, and abode there a long time (probably six or seven years). II. With Silas (Acts xv. 36--xviii. 22). Antioch (in Syria), the starting point, whence they went by land through Syria and Cilicia, confirming the Churches, and delivering the decrees of the Council of Jerusalem. Thence across the mountains to Derbe and Lystra, where Paul circumcised Timothy, and took him with him through Phrygia and Galatia, where Paul fell sick (Gal. iv. 13), and, being forbidden by the Spirit to go into the province of Asia, went into Mysia: but, again being forbidden to pursue his intended journey to Bithynia, he was divinely guided to Troas, where he met with Luke; had a vision of a Macedonian inviting him to Greece; embarked, touched at Samothracia, and landed at Neapolis (Kavala), the seaport; whence he went up by land, across the Pharsalian plain, to Philippi (in Macedonia), a Roman "colony," i.e. having the same laws and rights as Rome itself. Lydia was converted; the sorceress exorcised, and her masters charged the apostles before the magistrates, who scourged and imprisoned them. They were miraculously released by night; converted and baptised the jailer and his household. Paul left here Luke and Timothy, passed through Amphipolis and Apollonia to Thessalonica (metropolis of Macedonia), where he stayed three sabbaths. Assailed by a Jewish mob, Jason, his host, being bound over to keep the peace, Paul escaped to Beroea, where he was well received till persecutors followed him; then he was sent to Athens, probably by sea, leaving Silas, for whom he waited; conversing with the philosophers, till forced to address them on Mars' hill, but with little success; so he retired to Corinth, a great mercantile centre, which for one and a half years he made the head-quarters of evangelizing efforts on Achaia. Here he was joined by Silas and Timothy, and wrote the two Epistles to the Thessalonians. He was driven from the synagogue, and brought before Gallio; was received by Aquila and Priscilla, whom he converted, and with whom he sailed from Cenchrea, the eastern port of Corinth, to Ephesus; where he left Aquila and Priscilla, going on himself to Cæsarea; whence it is supposed he went by land to Jerusalem, to keep the Feast of Pentecost (xviii. 21), and then returned to Antioch, where he remained "some time" (probably less than a year). III. With Timothy ( Acts xviii. 23--xxi. 33). Antioch (Syria), starting point; thence through Galatia and Phrygian of which no incidents are recorded, to Ephesus, where Apollos had baptised converts only to repentance, and with an imperfect form, whom Paul re-baptised; staying there three years, refuting false philosophy and imposture of sorcerers, who publicly burnt their books, confessing their fraud. He retired from the synagogue; taught in the school of Tyrannus; wrote one Epistle to Corinthians, and to Galatians; remained over the great annual Pan-Ionic festival of Diana, when Demetrius roused the craftsmen, and Paul was sent away by his friends to Macedonia, where he visited and encouraged his converts in the various places visited in the former journey; passing on into Greece, where he stayed three months, probably visiting the Churches established at Corinth and in Achaia. He intended to sail from Cenchrea to Syria, but was waylaid by the Jews, so he sent the main body of his companions on in advance to Troas, viz. Sopater (of Beroea), Aristarchus and Secundus (of Thessalonica), Gaius (of Derbe), Timotheus (of Iconium), Tychicus and Trophimus (of the province of Asia). Philippi was reached by some secret and unrecorded route by Paul, who was there joined by Luke. They sailed thence together, and in five days reached Troas, where they remained seven days. Paul preached in an upper room; Eutychus fell from the window, but was healed by Paul, who "broke bread" in the congregation, and departed by land to meet his companions at Assos, who had gone round the coast on board the ship. At Assos Paul embarked, and they touched at Mitylene; the next day anchoring off Chios, and the day following put in at Trogyllium, a promontory on the coast opposite the island of Samos. The next day they touched at Miletus, where they probably remained two days, as Paul sent a messenger by land to the presbyters of Ephesus to come to him, when he took a solemn farewell of them. Launching thence, they sailed with a fair wind past Coos and Rhodes to Patara, where they changed vessels, embarking on one sailing direct to Syria; sighting Cyprus, but leaving it to the left (i.e. sailing south of it), landed at Tyre, where the vessel discharged her cargo, remaining seven days, and where the disciples warned Paul not to go to Jerusalem. The Christians accompanied him to the ship, knelt on the shore, and prayed; thence to Ptolemais (Acre), remaining one day; from whence they went to Cæsarea, staying many days with Philip, the deacon, where Agabus bound his own hands and feet with Paul's girdle, signifying his approaching imprisonment. From thence Paul's party, accompanied by Mnason (of Cyprus), went up by land to Jerusalem, where they were received by a full assembly of the apostles and elders, who advised Paul to purify himself from his contact with Gentiles by joining four men in the completion of a vow, defraying their expenses. While engaged in these religious exercises he was seized by a tumultuous mob, from whom the Roman chief captain extricated him, put him in prison, and sent him to Cæsarea, to the governor Felix. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ PAUL'S VOYAGE TO ROME. With Aristarchus and certain Prisoners under charge of Julius, a Centurion of the Augustan Cohort. Cæsarea. Paul sailed thence on a vessel bound for Adramyttium, touching at Sidon, where he visited his friends. Thence to leeward of Cyprus (i.e. on the N. side), under the shores of Cilicia and Pamphylia, to Myra (a city of Lycia), where they were transhipped to an Alexandrian corn vessel bound for Italy, which coasted along the southern shore of Asia Minor (130 miles in "many days") to Cnidus, the extreme S.W. promontory; where the wind and current from the Archipelago caught and drove the ship southward to Crete, where they rounded Cape Salmone, and got under the shelter of its southern coast, and sailed along it to Fair Havens, near which, inland, was Lasea, and where Paul advised them to winter; the harbour, however, being incommodious they tried to reach Phenice, which had a harbour, sheltered towards the N.W. and S.W.; but theywere caught by the wind Euroclydon from the N. W.; and under shelter of Clauda (an island to S. of Crete) they prepared for a tempest by striking sail, undergirding the ship, turning her head to wind, and lying to, so as to avoid being driven on the "Syrtes" to the N. of Libya. So they drifted slowly W. by N., at the rate of 36 miles in 24 hours, till the fourteenth day, i.e. thirteen and a half days, till midnight = 486 miles; and St. Paul's Bay is 480 miles from Clauda in an exact line W. by N. Second day, "they lightened the ship;" third day, they "cast out the tackling;" fourteenth night, they drew near to land in the neighbourhood of rocks; fourteenth day, they ran the ship aground in a creek of Melita (Malta), where they landed by swimming, or on portions of wreck. Here the viper fastened on Paul's hand; and he healed Publius (the chief man of the island) of fever and dysentery. After three months, they sailed in an Alexandrian corn ship by Syracuse (Sicily), where they stayed three days; and, making a circuit, they came to Rhegium (Italy), and after one day they reached Puteoli (Pozzuoli), in the Bay of Naples, where they rested seven days; thence they went by the Appian Way to Appii Forum, where brethren from Rome met him, with whom they came to Rome, and Paul remained in custody of a soldier for two full years in his own hired house. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE. The country to the east of the Levant, measured from N. to S., beginning above Antioch and ending in the plain below Beer-sheba, is 360 miles in length, 60 in breadth at the narrowest, 100 at the widest part. The northern part (nearly two-thirds of the whole) is known as "Syria," the southern as "Palestine." Physical Formation. It is as mountainous as Switzerland, though the mountains do not attain a great elevation. __________________________________________________________________ Syria. A branch of Mount Taurus running southward soon divides into two main forks, the one (Libanus) following the coast line, the other (Anti-Libanus) turning inland, and then sweeping westward, till it joins the other in the rocky heights that form the northern wall of the Plain of Esdraëlon. The latter is broader, but less elevated than the former, and more barren, but it throws out one lofty off-shoot in the jagged needle points of Hermon (10,000 feet), from which there is spread out a fan-like range tending eastward, which sweeps along the plain past Damascus to Palmyra. A little S. of Hermon the mountains of Gilead commence, which extend in an irregular chain southward, till they join those of Moab and Edom, which skirt the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. Libanus runs from N. to S. along the western coast, broken only in three places: (1) by the great valley of the Orontes (where Antioch stands), (2) by the narrow plain of Issus (near Iskanderûn), and (3) by the wide break called the "Entrance of Hamath" (Numb. xxxiv.); until, having reached its highest point (10,000 feet) near "The Cedars," it turns abruptly westward, and projects a precipitous promontory into the sea between Tyre and Achzib (Josh. xix. 29), creating a natural barrier between Syria and Palestine. Between the mouths of the Orontes valley and the entrance of Hamath, a wide plain stretches along the sea-coast, on which stood Laodicea (Latakea); and, below it, the mountain range throws off frequent lateral roots E. and W., sometimes jutting into the sea, forming alternate bays and promontories, on the latter of which are successively situated, Tripoli, Beyrout, Sidon, and Tyre. Between the two branches, Libanus and Anti-Libanus, lies the plain of Coele-Syria (70 by 7 miles), drained by the river Leontes, which for four-fifths of its course flows towards the S.W., but then turning W. through a very narrow gorge, empties itself into the Mediterranean about two miles from Tyre. __________________________________________________________________ PALESTINE. Palestine begins at Achzib. It is bounded on the W. by the Mediterranean, and on the E. by the Jordan. Its total length is about 140 miles, and its average breadth 70. The whole country between these boundaries is an irregular mass of mountain range, rising in a central core, which extends from the gorge of the Leontes, with but one break, till it terminates almost precipitously at Beer-sheba. That one break is the Plain of Esdraelon, which cuts both the range and the country in half, running irregularly across from the Mediterranean (at Kaifa) to the Jordan, near Beth-shan. This plain is bounded on the N. by the rocky heights of Nazareth, terminating in the Mount of Precipitation and Mount Tabor; on the E. by Little Hermon, or "the hill of Moreh" (an isolated off-shoot of Anti-Libanus); and on the S. and W. by the range of Carmel, which, coming up from the sea, sweeps round S.E. by Jenin (En-gannim), till it recoils with a northward termination (Mount Gilboa), which almost divides the plain in half. It then throws off a number of isolated knolls and undulating downs about Dothan and the "Hill of Samaria," and connects itself with the main Samaritan range (Ebal and Gerizim). Continuing its southernly course, it joins the "hill country of Judæa," gradually increasing in elevation until it reaches its culminating point in the plateau of Mamre (above Hebron), about 3,600 feet above the sea. One spur of this range, tending eastward, terminates in an abrupt cliff, surrounded on three sides by a deep narrow gorge (Hinnom and Kedron, which meet at the foot), forming a natural moat. On this spur stands Jerusalem (the ancient impregnable fortress of Jebus), which, with Mount Olivet, the opposite crown of the Kedron gorge, Bethlehem, on one peak of the main range, and the "House of Abraham," at Mamre, are the highest points in Palestine. This mountain range is cleft lengthwise (from N. to S.) by a singular phenomenon, viz. a great deep valley, which begins at Antioch and extends to the Gulf of Akaba. At first it follows the course of the Orontes, then that of the Leontes, forming the "Valley of Lebanon," for an extent of 70 miles. It then falls rapidly to the upper fountains of the Jordan, joins the plains of Htileli, and forms the Jordan valley to the Dead Sea, whence it continues to the Gulf of Akaba. The valley of Lebanon at its northern extremity is 2,300 feet above" the sea-level; at Huleh it is level with the Mediterranean; while the surface of the Sea of Tiberias is 682 feet, and that of the Dead Sea 1,292 feet below it. From thence the valley gradually rises, until it reaches the sea-level at Ezion-geber. This valley is 300 miles long, 140 of which are below the level of the sea, forming a deep and wide trench in the mountain chain, so that to one standing in Palestine, the eastern bank of the Jordan seems to be flanked by a continuous range of mountains, which is really only the edge of the cleft, the elevated plateau continuing eastward in a gentle decline, till it dies into the "Syrian Desert." Summary. Mountains. The two great ranges are: Eastern--Anti-Libanus, Bashan, Gilead, Moab, and Edom; Western--Libanus, Carmel, Samaritan and Judæan Hills. Plains. Maritime.--Sharon, on the western coast between Joppa and Hor, which extends somewhat inland; Philistia, a narrower strip, running southward from Joppa to the "Desert of Shur," known as the "Land of the Philistines," who gave to the country its name "Palestine." Central-- Esdraëon, the battle-field of Palestine, is an irregular triangle, one side (12 miles) formed by the Galilæan hills, another (18 miles) running from the E. to the Samaritan range, a third (15 miles), from Jenin to the mountains of Nazareth. But it consists of three parts: (1) N., terminating in a narrow pass into the plain of Accho W., and runnng on past Tabor eastward to the hills of Galilee. This is the Plain of Megiddo, where Barak defeated Sisera, and Pharaoh-Necho Josiah. It is bounded on the S. by the terminations of Little Hermon and Gilboa, between which runs (2) the Plain of Jezreel, descending past the well of Harod (where Gideon's 300 men lapped with their tongues, Judg. vii.), by Beth-shan, where the bodies of Saul and Jonathan were exposed, to the banks of the Jordan; and (3) the Plain of Jenin (En-gannim, "the garden-house" (2 Kin. ix. 27), towards which Ahaziah fled from Jehu) extends southward from Gilboa to the Samaritan range. The most important historically is (2), in which the Philistines from Hermon triumphed over Saul encamped on Gilboa. At the foot of the former hill were Shunem, Nain, and En-dor; on the latter (Gilboa) stood Jezreel, and at its foot lay Naboth's vineyard. Here were fought most of the battles between Israel and the Syrians (2 Kings). Eastern.-- Aramæa (the "Highland" lying to the N.E. of Palestine), a vast plateau, extending from the mountains of Gilead and Bashan to the Euphrates eastward; from the Lebanons to the Arabian Desert southward. This tract must be divided into three parts: (1) Aram-Naharaim (Highland between the two Rivers), or Padan-Aram, lying between the Tigris and Euphrates, better known by its Greek name, Mesopotamia; (2) Aram-Damesk (Highland of Damascus), 2 Sam. viii. 6. (3) "Wilderness" of Aram (2 Chron. viii. 4), still called the Hauran. It must be noted, that where "Syria" or "Syrian language" occurs in the Authorised Version, the original has "Aram" and "Aramaic" respectively. Plateaux. Bashan, Gilead, Hauran. Valleys. The great central depression intersecting the country from N. to S., beginning with that of Orontes (in the N.), followed by that of Lebanon or Coele-Syria, Huleh, Jordan, Siddim, and Akaba. Rivers. Orontes, flowing N. from Mount Libanus through Antioch to the Mediterranean, 149 miles; Leontes, rising near Baalbek, flows S. down the valley of Lebanon to the Mediterranean, 55 miles; Barada (Abana) rises in Anti-Libanus, flows in many channels to Damascus (23 miles), and is absorbed in irrigating the plain. Arnon was the boundary between Moab and the Amorites, and became the southern frontier of the Israelites east of Jordan. It enters the Dead Sea through a narrow chasm in the rock. Jabbok rises in the eastern plateau, winds westward down a narrow gorge, and falls into the Jordan, halfway between the Sea of Galilee and Dead Sea. Except during the winter rains, it is almost dry. It was the boundary between the territories of Sihon and Og (Josh. xii.); and also the northern frontier of Ammon, and the scene of Jacob's wrestling with the angel (Gen. xxxii. 22-24). Kishon drains the Plain of Esdraëlon, and falls into the Bay of Kaifa. Jordan (?descending) rises at the foot of Hermon, and passing through the waters of Merom and Sea of Tiberias, falls into the Dead Sea, from which there is no outlet. The direct distance between its source and mouth is 92 miles; from the Sea of Tiberias to the Dead Sea 60; but its course between the two is 200, with a fall of 610 feet in 60 miles. Kedron is now a dry bed, running from Jerusalem to the Dead Sea. Lakes. Merom (Huleh), six miles long by four broad; Tiberias, fifteen by eight miles; Dead Sea (or Lake Asphaltites), 46 by 10 miles. __________________________________________________________________ CHIEF TOWNS OF SYRIA. Antioch, the capital of the Seleucidæ, is situated 16 miles from the sea (41 from the mouth of the tortuous Orontes); its seaport was Seleucia. It was the third city in the Roman Empire, became the first centre of Christian Missions under Paul and Barnabas (Acts xiii. 1, 2, &c., and after the destruction of Jerusalem was the head of the Eastern Church, its Patriarchate extending to Babylon, and enclosing the whole of Syria and Palestine. Damascus is the most ancient existing city. Founded by Uz, son of Aram, son of Shem, it has existed as a city without intermission for about 4,000 years, and is still prosperous, with a population of 150,000. It owes its continued prosperity to its unique position, at the foot of the barren mountains that form the eastern termination of Anti-Libanus, and at the edge of the wide sandy desert that stretches for eight days' journey to the Euphrates. It is a paradise in a wilderness, the "garden of the Lord" in the middle of wide-spread desolation. Its luxuriance is due to the river Abana (and its tributary the Pharpar), which bursts out from the mountains, forces a passage through the limestone rock, distributes its waters over the alluvial deposit brought down by its boisterous torrent, and is entirely absorbed in a plain only 30 miles in diameter. It was probably visited by Abram in his journey to Canaan (Gen. xv. 2), whence he obtained his steward; and to it he pursued the four kings who sacked Sodom. It was subjugated by David (2 Sam. viii. 6), after which, under the dynasty of the Hadads, its policy was to encourage internecine war between the rival kingdoms of Israel and Judah, siding sometimes with one, sometimes with the other, and it is alternately conquered and victorious, until the Assyrians triumph over it and Israel (2 Kings xvi. 9); but it is called by Isaiah "the head of Syria" (Is. vii. 8). For a time it became inferior to Antioch; after the battle of Issus it passed into the hands of the Romans; in Paul's time was held by Aretas the Arabian (2 Cor. xi. 32); grew in magnificence; and when captured by Mahometan Arabs (A.D. 634) it was "one of the first cities of the East." Tyre (Tsur--the Rock) probably gave its name to Syria. Its marvellous wealth and commerce are described by Ezekiel (xxvii.), and its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar foretold (Ezek. xxvi. 7), which happened after thirteen years' siege. It was rebuilt on an island rock, but again stormed by Alexander. The Israelites were unable to take it (Judg. i. 31). David and Solomon made peace with Hiram its king (2 Sam. v. 11; 1 Kings v.). Our Lord once visited its neighbourhood (Matt. xv. 21), and Paul landed at its port (Acts xxi. 3). Zidon (Saïda--Fishing), the mother city of Phoenicia (Is. xxiii. 12), is said to take its name from a son of Canaan; but it is more probable that it obtained it from the primary occupation of its Canaanite builders, and that Sidon is the Greek spelling of the Syriac Saida. It is one of the oldest cities in the world, already famous in Joshua's time (xix. 28). Her architects were the best in Syria (1 Kings v.); Ahab married the daughter of her king Ethbaal. It was captured by Shalmaneser, B.C. 720, and again by the Persians, B.C. 350. Paul touched there on his voyage to Rome (Acts xxvii. 3). Near to Zidon stood Zarephath, where Elijah was received by the widow (1 Kings xvii. 9). __________________________________________________________________ CHIEF TOWNS OF PALESTINE. On the Coast. 1. Accho, or Akka, near the foot of Mount Carmel, was occupied by Phoenicians whom the tribe of Asher could not dislodge. It is only once mentioned in the Old Testament (Judg. i. 31), and once in the New, under its later Greek.name, Ptolemais (Acts xxi. 7). Under the Crusaders it became the seat of the Christian kingdom, and head-quarters of the Knight Templars, whence it took the name of Saint Jean d'Acre. The plain of Accho, watered by the Kishon, is the most fertile in Palestine. 2. Cæsarea has no place in history before Christ. It was only a poor landing place, 27 miles N. of Joppa, till Herod the Great built a city there worthy of the Roman power, made it the seat of government, and called it Cæsarea Sebaste (Augusta) in honour of the Emperor. It was the central depôt of Roman troops. 3. Joppa (Jaffa, Yafa) is a place of very great antiquity. It was allotted to Dan (Josh. xix. 46). It was the port at which the timber from Lebanon for Solomon's temple was landed (2 Chron. ii. 16), and again for rebuilding it (Ezra iii. 7). From it Jonah embarked to flee to Tarshish (in Spain); here Peter restored Dorcas to life, had his vision, and received the messengers of Cornelius. It is frequently mentioned in the wars of the Maccabees. It is about 35 miles distant by road from Jerusalem. Central. The main cities of Palestine were on heights naturally strong, and were fortified also by art. Bethsaida (Julias, so called after the daughter of Augustus) was built by Philip the tetrarch on the Jordan, two miles above the Sea of Galilee. The two cities so called both got their name, "House of Fishing," from the great shoals attracted thither by the hot springs. It was here Christ fed the five thousand (Luke ix. 10-17). Bethsaida (Et-Tabigheh), principally mentioned in the Gospels, and warned by the fate of its namesake Saida (Sidon) on the other sea, was about two miles south-west of Chorazin, on the beach, just under the rocky promontory on which stood Capernaum, of which it was a suburb. It was the residence of Andrew, Peter, James, John, and Philip (probably also of Thomas, John xxi. 2), and the scene of two miraculous draughts of fish. Capernaum (Khan Minyeh [6] ) was a Roman settlement with a castellated fort, on a promontory overlooking the Lake, "in the borders of Zabulon and Nephthalim." It was the centre of Roman taxation and government in Galilee; hence there was a garrison (Matt. viii. 5), with centurions and other officers. Civil representatives of the Roman power (the nobleman, John iv. 46), with a large staff of tax-gatherers (Mark ii. 15), were stationed there; but the Jews were too small and poor a colony to build their own synagogue (Luke vii. 5). It was at the junction of the four great central roads from Arabia, Egypt (viâ Jerusalem), Tyre, and Damascus, and at the northern corner of the luxuriant "Plain of Gennesaret." Though adjacent to the sea, it does not seem to have been on its beach. Our Lord made it "his own city" after his rejection from Nazareth; he often taught in their synagogue, yet only once did he illustrate his teaching by a parable taken from seafaring pursuits (namely, the "Draw-net"); but usually chose illustrations from the cultivation of "the Plain," or the traffic of the merchants, who bartered their goods at the Junction Fount outside the city. Here Levi sat at receipt of custom, and entertained our Lord and many publicans at a feast. Here Christ healed the palsied man (Matt. ix. 2-7); sent Peter for the tribute-money; healed the man with a withered hand; raised Jairus' daughter; most probably converted Mary of the adjoining village of Magdala; preached that sermon on the "Bread of Life" (John vi. 59), and that "in the Plain;" and foretold its overthrow from its proud and elevated position (Matt. xi. 23, 24), noting the similarity of its site on the "Garden of Princes" to that of Sodom in the "Garden of the Lord" (Gen. xiii. 10). Cæsarea Philippi (Banias), near the upper source of the Jordan. It is probably the site of "Baal-gad," the northern limit of Joshua's conquests (Josh. xi. 17). Herod the Great erected here a temple to Cæsar Augustus, which Philip (Luke iii. 1) enlarged, calling it by the name of the reigning emperor (Tiberius Cæsar), with the addition of his own. It was here that Peter confessed Christ's Divinity, six days before He was transfigured, as is supposed, on the adjacent Hermon. Chorazin (Tell-Hum) stood on the northern shore (western extremity) of the Lake of Gennesaret, a position on that sea corresponding to that of Tyre on the Mediterranean; hence our Lord's comparison of the two (Matt. xi. 21, 22). Decapolis (Ten Cities), a district to the E. of Jordan, lying S. and S.E. of the Sea of Galilee, extending N. to Damascus, and S. to the river Jabbok, colonised by veterans from the army of Alexander, hence its Greek name. The chief of its cities were Gerasa, Gadara, Hippos, Pella, Philadelphia, Scythopolis (on the W. of Jordan). Gennesaret. The banks of the Sea of Galilee are almost precipitous. On the E. there is only one break, viz. opposite Tiberias. On the N.W. is the small bay between Chorazin and Bethsaida with its crescent-shaped plain about two miles in length by three-quarters of a mile in width, at whose southern extremity stood the promontory of Capernaum. Rounding this we come upon the rich tropical plain of " Gennesaret," the Garden of Princes, the scene of "the Sower," teeming with rich vegetation, and hedged to the waters' brink with oleanders, and the nubk thorn, filled with myriads of sparrows (Luke xii. 6). This plain sweeps into an amphitheatre of hills, having a width of about one mile in its widest part, and a length of about three from horn to horn. Magdala, at the southern extremity of the Plain of Gennesaret, behind which are the "Mount of Beatitudes," and the traditional site of the feeding the four thousand. Nazareth. Ascending that height, and journeying W. by S., we come to a wide plateau on the cluster of hills which form the northern wall of the Plain of Esdraëlon, and in its centre is a small dell, out of whose bosom rises, by a crystal fountain, a knoll on which stood Cana. Passing it we mount a higher range of hills to the W., and find ourselves on the margin of an extinct volcano, on the sides of whose crater the city of Nazareth clings with its houses tier above tier. __________________________________________________________________ [6] The identification of Capernaum with the promontory by Khan Minyeh is supported by the universal testimony of the most ancient travellers, by the minute description of Matthew, and by the whole tenor of the Gospel narrative. There is scarcely a single tenable argument in favour of Tell-Hum. __________________________________________________________________ ROYAL AND SACRED PLACES. The history of the Old Testament is mainly confined, in Palestine, to that portion below Mount Tabor, and chiefly centres round Esdraelon, Shechem, Shitoh, Beth-el, Mamre, Hebron, Jerusalem, Beer-sheba, all which towns (except the last) are on high elevations. Beer-sheba (the seven wells; or well of the oath) lay at the foot of the range, and edge of the plain stretching from Egypt round to the vale of Siddim. It is 11 miles S. of Hebron, but 12 hours' walk. To it Abraham retired after the destruction of Sodom, and lived there 75 years, Isaac 180, Jacob 77, and Esau 100. Abraham dug there two large wells, and Isaac five more, which still exist. Here Abraham built an altar, and planted a sacred grove round it, which became the first fixed sanctuary in Palestine, at which Jacob and his whole family sacrificed, as they went down into Egypt. Here Abraham received orders to take Isaac and sacrifice him, and here were enacted all the chief events of Isaac's life:--the birth of Isaac, Esau, and Jacob; the purchase by Jacob of Esau's birthright, and his reception of his father's blessing. Here Samuel's sons sat as judges (1 Sam. viii. 2), and Elijah left his servant when fleeing to Mount Sinai (1 Kings xix. 3). It was the birthplace of one queen of Judah, Zibiah, wife of Ahaziah (2 Kings xii. 1), one place of idolatrous worship (2 Kings xxiii. 8), and the southern boundary of Israel. Bethany lies on the eastern shoulder of the Mount of Olives, one and a half miles from Jerusalem, on the road to Jericho. It is reached by three roads: (1) winding westward to the N. of the summit of Olivet; (2) the oldest road, striking directly up the hill, and meeting the other beyond the summit; (3) winding round the eastern shoulder. All start from Gethsemane, in the bottom of the Kedron valley. Bethany is only celebrated for our Lord's visits to the house of Lazarus on three occasions: once when Mary sat at his feet (Luke x. 38-42); again when he raised Lazarus (John xi.); and again when, in Simon's house, Mary anointed his "body for the burial" (Matt. xxvi. 6, 7); from which time, till the night of his betrayal, he appears to have slept there every night. In the immediate neighbourhood, Jesus ascended to heaven. Beth-el (Luz, anciently a Canaanite royal city) was the boundary town between Benjamin and Ephraim (Josh. xviii. 22). Situated at the entrance of two great mountain-passes, (1) by Michmash to Jericho, (2) by Beth-horon to the plains of Sharon and Philistia by the sea, it was the key to the southern kingdom--hence it was one of Joshua's first conquests, and became the border-fortress of Israel. It stands on a height midway between Shechem and Hebron, in the very centre of the land, within sight of Jerusalem, only seven miles distant. Here Abram built his second altar, received the second promise from Jehovah, returned to sacrifice after going to Egypt. Jacob, fleeing from Esau, slept under shelter of Abram's altar, had a vision of angels, and gave to the spot its name, " House of God;" returned after twenty years to perform his vow there, rebuilt the altar, set up a pillar, had his name changed. Here lie buried Deborah under an oak, beneath whose shadow another Deborah (Judg. iv. 5) had her tent. Samuel made it a seat of judgment, and central place of sacrifice, to which David sent firstfruits of the spoil of Ziklag (1 Sam. xxx. 27). Jeroboam I. made it the chief sanctuary of his kingdom, setting up a calf and altar, which Josiah destroyed; but in Elijah's last visit before his translation there was a school of the prophets still existing. To it Elisha returned from Jericho, and cursed the mocking youths. Under Jeroboam II. it was a royal residence, with a royal chapel and chaplains, when the prophet Amos was sent there to warn Israel (Amos vii. 13). After the Captivity, the priest sent from Assyria to teach the settlers was stationed at Beth-el. Around Beth-el, grouped on a cluster of hills, are Ophrah (Gideon's native place), and Rimmon (the refuge of the Benjamites, Judg. xx. 45), on the E.; Ramah (Samuel's home), Mizpeh (the great place of assembly, where Saul was elected), Gibeah (Saul's native place), and Anathoth (the birthplace of Jeremiah), in a circle to the S. Bethlehem (House of Bread) is about four miles S. of Jerusalem. It is also called Ephrath and Ephratah (Mic. v. 2). It was the scene of Rachel's death and burial (Gen. xxxv. 19), the native place of Samuel's father (1 Sam. i. 1), the residence of Boaz and Ruth (Ruth iv. 11), and birthplace of David (1 Sam. xvii. 12). It was once captured by the Philistines (2 Sam. xxiii. 14). The house of Boaz, the patrimony of David, was bestowed by him on Chimham the Gileadite, and became the khan, or inn, on the great road to Egypt. It was the last rallying-point of the remnant of Judah after the invasion of Nebuchadnezzar (Jer. xli. 17), and the birthplace of our Lord (Luke ii. 11). Hebron (Kirjath-Arba, four cities), consists of four villages on a cluster of heights, about six hours' walk S. of Bethlehem, and eleven miles from Jerusalem. Its foundation is as old as that of Damascus. Sarah died and was buried here, in the cave of Machpelah, to which were brought the remains of Abraham, Isaac, Rebekah, Leah, and Jacob. It became the inheritance of Caleb, was a Levitical city, and one of refuge. It became David's first capital, where six of his sons were born, and where Joab killed Abner, and David received from the heads of the ten tribes the offer of the kingdom, and where Absalom began his rebellion. Jericho is distant about five and a half hours' walk from Jerusalem to the N.E., in the deep valley of the Jordan, near its mouth. It was the first acquisition of Joshua, miraculously thrown open to him, and required by God to be burnt as a first-offering (Josh. vi.); and a curse was imprecated on any one who rebuilt it, which fell upon Hiel the Beth-elite in the time of Ahab, 500 years later (1 Kings xvi. 34). In the time of Elisha there was a school of the prophets there. After the Captivity it became the property of Cleopatra, of whom Herod bought it, and built a palace, where he died. The Jericho of the New Testament (Riha) was one and a half miles to the S. of the old city; it was a small place, but was visited by our Lord, when he healed Bar-Timæus and converted Zacchaeus (Luke xviii. 35; xix. 1-9). Jerusalem (Jebus-Salem), the ancient royal city, as is said, of Melchi-Zedek (the King of righteousness), and chief fortress of the Jebusite tribe, stands on a spur of the main range, cleft to the S. into two ridges, of which the W. (Zion) is the highest, and the E. (Moriah) the more precipitous; the former has two peaks (Zion and Acra), and the latter two (Moriah and Bezetha), each separated from the other by a shallow depression. On Moriah Abraham offered Isaac, David the expiatory sacrifice to stay the destroying angel (2 Sam. xxiv. 25), and Solomon built the Temple. It was unconquered by the Israelites till David took it and made it the capital, from which time the history centred around it. Its isolated position and natural strength made it suitable for its purpose; but its small dimensions prevented its being more than a centre of defence and government. On its western side was the deep gorge of Hinnom, on the E. that of the Kedron (also called Jehoshaphat), which two unite at the southern extremity, and run on to the Dead Sea, 15 miles distant. It is 33 miles from the Mediterranean, and at an elevation of 2,528 feet (highest point within) above its level. It remained the capital for 460 years, till burned by Nebuchadnezzar; but was rebuilt by Ezra and Nehemiah, and finally destroyed by the Romans, A.D. 71. In the time of our Lord it was little more than the centre of the priesthood and university of Judaism, inhabited by the literati and devotees; it contained 480 synagogues for instruction. The Temple was built on the crown of Moriah, "the threshing floor of Araunah" (2 Chron. iii. 1), with a surrounding platform of 612 feet square. The building, Naos, would seem to have stood on the summit of the rock, in which graduated platforms were cut, forming the courts of the Jews and women. The Naos, was small (60 by 20 cubits), was divided into the Holy of Holies and Holy Place (i.e. a chancel and nave), the former used once a year, the latter occupied only by the priests performing daily service. In the former was the ark; in the latter, the altar of incense (in the centre of the further end), with the table of shewbread on its one side and golden candlestick on the other. These two parts were separated by a veil, which was rent at the crucifixion (Matt. xxvii. 51). The court of the Gentiles surrounded the Naos, but was on a lower platform, separated off by a trellis fence. The Naos was like Mount Sinai, the sanctuary of Jehovah, fenced off (Exod. xix. 23) from the Gentiles' court, the plain below. Solomon finished his Temple, B.C. 1004; it was destroyed, B.C. 588; rebuilt under Ezra and Nehemiah, B.C. 515; polluted by Antiochus, B.C. 167: its restoration commenced by Herod, B.C. 17; finished, A.D. 29; again destroyed by Titus, A.D. 70. Mamre is situated half an hour's walk above Hebron, on the highest elevation in Palestine, overlooking the vale of Siddim and the Mediterranean. This was Abraham's dwelling-place, when news came to him of Lot's capture. Here he had the vision of God's spiritual Presence,--the lamp of fire (Gen. xv. 17); here Ishmael was born, the rite of circumcision was ordered, the promise by the three angels of Isaac's birth, and revelation of the destruction of Sodom were made (Gen. xviii.). Samaria, the second capital of Israel, was built by Omri (Ahab's father), on the hill of Shemer (a little N.W. of Shechem), and was the scene of many events of the monarchy. It was occupied by the Syrians (1 Kings xx. 34), taken (B.C. 720) by Assyrians, and rebuilt by Herod the Great. Shechem (Nabulus), on the side of Gerizim, was the first spot on which Abram built an altar (Gen. xii. 6); hence it is the most anciently sacred place in Hebrew history. This altar Jacob rescued from the Amorites (Gen. xlviii. 22), rebuilt and surrounded with a parcel of land he bought (Gen. xxxiii. 18-20), which became the burial-place of the Patriarchs (Acts vii. 16). It was the scene of the slaughter of the Shechemites by Simeon and Levi (Gen. xxxiv. 25); under a famous oak Jacob buried the Aramite gods, around which oak Joshua assembled the Israelites for sacrifice, and to read out the blessings (from Gerizim) and curses (from Ebal) of the Law, immediately on entering the Promised Land; and here again he assembled them to renew the covenant before he died, when he set up a pillar as a witness (Josh. xxiv. 26). At this pillar Abimelech was made king, and Rehoboam met the heads of tribes, who sought redress. Here the ten tribes revolted, and made Jeroboam their king. Its site is still known as "The Pillar." At that well of Jacob (300 paces S.E.) our Lord conversed with the Samaritan woman (John iv.). It was then the chief city of the Samaritan sect, a remnant of whom still reside there. A mile from it to the E. is Joseph's tomb. Shiloh lies a little off the road, on a knoll rising out of a secluded dell, "on the north side of Beth-el, on the east of the highway that goeth up from Beth-el to Shechem, and on the south of Lebonah" (Judg. xxi. 19). Here Joshua set up the tabernacle, made the allotment of Canaan to the tribes, dismissed them with his benediction to their possessions. It became the first great sanctuary; priests' houses sprang up round it, till it was called "the temple" (1 Sam. iii. 3). Here Eli lived and died, Samuel ministered before the Lord, and an annual festival was held in honour of the ark (Judg. xxi. 19-24). After the capture of the ark by the Philistines, Shiloh declined; but Ahijah prophesied there (1 Kings xiv. 1-17). Its destruction was made a warning to Jerusalem (Jer. vii. 12-14; xxvi. 6). Tirzah, the first capital of Israel, lies a little to the N.E. of Shechem, and is beautifully situated on a ridge projecting from Mount Ebal (Cant. vi. 4). It was originally the seat of a Canaanite king (Josh. xii. 24). Here Zimri murdered Elah; and burnt his palace over his head when Tirzah was taken by Omri (1 Kings xvi. 10, 18). __________________________________________________________________ LEVITICAL CITIES=48. Hebron, Libnah, Jattir, Eshtemoa, Holon, Debir, Ain, Juttah, Beth-shemesh (Judah and Simeon); Gibeon, Geba, Anathoth, Almon (Benjamin); Shechem, Gezer, Kibzaim, Beth-horon (Ephraim); Eltekeh, Gibbethon, Aijalon, Gath-rimmon (Dan); Tanach, Gath-rimmon, Golan, Beesh-terah (Ma-nasseh); Kishon, Dabareh, Jarmuth, En-gannim (Issachar); Mishal, Abdon, Helkath, Rehob (A-sher); Kedesh, Hammoth-dor, Kartan (Naphtati); Jokneam, Kartah, Dimnah, Nahalal (Zebulun); Bezer, Jahazah, Kedemoth, Mephaath (Reuben); Ramoth - Gilead, Mahanaim, Heshbon, Jazer (Gad). __________________________________________________________________ CITIES OF REFUGE. Hebron (in Judah), Shechem (in Ephraim), Kedesh (in Naphtali), Bezer (in Reuben), Golan (in Bashan), Ramoth (in Gilead). __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ MOUNTAINS OF SCRIPTURE. Name. References. Associations. Abarim. Num. xxxiii. 47, 48. Balaam's blessing. Ararat. Gen. viii. 4. Resting-place of the ark. Bashan. Deut. iii. 13. Part of Og's territory; famous for its oaks and wild cattle. Carmel. 1 Kin. xv iii. 19. Elijah's sacrifice. Ebal. Deut. xxvii. 4. Josh. viii. 32, 33. Cursing of law-breakers; site of the stones inscribed with the Law. Gerizim. John iv. 20. Blessing of the keepers of the Law; site of Samaritan temple. Gilboa. 1 Sam. xxxi. 8. 1 Sam. xxix. 1. Scene of Saul's death; site of Jezreel. Gilead. Gen. xxxi. 48. Scene of the covenant between Laban and Jacob. Hermon (or Mount Sion). Deut. iv. 48. Great, a conjectured site of the Transfiguration; Little, site of Shunem, En-dor, and Nain. Hor. Num. xx. 28. Scene of Aaron's death. Horeb. Ex. iii. 1. 1 Kin. xix. 8. Scene of burning bush; law-giving; Elijah's desolation. Lebanon. 2 Chron. ii. 8-10. Source of timber for Solomon's temple. Moriah. 2 Chron. iii. 1. The sacrifice of Isaac, and site of Solomon's temple; afterwards called Zion. [7] Nebo. Deut. xxxiv. 1. The range, from whose summit (Pisgah) Moses saw the Promised Land. Olivet. Scene of David's flight from Absalom; of Christ's weeping over Jerusalem; and of His Ascension. Seir. Gen. xxxvi. 8. In Idumæa (Edom); taken by Esau from the Horites. Sinai. Ex. xix. 1-11. In Arabia; scene of Israelite encampment for ten months, and of giving of the Law. Sion ?(=Zion). Heb. xii. 22. Rev. xiv. 1. Tabor. Judg. iv. 14. Mark ix. 2. Scene of Barak's camp, and, possibly, of Christ's transfiguration. Zion. 2 Sam. v. 7. Stronghold of Jebusites, stormed by Joab; site of David's palace, and of tabernacle. __________________________________________________________________ [7] The tabernacle having been erected on Zion, and all the temple worship arranged there by David, and many Psalms composed during his forty years' reign, "Zion" had become incorporated into their devotional books and language; so, after the erection of Solomon's temple, the name Zion passed over to it with the tabernacle and the service, "Moriah" dropped out of the phraseology, and the two hills, united by a wide bridge, became one in name as in consolidation. __________________________________________________________________ RIVERS, LAKES, &c. OF SCRIPTURE. N.B.--B., River; L., Lake; B., Brook; S., Sea; W., Waters. Name. Country. Events connected with each. Modern Name. Damascus, Syria. . Commended by Naaman. It is one of the Abanias.* (2 Kin. v. 12.) chief channels of the Barada, which issues from the rocks of Anti-Libanus, and is ab- sorbed in the plain of Damascus, which it renders remarkably luxuriant. Arnon, E....... E. of Jordan, Gilead. Boundary of Moab and the Amorites; scene El Mojeb. (Num. xxi. 13--15.) of a slaughter by Israel in their passage through the wilderness. Chebar, B...... Chaldaea...... Scene of Ezekiel's visions. Khabut. (Ezek. i. 1,3.) Cherith, B...... Plains of Jericho. . Elijah fed by ravens. Kelt. (1 Kin. xvii. 5.) (Gen. xv. 18.) V* * ±JJlA.XLAGbXj XJX X ±JlXllj2A J-iOiilUa [Mile. Arisrh (">) (Is. xxvii. 12.) Euphrates, E..... Mesopotamia. . . . The river on which Babylon was built; called Euphrates. (Gen. ii. 14.) "the Flood" (Josh. xxiv. 2). E. boundary of the Promised Land. Chinnereth, or, . . . Jordan valley, t . . Its name varied at different times, being Bahr Tabariyeh. Chinneroth, L. generally taken from some Important city (Num. xxxiv. 11; Josh. on its shore (these names are chronologic- xi. 2.) ally arranged). It was the scene of most of Galilee, 8. our Lord's ministerial life in Galilee; and (Matt. xv. 29.) especially of the two miraculous draughts of Gennesaret, L. fish, one at the beginning, the other at the (Luke v. 1.) close of His ministry (see " Gennesaret" and Tiberias, S. " Capernaum," pp. 70, 71). (John vi. 1.) Gihon, E.......(Gen. ii. 13.) Eden....... One boundary of Paradise. Unidentified. Habor, E....... Chaldaea...... . Captivity of Eeuben, Gad. Manasseh. and Khabour. (2Kin.xvii.6;lChron. V. 26.) ^central tribes of Israel. Hiddekel, E.....(Gen. ii. 14.) Eden....... One boundary of Paradise. Tigris, or Djilek. Gilead....... Boundary between Ammon and Moab; scene Zurka. (Gen. xxxii. 22.) of Jacob's wrestling in prayer. Jordan, E...... E. boundary, of Pa- Eiver of baptism, or beginning of new life. Sheriat-el-Khe- (2 Kin. v. 10.) lestine. bir. Palestine..... Border of inheritance of Ephraim and Ma- (Josh. xvi. 8.) nasseh. Kedron, E. ..... Scene of Adonijah's rebellion. Crossed by Kedrun. (John xviii. 1.) Christ and apostles on the night of betrayal. Kishon.E...... Palestine..... Scene of slaughter of prophets of Baal, and NahrMukatta. (Judg.iv.7; v. 21.) defeat of Sisera. Merom, W...... Asher. Salt Sea....... Canaan, S. of the Jor- Variously called; site of Sodom, Gomorrah, Bahr-Lut. (Gen. xiv. 3.) dan valley. &c. and of battle of five kings against four. Sea of the Plain. (Deut. iv. 49.) East Sea. (Joel ii. 20.) ' The Sea. (Ezek. xltii. 8.) Great Sea..... Tfpdit,PTTanpan. (Ezek.xlvii.15,19,20.) Pharpar, E. . » . . Damascus, Syria. . Tributary of Barada; praised by Naaman. Taura.^# (2 Kin. v. 12.) Pison, E...... Eden....... A boundary of Paradise. (Gen. ii. 11.) Zared, B.......(Num. xxi. 12.) Boundary between Edom and Moab. El Ahsy. * Damascus has properly one great river only, the BarSda, divided into seven channels above the city, which all pass through its various quarters, carrying an abundant supply for drinking and cleansing purposes. Each branch is called a river (Nahr), and is distinguished by some special fancied property; but the two most highly esteemed, are the Abanias (Abana), and Taura (Pharpar). t It was partly in the tribe of Zebulun, partly in Naphtali, the promontory of Arameh, the N. extremity of the plain of Gennesaret, being the boundary of those tribes (Josh. xfx. 13,35). __________________________________________________________________ ETHNOLOGY. __________________________________________________________________ The cradle of the human race, both before and after the Flood, lay in Mesopotamia, whence issued the three great families from which existing nations have sprung. Babylon (on the Euphrates), the earliest city, was founded by Shemites, but subjugated by descendants of Ham, who conquered the children of Asshur (son of Shem), and planted the sister city of Nineveh (on the Tigris); the former was the capital of the Babylonians or Chaldeans, the latter of the Assyrians. __________________________________________________________________ ABORIGINES. East of Jordan. Aramæa derived its name probably from its first inhabitants, the children of Aram, a branch of whom settled on the eastern bank of the Jordan, under the various names of (1) Emim or Anakim (Deut. ii. 10, 11), a giant race, of whom Og, king of Bashan, was the last ruler. (2) The Horim, who dwelt on Mount Seir, till annihilated by the Edomites. (3) Rephaim, who penetrated to the western coast, and were conquered by the Philistines. (4) Geshueites (Josh. xiii. 2, 13), who lived eastward of Jordan, in "Syria" (2 Sam. xv. 8). (5) Amalekites (Exod. xvii. 8), probably distinct from those descended from Esau. West of Jordan. Palestine was populated by immigrants of the sons of Canaan, son of Ham, of whom there were 11 tribes, viz. (1) Sidonians (Phoenicians), on the S.W. coast; (2) Hittites or Perizzites, occupying the valleys about Hebron; (3) Jebusites, in the hill country of Judah, whose centre was Jerusalem; (4) Amorites (Highlanders), who held the mountains by Shechem; (5) Girgashites, who lived N.E. of the Sea of Galilee; (6) Hivites, in N. Syria; (7) Arkites; (8) Sinites; (9) Arvadites; (10) Zemorites, four small tribes occupying part of Phoenicia on the N.W. coast; (11) Hamathites, peopling the valley of the Orontes. To these were subsequently added the Philistines, a branch of the second son of Ham, Mizraim, who came up from Egypt and occupied the southern coast. These twelve Hamite tribes were in possession of Palestine, when Abram was called by God to migrate from Mesopotamia, and sojourn amongst them, to teach revealed religion to these prosperous worldlings, who believed only in natural causes. Their great settlements were three, viz. (1) Phoenicians (whose metropolis was Sidon), one of the most prosperous commercial nations the world has ever seen, trading with and colonising Europe, Asia, and Africa. (2) Philistines, with their five cities (Ashdod, Askelon, Gaza, Gath, and Ekron). (3) Canaanites, of the Vale of Siddim, with their five cities (Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboim, and Zoar). These three held the keys of commerce with the whole world; the Philistines only were inclined to war and to conquer the interior, the other two being content with commercial supremacy. But other nations sprang up eastward, when the cities of the plain were annihilated. Lot, Abram's nephew, deserted him, allied with the Canaanites, became corrupted by them, lost his share in the promise, and was the father of two nations, hostile to the Israelites, viz. Moab, dwelling in the mountains S.E. of the Dead Sea; and Ammon, occupying the tract N. of Moab. __________________________________________________________________ ABRAHAMIC TRIBES. From Abraham also came (1.) the Ishmaelites, a nomadic race, who occupied the "Syrian Desert," and traded between Arabia and Egypt (Gen. xxxvii. 25). (II.) The children of Keturah, to whom he gave portions in Aram, E. of Jordan; of whom the principal were the Midianites, living in the mountain wilderness of Arabia to the W. of the Gulf of Akaba, one of the earliest foes of the Israelites (Judg. vi.). To these were subsequently added the descendants of Esau: (1) the Edomites, who lived in Mount Seir, to the S. of the Dead Sea, afterwards called from them Idumæa; (2) the Amalekites, dwelling in the northern part of the wilderness of Sinai. __________________________________________________________________ ETHNOLOGICAL SUMMARY. West of Jordan, Syria and Palestine were occupied by the Canaanites; East of Jordan, by the Emims and Horites, who were subsequently dispossessed by the Edomites, Moabites, and Ammonites; the Ishmaelites scoured the "Aramaic Desert;" the Amalekites and Midianites held the mountains of the Arabian Desert (Sinai). Such were the peoples with whom Israel had to contend, when they came out of Egypt to take possession of Canaan, "the Promised Land." __________________________________________________________________ ANIMALS NAMED IN THE BIBLE. __________________________________________________________________ In its physical characteristics Palestine is unique, combining the most opposite physical features: e.g. maritime and inland, mountain and plain, luxuriance and desert, cold and tropical, glacial and volcanic, pastoral and arable. /Some species of animals, formerly abundant, have disappeared: e.g, lion, wild bull, rhinoceros, bison; but eighty species of mammalia still exist there. QUADRUPEDS. N.B.-- The Names in Italics (Col. 1) do not occur in the A.V., but the Animals are supposed to be denoted by the original text. English Name. Hebrew and Greek. Description. Ape..... (I Kin. x. 22.) Koph . . . . Apes were imported, with peacocks and sandal-wood, by Solomon from Ophir (probably Ceylon). The word used is a Hebraised form of the Sanskrit name. The baboon was known to the Egyptians. None are now found in Palestine. Ass (domestic). . . . Judg. v. 10.) Chamôr. . . . A native of Mesopotamia, of large size, the white species being most esteemed. It was the honoured animal for carrying official dignitaries, -- kings, prophets, judges. By Mosaic law its firstling was to be redeemed, as was a male child. They were guarded by many legal privileges, and a royal officer took charge of them. Six thousand seven hundred and twenty returned with the captives from Babylon. The ass, as well as the camel, was a beast of burden. Ass (wild).. . (Job xxxix. 5 --8; Jer. ii. 24; xiv. 6.) 1. 'Arôd. . . . 2. Pereh. ovaypos. 'Arod occurs only in Job; elsewhere pereh is used. The wild ass neighs like a horse, herds in droves, is more fleet than a horse, dwells in desolate places, and is very shy. It is the Asinus hemippus, seldom found now west of the Hauran. Badger. . . (Ex. xxvi. 14; Fzek. xvi. 10.) Tachash. This word occurs only of the skin used as an outer covering for the tabernacle, &c. Badgers are plentiful in Palestine, but their skin not suitable; so it is thought by some to be that of the Dugong, a mammal of the whale family, caught in the Red Sea; but tachash seems a generic word for "dolphins," "seals," &c. and in Ezek. xvi. 10 appears to mean "seal-skin." Bat..... (Lev. xi. 19.) Atalleph. There are bats innumerable now in Palestine, notably in the vaults under the Temple, and the rocky caves of Galilee. The former are the "short-tailed," the latter the African "taw^rny," and the English "long-eared." Near the Dead Sea are the "long-tailed" (Bhinopoma), &c. There are also the "horse-shoe," "fox-headed," "mouse-coloured," &c. They were forbidden as an article of food. See Birds, p. 84. Bear. . . . (1 Sam. xvii. 34; 2 Kin. ii. 24.) The Syrian bear is a light-coloured variety of the common brown bear. It is still found in ravines of Galilee, and of Mounts Lebanon and Hermon. It is represented, as an object of chase, on Assyrian monuments. Behemoth. . (Job xl. 15.) Behemoth. The name is of doubtful derivation. It may be the pi. of Heb. behemah, "beast;" or Hebraistic form of Egyptian p-ehe-mout, "water-ox." It is allowed to be the Hippopotamus, " river-horse." It is known to the Arabs as the "water-horse," and is still found in the lower Nile. Bittern. . . (Is. xiv. 23; xxxiv. 11. Zeph. ii. 14.) Kiphod. . This animal is mentioned with the "cormorant," and therefore by some supposed to be a bird. It is evidently a token of desolation, so the context seems to demand the idea of some marsh-loving bird, fond of solitude and desert; whence the "bittern" is thought to be the Botaurus stellar is (so called from the noise it makes, like the bellowing of a bull, when its head is immersed in the mire). Many commentators follow the LXX. and Vulgate, and translate it "hedgehog," or "porcupine;" but these do not inhabit marshy ground, or "perch on the knops of pillars." See Birds, p. 84. Bull, . . See Unicorn, Ox, and Deer. Camel. . . (Job i. 3.) Beker. Doubtless both the Arabian one-humped and Bactrian two-humped species were known to the Hebrews, since both are found on Assyrian monuments, but the latter was rare. It seems to have been a sign of wealth (1 Chr. v. 21), and to have come into English Name. Hebrew and Greek. Description. Camel (cont.). Palestine from Arabia. Its flesh was forbidden as food (Lev. xi. 4), but its milk was drunk, and its hair was used for weaving into cloth (Mark i. 6). Beker, bikrah (dromedary), are tbe male and female young camel. The dromedary, kirkarah, is a finer, swifter variety of camel. Cat..... (Baruch vi. 22.) Not mentioned in the Canonical books, though carefully kept and reverenced in Egypt, of which it was a native, and where it was dedicated to the moon, solemnly embalmed, and buried, when dead, at Bubastis. Cattle. . . . Ps. 1.10.) Eleph. There were two kinds, long and short-horned, the former more numerous, their horns pointed and projecting forwards. They were used for ploughing and threshing (i.e. treading out the corn), for sacrifices, and for food. See Ox. Chamois. . . (Deut.xiv.5.) Zemer. It is impossible that the camelopard, a native of South Africa, should be allowed as food to the Hebrews. The root of the word is " spring, jump," and so it may include all the goat and antelope species. The "chamois" is not found in Palestine, or on Assyrian or Egyptian monuments. The Zemer is therefore supposed to be the wild sheep of Arabia Petrasa, dwelling in inaccessible heights, having large, strong horns, curved backwards. Coney. . . . (Lev. xi. 5; Ps. civ. 18; Prov. xxx. 26.) Shaphan. . . Saovnovs. Shaphan was forbidden food to the Hebrews; it lived in rocks; it was "feeble;" it chewed the cud. Jewish tradition identifies it with the "rabbit," and says the Phoenicians gave "Spain" its name from its abundance of rabbits; but this animal was unknown in Syria, till imported in later times. The "coney" is the Ilyrax Syriacvs, somewhat like a rabbit in size and shape, neither rodent nor ruminant, but classed by itself. Deer. . . . (Deut. xii. 15.) 1. Tsebi. . . There are four Heb. words probably denoting deer or antelopes. 1. Tsebi ("Koe," or "roebuck," A.V.), doubtless the Gazella Ara-bica, still abundant in Syria (not the "roebuck," confined to Europe). It was allowed as food. Its swiftness is often mentioned (2 Sam. ii. 18), and its being chased (Is. xiii. 14); and its elegance made it a favourite term of endearment, and a female name, e.g. Zibiah (2 Kin. xii. 1), and Tabitha (Acts ix. 36). The Arabic name is Gazal. (Deut. xiv. 5; Is. li. 20.) 2. T3, orteS. . 2. To ("wild ox," and "wild bull," A.V.), a clean animal, fit for food; "caught in a net." In older versions identified with Oryx leucoryx, an antelope still found in Palestine, hunted and tamed by Egyptians. (Deut. xiv. 5.) 3. DishQn. . . Trvyapyos. 3. Dishon (the "pygarg," A.V.) is only once named among animals for food. It is probably the spotted-nosed Acldax, though not found in Palestine, but in Arabia and Egypt, answering to the meaning of the Hebrew and Greek words. (lKin.iv.23.) 4. Yachmur. . /3ouj5aAos. 4. Yachmur ("fallow deer," A.V.) was allowed for food, and was one of the provisions for Solomon's table. It is identified with the Alcephahis bubalis, still called "yachmur" by Arabs; it is red or pale brown. The "fallow deer" is a native of Syria and Palestine. R. Dog..... (1 Sam. xvii. 43; Job xxx. 1.) Keleb. KVttiV. Many species (for chase and vigilance) were known to the Assyrians, from the large mastiff to the hound; but the general term "dog" in the Bible is never used, except in a tone of disgust. No reference is made to his tending sheep (except Job xxx. 1), or being employed in the chase; but only as guarding the house (Is. lvi. 10), warding off wild beasts, as himself a wild predatory animal, living on flesh and by rapine, and even feeding on human bodies, as in the case of Jezebel. His " price " is an abomination to the Lord (Deut. xxiii. 18),--probably the fee received for omens gained from dogs, a common Babylonian practice. Three species of dogs are now found in Palestine: viz. 1. The pariah dog of towns and villages, the scavenger of the East. 2. The Syrian sheep-dog, like a Scotch colley. 3. The Persian greyhound. See Greyhound. Dromedary. . (Jer. ii. 23.) Beker, bikrah. See Camel. Elephant. . . (lKin.x.22.) Shen. bdovreq. No mention is made of elephants living in Palestine, but only of the importation of their teeth, i.e. ivory; but in the Books of the Maccabees we learn that they were employed in the army of Antiochus Epiphanes against the Jews. They are not part of the fauna of Syria. Ferret. . . (Lev. xi. 30.) Anakah. This is an unclean "creeping thing," and its identification conjectural. Opinions are divided between "shrew," or "field-mouse" English Name. Hebrew and Greek. Description. Ferret (cont.). (LXX.), "hedgehog," "toad," "green lizard," "water-lizard." The root of the Heb. word is doubtful, either " to be long and narrow," or " to grow." See Lizard. Fox..... (Judg. xv. 4.) Shftal. The Heb. word universally translated " fox " generally refers to the "jackal," which is very abundant in Palestine; and the word seems a generic one, including both. Its root is either "to burrow," or "to be brown-red." It is generally used in the plural. The common English fox is abundant in the Taurus, and another kind near the Euphrates. Goat. . . . (Dan. viii. 5, 8.) (Gen. xxvii. 9.) (Gen. xxx. 35.) 1. Yatud (male.) 2.Tsfiphir (male). Tp ay 05. 3. Sai'r (rough). 4. Tayish (tup). The he-goat, Capra cegagrus, is used as a symbol of strength, and of impurity. Its flesh and milk were used as food, but the fat was prohibited (Lev. vii. 23). It was the sin-offering for accidental manslaughter (Num. xv. 27), and for sins of the congregation on the Day of Atonement, when one goat was sacrificed, and another (Azazel), dyed with its fellow's blood, was let escape into the wilderness, till its scarlet wool was bleached, as a symbol of pardoned sin. Goats' hair was used for weaving into cloth, and the skin for bottles and swimming bladders. Goat (wild). . (Deut. xiv. 5; Ps. civ. 18.) Ya'el..... This is the Capra ibex (the Beden or Jaela), common in Arabia Petraea and the Dead Sea, at Engedi ("fountain of the kid"). Its flesh is excellent venison, and is probably that brought by Esau to Isaac. H. Greyhound. . (Prov. xxx. 31.) Zarzir mothnaim. Only once is "greyhound" used in the Bible, as an example of what "goes well, and is comely in going." The translation is very questionable. The Hebrew words for "girt loins" are also rendered "horse," "girt in the loins." Greyhounds occur on Assyrian monuments, and some naturalists trace their origin to an Asiatic home. They were used in Assyria and Babylonia, with the hawk, for hunting the gazelle. The LXX. translates it " the cock," in the above passage, which bird was unknown in Palestine in those times. Hare. . . (Lev. xi. 6.) Arnebeth. . . . The Heb. word is translated "hare," which is forbidden as food, though it is not ruminant, as there alleged. Turks, Armenians, and Somal Arabs now abstain from it. So also Laplanders, and the ancient Chinese. Its use was forbidden on religious grounds to ancient Britons (Caes. B.G., v. 12). Two kinds are found in Palestine: 1. Leptis Syriacus, in the north, resembling our own, but short-eared; also represented on Assyrian sculptures: a tract was called Aranabanu, "hare country." 2. Lepus Egyptiacus, in the south, being as small as a rabbit, with very long ears. The LXX. renders the word Hedgehog, which see. Hart. . . . Hind. . . . (Deut. xii. 15, 22.) Ayyal. The "hart" (fern, hind) is mentioned with the "roebuck," as food allowed by Mosaic law, and as substantial daily food at Solomon's table. It is used as a symbol of the tribe of Naphtali (Gen. xlix. 21). It gives the name to the valley of Ajalon (Ayydlon, "place of stags"); and its peculiar traits are used as similes, e.g. panting after cooling water (Ps. xiii. 1), leaping nimbly (Is. xxxv. 6); its elegant form (Cant. ii. 9), swiftness of foot (2 Sam. ii. 18), tender love (Prov. v. 19), fear of thunder (Ps. xxix. 4, 9); concealment of young (Job xxxix. 1). It is thought to have been the red deer, now extinct in Palestine. Hedgehog. . , (Lev. xi. 6.) Arnebeth.. . . The LXX. rendering in Lev. xi. 6 for arnebeth (hare). See also Bittern. Both hedgehog and porcupine are very common in Palestine,-- a large species of the former in the north, a smaller in Judasa. The porcupine abounds near the Dead Sea. Both are known in Egypt and Assyria. Horse. . . . (Nah.iii.2, 3; Deut. xvii. -16.) Sûs. The kings of Israel were forbidden to multiply horses, because connected with the worship of the sun. They were not beasts of burden, but only for chase and war (as cavalry, and in chariots), and formed the strength of Assyrian and Egyptian armies. The horse does not occur on Assyrian sculptures, but only the wild ass. It was a native of Armenia and Media, whence it came to Palestine. In Scripture it is spoken of as less swift than the ass (Prov. xxvi. 3). Hyaena. . . . (I Sam. xiii. 18; Is. xiii. 21; Jer. xii. 9.) Tseboim. . [Oach, pi. OchimJ "Hyaena" does not occur in the A.V.; but it is, and always has been, common in alt parts of Syria and Mesopotamia. There are passages where some suppose it is meant: e.g. Isa. xiii. 21, okhim, "doleful creatures," classed with "Ziim" (wild beasts), expresses the howl of hyaenas; Jer. xii. 9, tsabua ("speckled bird," A.V.) is rendered by many "hyaena;" the valley of Zeboim is still called by Arabs Shukh-ed-dubba, "ravine of the hyasna," exact __ English Name. Hebrew and Greek. Description. Hyaena (jcont.). equivalent of the Hebrew. It is found with " lions," mentioned as predatory carnivora, in Assyrian records. Jackal. . . . (Is. xiii. 22; Cant. ii. 15; Lam. v. 18.) { 1. Shual. . . 2. Iyyim, 1 The jackal (Canis aureus) is very common in Palestine. Two words occur in the Hebrew, viz. shual, universally rendered "fox," though often meaning "jackal;" and iyyim pl.), "wild beasts of the islands," which certainly seems to refer to jackals; so also tannim (pi.), "dragons," which occurs thirteen times, is used as a synonym of iyyim: the root of both is a word meaning "howl." Jackals "howl in the desert," herd in packs (the latter words are always plural), are fond of grapes. The Arabic for shual is shakal; and jackals still infect Syria by hundreds, secreted at Baalbec, in the Jordan valley, and around the walls of Jerusalem. See Fox. Leopard. . (Jer. v. 6; Hat), i. 8.) Namer. . . â- jrapSaAts. Many cities and localities in Palestine bear in their names (Nimrah) a token of the prevalence of leopards in their vicinity, e.g. Beth-nimrah (which see), and "theNimrim" in Moab. Namer means "spotted." On a broken Assyrian obelisk Tiglath-Pileser I. is recorded to have hunted and killed leopards in the country of the Hittites (i.e. S. of Palestine). The leopard is still common there; the cheetah also haunts Mount Tabor, the Galilsean hills, Gilead, &c. In Scripture, illustrations are drawn from its "spots," its "watching for prey," its "activity," &c. Lion..... (Num. xxiv. 9; Jer. xlix. 19.) ' (Amos iii. 4; Ps. xvii. 12; Job iv. 10.) (Job iv. 11.) (Deut. xxxiii. 20.) (Job iv. 10.) Aryeh. 4 2. Kepheer. 3. Laish. 4. Labi. 5. Shachal. atvrj. Five words occur in Heb.: 1. general term; 2. "fierce;" 3. "strong;" 4. "roaring;" 5. poetical. The whole five occur in Job iv. 10, 11. The oldest name is "laish," whence comes the name of the city Laish. In no passage is any mention made of hunting it, except in Job, though Ezekiel refers to its being taken in a net or pit (Ezek. xix. 2--9); but on Assyrian monuments hunting the lion is a very favourite subject. Tiglath-Pileser slew one hundred and twenty. They are still found in India and Africa. Besides mention of its depredations, the lion was the symbol of "strength," of the "tribe of Judah," and of "Christ" (Rev. v. 5). Mole. . . . (Ley. xi. 30.) (Is/ii. 20.) 1. Tinshemeth. . 2. Chaphar-peroth. l Two words are rendered "mole" in our Bible; the former only among the unclean animals, but thought by some to be a kind of lizard; the latter is from the root chaphar, to "burrow," reduplicated, and so probably is the mole-rat {Spalax typh-lus). No other mention occurs of either of these animals. No mole has yet been found in Palestine; but the mole-rat is found in the debris about Jerusalem. It is silvery grey, without tail or eyes, and about ten inches long; feeds on bulbs, and lives in companies under ground. Mouse. . . . (Lev. xi. 29; 1 Sam. vi. 4, 5.) 'Akhbar. . . . The 'alchbar is mentioned as an unclean animal, and its name is generic of any small rodent. The ravages of the field-mouse were part of the plagues inflicted on Philistia during the time of detention of the ark. In Palestine are found the rat, mouse, marmot, dormouse, and jerboa (springing like a kangaroo, and living in sandy districts). The " hamster " is an article of food in northern Syria, and is probably the 'akhbar, an " abominable thing eaten," condemned by Isaiah. Mule. . . , (2 Sam. xiii. 29.) Pered. Three Heb. words (pered, rekesh, ytmuri) are translated "mule" in our A.V.; of which the first only is correct, the second ought to be " camel," and the third is doubtful. It occurs only once (Gen. xxxvi. 24), and is thought by some to have been a discovery by a herdsman of the crossing of breeds of cattle; but the Vulgate renders his discovery "warm springs" of water. The mule was not used by the Hebrews before David's time, when it and the horse supplanted the ass as the royal beast. They are still the most valuable beasts of burden, carrying heavier weights, and possessing greater powers of endurance in a mountainous country, than the horse, ass, or camel. Mules of a superior breed are found on Assyrian monuments. Ox . . . (Gen. xii. 16.) (Ps. xxii. 12.) (Deut. xxii. 10.) 1. Bâkâr. . . . 2. Abirim. 3. Shor. "Ox" is the generic term of the bovine race. There are many names by which it is distinguished in the Bible, marking difference of age or sex: e.g. bdkdr, collective name for " ploughing cattle;" eglath bdkdr," heifer;" par ben bdkdr, " young bullock;" egel (ra.), eglah (/.), "a calf;" abirim," strong ones," i.e. "bulls;" s7idr(Chald. tor, Ezra vi. 9), "one head of cattle." English Name. Hebrew and Greek. Description. Ox (cont.). They were pastured "in the open," there being no fences, hence many of the enactments; but could not have been extensively used for food, since there is little grazing land. Now they are rare in central districts from Lebanon to Hebron, and nowhere pastured, except in Dothan, Shechem, and Hamath. They are small, shaggy, short-legged, both long and short-horned. They were used for sacrifices, ploughing, treading out corn, drawing waggons (Num. vii. 3). See Unicorn, and Cattle. Porcupine. See Hedgehog. Ram. . . . (Gen. xv. 9; Is. xiv. 9.) Ayil. It was the offering of Abraham instead of his son. It was the prescribed sacrifice for trespass-offering, for the new moon, and for day of atonement; the fat of its broad tail was part of the peace-offering to Jehovah. It was the symbol of power or might (Luke i. 69), and of leadership (Is. xiv. 9); and among the Egyptians represented the omnipotence of the Deity. Its dyed skins were highly esteemed (Exod. xxv. 5). See Sheep. Roe . . . . Roebuck . . See Deer. Sheep. . . . (Gen. iv. 2; xlvii. 3.) Ts8n. Ovis laticaudatus, a variety of the broad-tailed sheep, with white body, head and neck black or dark brown, wool thick. Sheep-keeping was one of the earliest industries, peculiarly of the Hebrews, even when offensive to their neighbours (Gen." xlvi. 34). It is used as a symbol of God's pastoral care for man, both in Old and New Testament. Still one of the industries of Palestine, and the "ewe lamb" is the pet animal of the peasant of Jerusalem. See Ram. Swine. . . . (Lev. xi. 7; 2 Mac. vi. 18; Matt. vii. 6.) Chazer. . . . . The Hebrews and Phoenicians abhorred swine, and the Mosaic Law classed them with unclean animals, their flesh when badly cooked being productive of parasitical disease. In Gospel times they were kept, and probably eaten, around, if not in, Palestine. Unicorn. . . (Job xxxix. 9-12.) (Num. xxiii. 22.) Reem, or Reim. The LXX. translation has passed into our A.V., but is erroneous, as the mention of two horns on one reem (Deut. xxxiii. 17) proves. There Joseph is compared to a reem, his two horns being Ephraim and Manasseh. It was a very strong, wild ox, untameable, having two tall horns, with which it gored; it is distinct from oxen and. bulls, and used figuratively of "prince" or chieftain (Is. xxxiv. 6, 7). The description of it tallies with Caesar's account of the Hercynian Urns, which ranged from the Rhine to China, from Siberia to S. Persia. It is sculptured on Assyrian monuments, and their kings hunted rimu in Lebanon and Palestine, B.C. 884. - The rimu (Assyr.), or reem (Hebr.) is the Bos primigenius, a species of wild ox, with strong, thick, long, curved horns, and a hump on its back. Weasel. . . (Lev. xi. 29.) Choled..... This word occurs only once among "unclean creeping things." The Hebrew is allied to the Arabic Jcnuld, "mole-rat;" and its root being chalad, "to dig," it seems to express the habits of that animal rather than those of the "weasel." In some Rabbinical writers chuldat is the "mole," in others the "polecat;" but the description of the habits of the choled in the Talmud is more applicable to the " weasel." "Weasels and polecats are common in Palestine, See Mole. Wolf. . . (Gen. xlix. 27; Ezek. xxii. 27.) Zeeb . . . . The Canis lupus of Syria is larger and of lighter colour than the European species. It still infests the hill country of Benjamin, the ravines of Galilee and Lebanon, and hills of Bashan and Gilead. It was the symbol of Benjamin, and is used in Scripture as illustrative of ravening after its prey, stealing on it by night, &c.; so of "dishonest gain," extortion, oppression, &c. __________________________________________________________________ SUMMARY OF MAMMALIA OF THE BIBLE. Grounded on the Rev. W. HOUGHTON'S Paper (Transactions of Society of Biblical Archæology). Animal Denoted. English Translation. Hebrew Original. Septuagint Translation. Assyrian Inscriptions. Remarks. Zoological Genus or Species. Antelope. Pygarg. Dîshôn. pugargos. Da-as-su. Addax. Antelope. Wild ox. Tô, or têo. elaPhos. Burkhiïs. Oryx leucoryx. Ape. Ape. Koph. pithekos. Udumu. Presbytes entellus. Ass (tame). Ass. Chamôr. onos. Imiru. Asinus vulgaris. Ass (wild). Wild ass. Pereh. hemippos. Tseri. Asinus himippus Bear. Bear. Dôb. arktos. Dabuu. Ursus Syriacus. Bull(domestic) Cattle, oxen. Eleph. ktene. Alap. Bos taurus. Bull (wild). Unicorn. Reêm. monokeros. Ri-i-mu. Bos primigenius. Camel Camel. Gâmâl. kamelos. Gammalu. Camelus Arabicus. Camelus Bactrianus. Cat Cat. None. ailouros. None. Felis domestica. Deer. Fallow deer. Yachmur. boubalos. Alcephalus bubalis Dolphin. Nakhiru. Syr. Nakhira. Delphinus. Dog. Dog. Keleb. kuon. Kalbu. Canis familiaris. Fallow Deer. Hart, hind. Ayyâl. elaPhos. Ailu. Cervus Mesopotamicus. Gazelle. Roe, roebuck. Tsebi. dorkas. Tsabiï. Gazella gutturosa. Goat (he). He-goat. Yatud. tragos. Atudu. Capra hircus. Tsâphîr. Tsapparu. The Paseng. Capra ægagrus. Goat (wild). Chamois Zemer. kamelopardalis. Ditanu. Rupicapra tragus. Wild goat. Yâ'êl. Ibex Bedeanus, or Capra Sinaitica. Greyhound. Greyhound. Zarzir. alektor. None. Figured on Assyrian dish. Doubtful. Hare. Hare. Arnebeth. choirogrullios. Annabu. Lepus Sinaiticus. Lepus Caspius. Horse. Horse. Sûs. hippos. Susu. Equus caballus. Hippopotamus. Behemoth. Behemoth. theria. Coptic, P-ehe-mon. Hyæna. Doleful creatures. [Ôâch., Ôchim]. None. Akhu. Hyæna straita. Jackal. Fox. Shûal. alopex. Asi. (?) Canis vulpes. Leopard. Leopard. Nâmer. pardalis. Niïmru. Leopardus varius. Lion. Lion. Aryeh. leon. Ne-essu. Felis leo. Mole-rat. Mole. Tinshemeth. aspalax. Spalax typhlus. Mouse. Mouse. 'Akhbar. mus. Dipus, and Alactaga. Mule. Mule. Pered. hemionos. Parie. Ox. Young Bull. Shôr. moschos. Chald. Thôr. Bos taurus. Oxen. Bâkâr. tauros. Buchal rimi. Ram. Ram. Ayil. krios. Ailur. Ovis aries. Rhinoceros. Alap nahr. Rhinoceros unicornis. Sheep. Sheep. Tsôn. probata. Tsieni. Ovis laticaudatus. Sheep. (wild). (See Wild Goats.) Arnu. Syr. Arno. Capra ægagrus. Unicorn (See Wild Bull). Wolf. Wolf. Zeeb. Ziïbu. Zebu. Canis Lupus. Wolf. lukos. Aciluv. __________________________________________________________________ AQUATIC ANIMALS. __________________________________________________________________ "The Holy Land" is strictly an inland tract of mountains, for the Israelites had no possessions on the coast, the one part of which belonged to the Phoenicians, the other to the Philistines, whose chief god was Dagon, having the face and hands of a man, the body of a fish (1 Sam. v. 4). Their one river is the Jordan, too rapid, too muddy, too deep in its hot rocky bed for angling to be either pleasurable or profitable. The smaller streams (Kishon and Jabbok) were on the confines, and were alternately dry and rushing torrents. Of its three lakes, the largest (the Dead Sea) was almost entirely destitute of all life, animal and vegetable (with the exception, it is said, of some molluscs,--Sargus salvianus and Melanopsis); so that the only fishing preserves were the Lake of Gennesaret and the pools of Heshbon (Cant. vii. 4). We learn that they used both a drag-net and a hook for catching them (Is. xix. 8). Beyond mention of the fact of the creation of fish generally, and the Mosaic division of their species into the clean and unclean, and their incidental mention in our Lord's history as an article of food, and of the occupation of fishing as a parabolic illustration, fish enter but little into the phraseology of the Bible, and not a single species is named, if we except the whale. Josephus notices that the species found in the Jordan and Lake of Gennesaret are identical with those in the Nile. Recent explorers have confirmed that opinion, and found some that belong only to the African families. They are chiefly of the bream, carp, and perch tribes, the shoals of which, coming up at night to the mouths of the warm springs of the two Bethsaidas, are most extraordinary, often thickly covering an acre of water. The Siluroids were held by Egyptians, as well as Hebrews, to be unfit for food, on sanitary grounds. The following Table will show the extent of the Palestine fisheries, and the species recently found. FISHERIES OF PALESTINE, WITH THEIR PRODUCTS. N.B.-T.=Tristram; H.=Houghton; R.=Rolleston. Waters. English Name. Ichthyological Species. Remarks. Gennesaret, L. Bream. Sheat-fish. Chromis Nilotica. H. Clarias macracanthus. T. Coracinus. T. The Siluroids are unfit for food, and are the "bad fish cast away" by the fishermen (Matt. xiii. 47, 48.). Hemichromis. T. Unknown to science, but found by Livingstone in S.E. Africa. Carp. Perch. Dog-fish. Labeo barbus canis. H. Jabbok, R. Barbel. Barbus longiceps. The Jabbok swarms with fish, swimming in a continuous line, coming and going. T. Jordan, R. Minnow. Barbel. Bream. Cyprinodon Hammonis. H. These all die on reaching the Dead Sea, where they are devoured by the birds waiting for them (see Ezek. xlvii. 10). Kishon, R. Blenny. Blennius lupulus. Fewer fish in the streams flowing westward than in those flowing eastward. AQUATIC ANIMALS MENTIONED IN THE BIBLE. English Translation. Hebrew and Greek. Animal Supposed. Remarks. Jonah's Fish. (Jonah i. 17.) Dâg gadöl. ketos. Shark (?). The Hebrew only speaks of "a great fish," without particular specification; but in Matt. xii. 40, that fish is translated "whale" (ketos); but the Greek, like the Hebrew, is general, and strictly means only a "sea-monster." A whale has too contracted a throat to swallow a man; but sharks capable of doing so are not uncommon in the Mediterranean now. Tobit's Fish. ichthus. Sheat-fish (?). Siluridæ. As Tobit's fish leaped out of the Tigris to attack a man (contrary to the habits of any known fish), it may have been a crocodile, or one of the Siluridaz. Bochart says that Galen and Dioscorides prescribed the gall of the sheat-fish as an eye-salve. T. Onycha. (Ex. xxx. 34; Ecclus. xxiv. 15.) Shecheleth. onux. Wing-shell. Strombus. Twice referred to: once as one ingredient of the holy perfume of the tabernacle; once, in the Apocrypha, as emitting a delicious odour. The name "onyx" means a "claw" or "nail;" and so the small shell on the foot of many molluscs, with which the larger shell is closed, gets its name. From this smaller shell, or valve, part of the ingredients of the compound "frankincense" were obtained. Many species of it are found in the Red Sea, and shells of the largest kind are familiar to us as old-fashioned chimney ornaments. R. Pearls (Job xxviii. 18.) Gabish margaritai. Pearl oyster. Avicula Margaritifera. Only once named in the Old Testament, often in the New; always as a jewel. The pearl oyster is abundant in the Persian Gulf, and Red Sea. Its shell ("mother of pearl") is still a commodity of general traffic in Palestine, being carved by the peasants into religious ornaments. Purple (fish). Argaman. Purple fish Murex brandaris. M. trunculus. A valuable dye (which Lydia sold), traditionally said to come from a small vessel in the throat of a shellfish. Tyrian purple (or fiery red) was of two kinds, one light (i.e. scarlet), the other dark (i.e. crimson); and probably, by admixture with other colours, various shades of purple, and even blue, may have been subsequently invented. The art of extracting it, known to the Phoenicians, is lost. It was so costly as to be one of the peculiar insignia of royalty or official distinction. Whale (Ex. vii. 9; x. 12; Deut. xxxii. 33; Ps. xci. 13; Jer. li. 34.) Tannin. ketos. Some land-monster. Dragon, or serpent (?). The Hebrew word means a "monster" in animal life. In Gen. i. 21, "great whale" is generic of all monsters created out of water; but in Lam. iv. 3 the "whale" is specifically mentioned by one who knew its habits, and its classification among mammalia. Two species of dolphin have been found in the Mediterranean, and another in the Red Sea; but true whales are also to be found in the former. R. (Job vii. 12; Ps. lxxiv. 13, 14; Is. xxvii. 1; Ezek. xxix.3; xxxii. 2.) Some sea-monster. Crocodilus (?). See Leviathan __________________________________________________________________ BIRDS FOUND IN PALESTINE, WITH A REFERENCE TO THOSE NAMED IN SCRIPTURE. N.B.-V.L. = Van Lennep; H. = Houghton; T. = Tristram. English Name. Hebrew and Greek. Specimens found by Palestine Explorers. Where Found. Remarks. Avocet. Recurvirostra avocetta. Sur. Bat. ?(Lev. xi. 19.) Atalleph. *** Vesperugo Kuhlii. Bats are included in the Bible amongst "birds," and also "creepers on all fours." See Quadrupeds, p. 76. Bee-eater. Merops apiaster. Anti-Libanus. A summer migrant. Bittern. ?(Zeph. ii. 14.) Kippôd. *** Botaurus stellaris. T. See Quadrupeds, p. 76. Ardeola minuts. (?) Bought at Jerusalem. Blackbird. Merula. Found in Palestine; not migratory. V.L. Blackcap. Silvia atricapilla. Jericho. Blue Jay. Blue jay still found in Palestine. V.L. Bulbul. Ixus xanthopygius. Beit Atab. Peculiar to Syria. The nightingale is so called, as also a titmouse. V.L. Chat. Saxicola libanotica. Bethlehem. Pratincola rubicola. Dromolæa leucopygia. Ain Feshkah. Cock. ?(Mark xiv. 30.) *** Cormorant. ?(Lev. xi. 17.) ?(Is. xxxiv. 11.) Shálâk.. *** Kâath. *** Phalacrocorax carbo. Probably kâath is the "pelican" (see marginal reading): but the common cormorant frequents the coast, comes up the Kishon, and is found on the Sea of Galilee and on the Jordan; and this is probably the shálák. T. Corn-Bunting. Emberiza miliaria. Ain Fasail. Cretchmaker's Bunting. Emberiza cæsia. Ain Fasail. Crane. ?(Is. xxxviii. 14.) Âgûr. *** Grus cinerea. T. Some think the "crane" should be "stork." Others agree with A. V. Cranes flock to wilderness of Beersheba in winter. T. Cuckoo. ?(Lev. xi. 16.) Shachaph *** Cuculus canorus. Jordan Valley. Some translate shachaph "seagull" (as the LXX.). Oxylophus glandarius. Ain Fasail. Summer migrant to Palestine. Crow. ?(Prov. xxx. 17.) 'Oreb. *** Corvus umbrinus. Ordinary cinereal crows are very common scavengers, and are identified with the "ravens" that fed Elijah. V.L. But the term includes the whole tribe of crows, e.g. rooks, jackdaws, &c., all of which are very numerous. T. Dove. ?(Is. xxxviii. 14.) Yonah. *** See Pigeon. Dunlin. Tringa cinclus. English Name. Hebrew and Greek. Specimens found by Palestine Explorers. Where Found. Remarks. Ducks. Ducks, wild and domestic, everywhere. Eagle. ?(Deut. xxxii. 11.) Nesher. ***. Circaetus gallicus. Gyps fulvus. T. Yebua. Feeds on reptiles. The Arabic nissir, i.e. griffon, great vulture. Found in Palestine and Egypt. Eagle, Gier. ?(Lev. xi. 18.) Racham. *** Neophron percnopterus. Gier" is "Egyptian vulture," or "Pharaoh's hen," common in Asia and Africa, to Cape of Good Hope; migratory from Palestine in the winter. Fowl, fatted. ?(1 Kin. iv. 23.) Barburim. Abusim. "Fatted fowl," probably "geese," which abound all over Palestine, as do domestic fowls, whose native country is Asia, but which were not imported into Palestine till after the Captivity. V.L. Glede. ?(Deut. xiv. 13.) Raah. *** Buteo ferox. Probably the "buzzard," of which there are three kinds in Palestine, of which the commonest is the large red, resembling a small eagle. T. Goldfinch. Carduelis elegans. Bethlehem. Grakle. Amydrus Tristrami. Mar-Saba. Dead Sea and Jordan Valley. Grouse. Pteroels Senegallus. Desert. Also in Jordan Valley. Harrier. Circus æruginosus. Dead Sea. C. cineraceus. Jericho. Hawk. ?(Job xxxix. 26.) Netz. *** Accipiter nisus. Netz is generic, including the whole kestrel tribe. T. Hawk, Night. ?(Lev. xi. 16.) Tachmâs. *** Caprimulgus (?). T. Doubtful; perhaps "night-jar." Some say, a kind of owl. Hen ?(Luke xiii. 34.) See Fowl. Heron. ?(Lev. xi. 19.) Anâphah. *** Ardeola comata. Ardea cinerea. T. Jordan Valley. White, blue, and brown herons are found; also the "buff-backed," often called the "ibis," especially about the Waters of Merom. H. Hoopoe. ?(Lev. xi. 19.) Dukipath. *** Upupa epops. Bludan. Summer visitant to Palestine; very common, especially in woods and near rocky water-courses. It is a very filthy feeder, so unclean. T. Jar. Caprimulgus Europæus. Beit Atab. Kestrel. Netz. ***. Tinnunculus alaudarius. Beit Atab. Abounds in all southern Palestine. T. T. Cenchris. Ramleh. Kingfisher. Alcedo ispida. Jericho. Ceryle rudis. Alcyon Smyrnensis. Found in Asia Minor. Kite. ?(Lev. xi. 14.) Ayyah. *** Milvus regalis. Ayyah is a generic term for "keen-sighted" birds; regalis very common in winter. Lark. Galerida cristata. Jaffa. More abundant in species and individuals than in England. T. Otocoris penicillata. Anti-Libanus. Found only on mountain tops of S.W. Asia. Lapwing. ?(Lev. xi. 19.) Dukipath. *** No doubt the hoopoe, since the Arabic term is the same; in size similar to the thrush, but crested. See Hoopoe. English Name. Hebrew and Greek. Specimens found by Palestine Explorers. Where Found. Remarks. Magpie. One of the most valuable scavengers of Syria, relieving cattle of flies and vermin. Nuthatch. Sitta Syriaca. Anti-Libanus. Owl. ?(Is. xxxiv. 13.) Bath-haya-'anah. Many agree with the LXX., and regard it as an ostrich. Owl, great. ?(Lev. xi. 17.) ?(Is. xxxiv. 15.) Yanshooph. *** Kippos. *** Bubo Ascalaphus. Jericho. Kippos and lilith are both found there. The former could scarcely be the "ibis," which could not live among the ruins of Petra; but kôs is called by Arabs mother of ruins." Kôs (a cup) is translated by some "pelican," from its pouch. T. Some translate kippos, "arrowsnake." Owl, little. ?(Lev. xi. 17.) Kôs, *** Athene meridionalis. Bethlehem. Owl, of desert. ?(Ps. cii. 6.) Owl, screech. ?(Is. xxxiv. 14.) Lilith. *** Otus vulgaris. Jericho. Osprey. ?(Lev. xi. 13.) Asniyah. *** Pandion haliaëtus. Fish-eating eagle, never plentiful, on account of the scarcity of its food; but the term includes also the "short-toed" eagle, by far the most common in Palestine. Ossifrage. ?(Lev. xi. 13.) Peres. *** Gypaëtus barbatus. The Lämmer-geier, most magnificent of vulture species; found sparingly in most rocky ravines. Both the Hebrew and English names mean "bone-breaker." T. Ostrich. ?(Lam. iv. 3.) Ya'anah. *** Struthio camelus. Still found in the wilderness of Sinai. Partridge. ?(Jer. xvii. 11.) Korè *** Caccabis Græcus. Jericho. Found everywhere in Palestine and Egypt, especially the rock partridge. Partridge. ?(1 Sam. xxvi. 20.) Ammoperdix heyii. Peculiar to the Jordan Valley. Peacock. ?(1 Kin. x. 22.) Tucciyim. *** Pavo cristatus. Not native; imported by Solomon from Malabar coast, or Ceylon; extinct. The name is not Hebrew, but Tamil, togeï, and they are still called by it in Ceylon. Pelican. ?(Ps. cii. 6.) Kâath. *** Spends the winter in Palestine; migrates in the summer to Russia. Pigeon. ?(Ps. lxviii. 13; ?Matt. iii. 16.) Yonah. *** Called "dove" in A.V. Blue or black, with patches of white; common and migratory. There are the wood, rock, and wild pigeons. V.L. Pigeon. ?(Gen. xv. 9.) Gozâl. *** Plover. Charadrius hiaticula. Jaffa. Quail. ?(Ex. xvi. 13.) Selav. *** Coturnix vulgaris. Like a small partridge; migratory for breeding in spring from Africa to high plains of Asia Minor, Turkey, and S. Russia. They alight on Red Sea shore for rest before passing over the mountains; and are found by the Dead Sea. Their flesh is a delicacy. Raven. ?(Prov. xxx. 17.) 'Oreb. *** See Crow. Redstart. Ruticilla phoenicura. Jordan Valley. Summer migrant to Palestine. Ruticilla Tithys. Bludan. Robin. Erythæus rubicula. Jericho. Winter migrant to Palestine. Ruticilla Suecica. Coracias garrula. Gaza. English Name. Hebrew and Greek. Specimens found by Palestine Explorers. Where Found. Remarks. Sandpiper. Tringoides hypoleucos. Solomon's Pools. Same as English species. Shrike. Lanius lathora. Jericho Very much larger toes and feet than the English species. Lanius auriculatus. Jordan Valley. Lanius nubicus. Sparrow. ?(Ps. cii. 7.) 'Tzippor. *** Passer salicarius. Ain Fasail. The word occurs forty times in the Bible; and is always, with two exceptions, translated "bird," or "fowl." Sparrows swarm in the Plain of Gennesaret, and are trapped and sold for very little; but are very sparse and solitary in Judæa. H. Fringilla patronia. Jericho. Starling. Sturnus vulgaris. Jericho. Stork. ?(Jer. viii. 7.) Khasidâh. *** Ciconia alba. The black stork is constantly seen building in fir trees, and the common stork on the roofs of houses, and mosques; they migrate to Egypt. Forbidden as food by the Mosaic law. Sun-Bird. Cinnyris osea. Jericho. Peculiar to the Jordan Valley. P.E. Swallow. ?(Prov. xxvi. 2; ?Ps. lxxxiv. 3.) Deror. *** Hirundo rustica. Jordan Valley. Agûr is thought to be a mistranslation for "crane," and sûs in the same passage is the "swift." Several species in Syria; some frequent rivers, some crags. The common swallow abounds in the Mosque of Omar, and its Haram. They save the country from a plague of flies. V.L. Swallow ?(Is. xxxviii. 14.) Âgûr *** Swan ?(Lev. xi. 18.) Tinshemeth. *** Swans, white and gray, come down to the lakes in winter. Swift. ?(Is. xxxviii. 14.) Sis, sûs. *** Cypsellus melba. Jordan Valley. Swift Cypsellus apis. Found everywhere in summer. T. Swift Cypsellus affinis. Found all the year; it resembles the house martin. T. Thrush Petrocincta cyanus. Mar-Saba. Sedentary. P.E. Trateropus chalybeus. Jericho. Peculiar to Jordan Valley. P.E. Tit, great. Parus major. Beit Atab. Turtledove. ?Gen. xv. 9.) ?Lev. i. 14.) Tor-yonah. *** Turtur auritus. Yebua. Summer migrant to Palestine; very common and abundant. See Pigeon. P.E. The palmdove and ringdove are sedentary. Turtur risorius. Jericho. Vulture ?(Lev. xi. 14..) Dââh. *** Vultures are very plentiful, and are the chief scavengers for the removal of the dead bodies of animals. V.L. See Eagle. Vulture ?(Ex. xix. 4.) Racham. *** Wagtail. Motacilla alba. Ramleh. Motacilla sulphurea. Jericho. Water-rail. Rallus aquaticus. Jericho. __________________________________________________________________ REPTILES. __________________________________________________________________ In the Bible, reptiles are a connecting link between beasts and fishes. They are divided into the "moving creatures of the sea" (Gen. i. 20), amongst fish; and the "creeping things" of the land (Gen. i. 25), after the Mammalia. Modern naturalists give us six orders of Reptilia, each of which is represented in Scripture; but they are not very clearly distinguished. The following Table will present a general sketch of them, arranged alphabetically for facility of reference. REPTILES OF SCRIPTURE. N.B.-The names printed in Italics do not occur in the A.V., though the reptiles so called are now found, and probably were intended by the Hebrew writers. H.= Rev. W. Houghton; T.= Canon Tristram; R.= Prof. Rolleston. English Name. Hebrew and Greek. Zoological Species. Remarks. Adder. ?(Ps. lviii. 4.) 1. Pethen. *** Cobra. "Adder" is the translation in the A.V. of four Hebrew words, viz. pethen, shephiphon (once), 'achsub (once), and tziph'oni (once). Of these the first is generic, and the remaining three all denote a venomous serpent. The second (horned snake) is well known in the sandy deserts of Arabia, Egypt, Sahara, &c.; about one foot long, pale brown, with black irregular spots, and two horns above the eyes. It lies in ambush, bites horses' heels, and is often found in the wilderness of Judæa. It is thought to have been the instrument of Cleopatra's death. Mentioned six times in Bible. Poisonous; dwelling in holes; some are proof against snake-charmers; distends its neck, and stands erect. It is the sacred and royal emblem on Egyptian monuments; the symbol of the protecting divinity. Adder. ?(Gen. xlix. 17.) 2. Shephiphon. *** Cerastes Hasselquistii. Adder. ?(Ps. cxl. 3.) 3. 'Achsub. *** Vipera Euphratica. Adder. ?(Prov.xxiii.32; ?Job xx. 14-16.) 4. Tziph'oni, *** Daboia xanthina. Asp. ?(Is. xi. 8.) Pethen. *** Egyptian cobra {Naja naje). Caterpillar. See Locust, Gazam, p. 93. It is doubtful whether the Jews knew that butterflies came from caterpillars. R. Chameleon. ?(Lev. xi. 30.) 1. Coäch. *** Psammosaurus scincus. T. The coäch, rendered "chameleon," is thought to be the monitor lizard, which is highly prized for its fondness for crocodile eggs. Of the two kinds, the former is common in Egypt, the Sinaitic peninsula, and Judæa, and is about five feet long; the latter, resembling it, is common in Egypt, where it was reverenced, and is figured on Egyptian sculptures. T. Hydrosaurus Niloticus. T. 2. Tinshemeth. *** Chameleo vulgaris. T. Tinshemeth, translated "mole," is, from its derivation, supposed to be the chameleon, a kind of lizard, living in trees, and feeding on insects; very common in Palestine and Egypt. T. Cockatrice. ?(Is. lix. 5.) Tzeph'a. Tziph'oni. *** Daboia xanthina. See Serpent, No. 7. It is mentioned five times (once translated "adder," Prov. xxiii. 32); but, from Is. lix. 5, would seem to be more deadly than the pethen. Crocodile. ?(Lev. xi. 29.) *** The word translated "tortoise" (which) see), is translated in the LXX. "land crocodile See Dabba. The crocodile is probably the animal called Leviathan, which see. Dabba. ?(Lev. xi. 29.) Tzâb. *** Uromastis spinispes. The Arabic dhab, thought by some to be the tzâb (tortoise of A. V.), a large species of lizard, common in sands of Arabia, well known in Judæa; burrowing in sand, and living in holes of rocks; feeding on beetles. T. English Name. Hebrew and Greek. Zoological Species. Remarks. Dragon. (Is. xxxiv. 13; Ezek. xxix. 3.) Tan. Tannin. ..................... In the passages where "dragon" is used as the symbol of Egypt, the "crocodile" is meant. Tan (always pl.) is classed with wild beasts and fowls, and inhabits "desert places;" it "wails," "cries," and "snuffs up the wind;" hence thought to be the Jackal, which see, p. 79. Tannin is a water-monster, with feet, or a huge land reptile, as that "serpent" into which Moses' rod was changed. In the former sense it is synonymous with "leviathan." Frog. (Ex. viii. 2; Rev. xvi. 13.) Tzepharde'a. *** Rana esculenta. Hyla arborea. The Hebrew word is of Arabic extraction, and only occurs in the Old Testament in connexion with the Egyptian plague. It was adored as a female deity in Egypt, and was the symbol of regeneration. In the Book of Revelation frogs represent "uncleanness." The Esculenta, a water-frog, is common in Egypt, and the Hyla, or tree-frog, in Palestine. Gecko. (Lev. xi. 30.) Anâkah. *** Ptyodactylus gecko. Anâkah ("ferret" in A.V.) from its classification among "creeping things," is more probably the "gecko," a lizard uttering a mournful noise (the meaning of anakah). It is found in Palestine and Egypt, everywhere, frequenting rocks, ruins, and houses. Its appearance is repulsive, and it is regarded with disgust. T. Horseleech. (Prov. xxx. 15.) 'Alukah. LXX. (?) Hæmopis sanguisuga. H. H. Hirudo medicinalis. T. The 'alukah is only once mentioned, and by some thought to be the vampire-bat, its root meaning "to suck;" but the Arabs call a leech 'alak, and so the LXX. and Vulgate translate it. The horseleech is found in Palestine, but the medicinal leech in much greater abundance. Leviathan. (Ps. lxxiv. 14; Job xli. 1.) Livyathan. *** Crocodilus vulgaris. The word occurs five times, and in every case but one (Ps. civ. 26) denotes the "crocodile;" though some think in Is. xxvii. 1 it refers to the great python, often seen on Egyptian monuments.T. There is a full description of it in Job. It is not now found in Palestine, but was captured in the last century in the river Zurka, flowing through the plain of Sharon. Lizard. (Lev. xi. 30.) Letâah. *** Generic (?). The word only occurs once, but there is no question as to its meaning. Lizards abound everywhere, and the species are very numerous. There are those of the land, the water, and sandy desert. Every district has its kinds; but they swarm in the desert places, while some frequent cultivated plains, and others the forests of Tabor and Gilead. Perhaps letâah is the generic term of the whole lizard tribe. T. Mole. Tinshemeth. *** See Chameleon. Scorpion. (Deut. viii. 15; Luke x. 19.) Akrabim. *** Numerous. Scorpions are named as part of the terrors of the wilderness of Sinai (where they are still abundant, and the species numerous); also as symbols of desolation, and as Divine scourges. More than ten distinct species have been found in Palestine. They swarm in many parts, and their sting is painful and dangerous. T. Serpent, (Ps. lviii. 4; Prov. xxx. 19.) 1. Nâchâsh. *** Generic term. Seven Hebrew words are used for various kinds of serpents, translated somewhat indiscriminately:-1. Generic term, denoting no particular species. 2. Generally rendered "dragon," sometimes "serpent," sometimes "whale," (Job vii. 12, &c.); seems to denote any sea or land monster, therefore not to be limited to any species. 3. Deaf Adder, or poisonous Asp, which see. (Ex. vii. 9, 10.) 2. Tannin. *** (Ps. lviii. 4.) 3. Pethen. *** Cobra Ægyptiaca. English Name. Hebrew and Greek. Zoological Species. Remarks. Serpent (cont.). ?(Gen. xlix. 17.) 4. Shephiphon. *** Cerastes Hasselquistii. 4. Poisonous adder of sandy deserts. 5. Thrice mentioned (see Viper). 6. Found only in one passage, "adders' poison." 7. Five times mentioned; translated in A.V. by "adder" and "cockatrice," the latter fabulous, supposed to be hatched by a cock from serpents' eggs, and so represented as a dragon with a cock's head; called also "basilisk," or crested serpent. It may be the large yellow-streaked serpent, not uncommon in Palestine; dangerous from its size and nightly prowlings. T. Serpents were generally regarded by the ancients as symbols of the spirit of evil. More than twenty species have been lately found in Palestine; but only nine are poisonous, viz. the cobra, six species of vipers, Daboia xanthina, and Echis arenicola. "Fiery" or "deadly" serpents were probably so called from the burning fever caused by their bites. The "fiery flying serpent" is distinct from this; but "flying" is poetic imagery, not in accordance with natural phenomena. For the habits and peculiarities of serpents noted in Scripture, see Tristram's "Natural History of the Bible." ?(Job xx. 16.) 5. Epheh. *** Echidna Mauritanica. ?(Ps. cxl. 3.) 6. Achshûb. *** Vipera Euphratica, or Vipera ammodytes. ?(Prov. xxiii. 32; ?Is. xi. 8.) 7. Tsepha. *** Daboia xanthina (?). T. Serpent, fiery. ?(Num.xxi. 6-8.) Sârâph. *** Serpent, fiery flying. ?(Is. xiv. 29.) *** Snail. ?(Lev. xi. 30.) 1. Chomet. *** Generic. Two Hebrew words are translated "snail" in the A.V. Each occurs only once. 1. Ghomet, among unclean creeping things, is translated in ancient versions by some kind of lizard, probably a sand-lizard, of which there are many species in the Sinaitic peninsula and Judæan wilderness, many of which have no visible feet, and so were distinguished by Moses from the other lizards. T. ?(Ps. lviii. 8.) 2. Shablul. *** Generic. 2. Shablul is evidently a snail, that wastes away, either in accordance with the popular error, that the slime emitted in its track gradually consumed it, or from the fact of its melting under the influence of salt, and so a fit illustration of the wicked, blighted by God's curse. More than 140 species of land and fresh-water molluscs have been found in Palestine, many being peculiar to it. (See Tristram's "Natural History of the Bible.") Snake. See Serpent. Toad. Bufo Pantherinus. Very common in all parts of Palestine. T. Tortoise. ?(Lev. xi. 29.) Tzâb. *** 1. Testudo Græca. 2. Testudo marginata. 3. Emys Caspica. 1. The land tortoise is found everywhere, creeping over hills and plains in summer, burrowing under leaves at the foot of trees, or rocky holes in winter. It is the food of several birds of prey, and is eaten by the natives. 2. A larger kind, found on Mount Carmel. 3. Water species, very numerous in all streams and marshes, especially about the Waters of Merom. It feeds on fish, frogs, young birds, &c., and has a very offensive odour. T. See Dabba. Viper. ?(Job xx. 16; ?Is. xxx. 6; lix. 5.) Epheh. *** Echis arenicola. T. (Sand viper.) A poisonous serpent, of small species, about one foot long; found in sandy districts and under stones by the Dead Sea; quick in movement. The viper which fastened on Paul's) hand (Acts xxviii. 3) was Vipera aspis, common in the Mediterranean Isles. T. Worm. ?(Is. li. 8.) 1. Sâs. *** Three words are translated (A.V.) by "worm:" 1. Occurs only once, in connection with the "moth," of which it is evidently the grub. See Moth, p. 93. ?(Ex. xvi. 20; ?Job xxv. 6; ?Is. xiv. 11.) 2. Rimmah. *** 2 and 3 are used many times, and are apparently synonymous; generally of the maggots or grubs of insects, rather than the earth-worm. Rimmah seems to mean the larvæ English Name. Hebrew and Greek. Zoological Species. Remarks. Worm (cont.). ?(Job xxv. 6; ?Is. xiv. 11.) 3. Tole'ah. *** Tortrix vitisana (?). H. of insects, especially such as feed on putrid matter, e.g. dead or diseased bodies, &c.; while tole'ah seems to be the caterpillar or centipede, eating the vines, and destroying the gourd (Jonah iv. 7), but it is also used of the larvae of the meat-fly, feeding on dead bodies of the slain (Is. lxvi. 24), where it is the symbol of eternal punishment. It is doubtful what worm is meant by *** (Acts xii. 23), the special scourge of Herod Agrippa, as also of Herod the Great and Antiochus Epiphanes. Probably "serpents" are meant in Mic. vii. 17. Worm (earth). Lumbricus. T. Several species of earth-worms, and of centipedes or millipedes, abound in Palestine, furnishing food for birds. T. Worm canker. Myriapoda. T. See Locust, Yelek, p. 93. Worm palmer. See Locust, Gazam, p. 93. Worm crimson. See Cochineal, (below). __________________________________________________________________ INSECTS. Under this head are classed all those smaller animals not included in the previous Tables. They are arranged rather for facility of reference than scientifically, and being in alphabetical order, any one can be found by the reader at a glance. N.B.-Italics in Col. 1 denote words not used in A.V.; H.=Houghton; T.=Tristram; W.=Westwood. English Name. Hebrew and Greek. Zoological Species. Remarks. Ant. ?(Prov. vi. 6-8; ?xxx. 24.) Nemalah. *** Formica, or Myrmica . Ants are abundant in Palestine; and though they feed on flesh, insects, and saccharine matter from trees, they store up corn, chaff, seeds, &c., to protect their nests from damp. They surpass most insects in instinct and industry. T. Bee. ?(Ps. cxviii. 12; ?1 Sam. xiv. 25.) Debôrah. *** Apis mellifica. Apis Ligustica. There are in abundance the hive bees of England, and yet more those of S. Europe, and the wild bees; the allusions in Scripture are mainly to the last, which attack plunderers with great fury (Deut. i. 44). Their abundance is certified by the term descriptive of Palestine, "flowing with milk and honey" for which its climate and aromatic flora are peculiarly adapted. They are most numerous in the wilderness of Judæa (Matt. iii. 4). Honey was one of the delicacies sent by Jacob to Egypt, and a commodity supplied by Judah to the market at Tyre. T. They are also found in Assyria (Is. vii. 18). Various species of humble bees and mason bees are very numerous. Beetle. ?(Lev. xi. 21, 22.) Chargol. *** Buprestis (?), Only once found in the Old Testament, among winged reptiles allowed for food. It is evidently, from the connexion, some kind of "locust," and not a "beetle," since the latter has not "legs above its feet to leap withal." More than 400 species of beetles have been found in Palestine, the climate being peculiarly suited to them. T. ?Hab. ii. 11.) Chaphis. *** In Hab. ii. 11, Bochart renders Chaphis by "the scarabæus," or sacred beetle of Egypt, with which the Jews were familiar; it was an emblem of eternity and resurrection. (See Hope, in Trans. Entomol. Soc., ii. 173.) Though the LXX. and Vulgate favour this interpretation, Gesenius and others agree with the A.V., and translate it" beam." Cochineal. ?(Is i. 18.) Tola'ath. *** Coccus ilicis. Tola'ath is always translated (A.V.) by "crimson" or "scarlet." It is literally the "crimson worm" (Arab. Kermez), but the latter word is omitted, because in the texts the colour, not the insect, is denoted. It is a Cochineal (cont.). cochineal, attaching itself to the Syrian holm-oak. The male is winged, the female wingless; and it is from the latter alone that the dye is gained. It is dark red, of the size of the kernel of a cherry, but when dry smaller than a wheat grain. It is very abundant in Palestine, though supplanted as a dye by the imported Mexican species, which feeds on the prickly pear. T. Flea. (I Sam.xxiv. 14; xxvi. 20.) Par'osh. *** Pulex irritans. Only twice mentioned, as an illustration of the most insignificant of creatures. They swarm in the very sand of Egypt, and in the dust of all parts of Palestine,--the greatest pests of man and beast. Fly. (Ex. viii. 21; Ps. lxxviii. 45). 1. Arôb, or Oreb. *** Musca, or Culex. 1. Arôb only occurs of the plague of flies in Egypt. It is disputed whether the common house-fly or mosquito is meant; both are great pests in Egypt now, as also are the gad-fly and horse-fly. The common fly carries the poison of ophthalmia from man to man, and spreads its infection. It is probably here generic, including in the "plague of swarms," flies, sand-flies, gnats, mosquitos, &c. H. By some authors, Kirby (Bridgewater Treatise, ii. 357), Michælis, Rosenmüller, Geddes, &c., the Oreb has been supposed to be a cockroach, Blatta sp. (Hope, op. cit., ii. 180.) W. (Eccles. x. 1.) 2. Zebub. *** Scarabseus coprophagus. H. 2. Zebub, only twice mentioned, once as frequenting the rivers of Egypt; again, as corrupting the apothecary's ointment;--the former a gad-fly tormenting horses on the Nile and Jordan banks, so pestiferous as to be deprecated by appeals to a special god, Baal-zebub (of Ekron), whom the Jews derisively called "lord of the dunghill" (Baal-zebel). Probably the poisonous Tsetse, described by Livingstone, is meant. W. The other would be the common fly, whose swarms would corrupt any unguent or savoury compote in a few minutes. (Is. vii. 18.) Hippobosca, or OEstrus. H. Gadfly Probably the Zebub of Eccles. x. 1. See Fly. Gnat. (Matt. xxiii. 24.) *** Culex. The word is only found in the New Testament, where the proper rendering is "strain out a gnat," a metaphor from the custom of straining wine before drinking, to avoid breach of ceremonial law, in Lev. xi. 20, 23, 41, 42. Gnats and mosquitos are among the most prevalent pests of Egypt and Palestine, frequenting all marshy ground. H. Grasshopper. (Judg. vi. 5; Lev. xi. 22.) Arbeh. Chagab. *** A creeping thing, with "legs above its feet to leap withal," but used as an illustration of diminutive size; therefore probably the smallest of the locust tribe. It is translated "locust" in 2 Chron. vii. 13. Locust. There are many brilliantly-coloured species of this small insect. T. Hornet. (Ex. xxiii. 28.) Tzir'ah *** Vespa Crabro. Hornets were abundant in Palestine, as is indicated by the name of the valley of Zoreah (Josh. xv. 33),="the place of hornets." The Bible phraseology betokens the dread with which they were regarded; but it is conjectured that God's promise to drive out the Canaanites before Israel was metaphorical of a panic, or of preceding plagues generally, since no mention occurs in the Pentateuch of any such visitation of hornets. Four species (resembling ours, but larger) have been found there. H. Lice (Ex. viii. 16.) Kinnim. *** Lice are only mentioned in the record of the Egyptian plague, and the Hebrew name is thought to be of Egyptian origin. Some contend that "gnats" or "mosquitos" are meant; but the latter spring from water, not from dust. Parasitic insects abound in the East, and through the summer the Mohammedan men keep their heads shorn to avoid them. Locust. (Ex. x. 4--6; Lev. xi. 22. 1. Arbeh. *** OEdipoda migratoria. T. Locusta peregrina. The "locust" includes the insects called in our version by the different names Beetle, Canker-worm, Caterpillar, Grasshopper, Locust, Bald-Locust, Palmerworm. The Rabbis say there were 800 species; but only about forty have yet been identified in Palestine. Its name, habits, ravages, appearance, &c., are constantly mentioned in Scripture. The locusts swarm, and their ravages are great; but in all stages of growth they are largely eaten by natives, and are a palatable food. Nine Hebrew words are used to express the locust species: Locust (cont.). 1. General word ("multiplier"), used of the Egyptian plague, and of the edible insect, and as the food of the Baptist. In four passages it is rendered "grasshopper;" but it always seems to be migratory (1 Kin. viii. 37, &c.. Locust (bald). (Lev. xi. 22.) Sal'am *** Truxalis. T. 2. Only mentioned once (probably Chaldee word, "devourer"); having a smooth head, frequenting rocks. It answers to Truxalis, which is common in Palestine. T. 3.Chargol. *** Unidentified. 3. Only occurs once as ap edible, clean animal. Rendered "beetle" (A.V.). This may possibly be identical with the Cossus of the Romans. W. 4. Chagob. *** 4. Generally translated "grasshopper" but once "locust." From a comparison of texts we gather that it was the smallest of destructive leaping locusts, doubtless a grasshopper. H. (Joel i. 4.) 5. Gazam. *** Larva of Arctia caja. H. (Edipoda migratoria. H. 5. The "palmer-worm" of A.V., consuming what the locusts left, especially the fig trees, vines, and olive trees. The LXX. and other old versions translate it "caterpillar" generally, which modern naturalists confirm, including the larvae of locusts before developing wings, the woolly-bear, &c. H. Or, a worm, or grub destroying buds of plants. W. (Joel i. 4) Nah. iii. 15.) (Ps. cv. 34; Jer. li. 14, 27.) 6. Yelek. *** 6. The "canker-worm" of A.V., in five passages; but rendered "caterpillar" in three. The name means "the licker" of the grass; hence seems to be the larva of the locust, which is most destructive of all, only appearing after the winged locust has left, consuming all that remains, then assuming wings and flying away (Nah. iii. 15). (Deut.xxviii. 42.) 7. Tzelatzal. *** 7. Occurs only once; means the "tinkler" (Cymbals), applied to the locust from the noise of its wings; probably only a synonym. T. Evidently from the name, identical with the Tsaltsalya, or Zimb, of Bruce. W. (Is. xxxiii. 4; Amos vii. 1.) 8. Gob. *** 8. Once translated "locust," and twice "grasshoppers" (margin, "green worms"); but no indication is given of any particular species, or whether the larva or full-grown insect is meant, though "green worm" would suggest the former. T. (Ps. lxxviii. 46.) 9. Chasil. 9. Translated "caterpillar" in all passages, and always included with the locust, in Solomon's dedication prayer and elsewhere, as a Divine plague. The Hebrew means "consumer," and is probably the locust in the larva state, and not a distinct species. T. Manna. Coccus manniparus. Ehrenb. A species of Coccus, closely allied to the cochineal insect, is found on Mount Sinai, upon the Tamarix mannifera, which it punctures with its proboscis, causing it to discharge a gummy saccharine secretion, which quickly hardens and drops from the trees, when it is collected by the natives, who superstitiously regard it as the real manna of the Israelites. W. See Manna, p. 102. Mosquito. See Gnat, and Lice. Moth. (Is. l. 9; Job xiii. 28; xxvi. 18.) 'Âsh. *** Tinea. The moth in Scripture alludes to the destruction of clothes by its larvae, and is cited as a mark of the perishable nature of temporal matter, and the folly of the prevalent Eastern custom of hoarding costly raiment. In Job xxvii. 18, "buildeth his house as a moth," reference is made to some leaf-rolling larvse. The moth is the only one of the genus Lepidoptera mentioned in Scripture; but 280 species of this genus have been found, though the climate and the absence of wood are unfavourable to butterflies, moths, &c. T. Spider. (Is. lix. 5. (Pr. 28. ix. 5.) 1. Accabish. *** 2. Semamith. Epeira. Two Heb. words are translated "spider" (A.V.): 1. In reference to its web, as a metaphor of what is fragile, flimsy, and temporary, as a warning to the wicked of the weakness of their contrivances. 2. Occurs only once of the "spider" (A.V.) taking hold with her hands; but by some it is thought the Gecko is meant. The action is applicable to both. T. More than 700 species of spiders are found in Great Britain, and quite as many in Palestine. T. __________________________________________________________________ TREES, PLANTS, FLOWERS, &c. __________________________________________________________________ N. B.--B. = Birdwood; C. = Carruthers; T. = Tristram. English Translation. Hebrew and Greek. Botanical Name. Remarks. Almond. (Jer. i. 11, 12.) Shâked. karuine [bakteria]. amugdalon. Amygdalus communis. The almond blossoms before the leaves come out, hence its Hebrew name sháked, "hasten." (See the play on the word, Jer. i. 11, 12, ''a rod of sháked tree ... for I will hasten (shaked).") It is one of the native fruits of Palestine, and therefore often mentioned in Scripture. Aaron's rod was of this tree; and Jews now carry branches of it to the synagogue on great festivals. It was the model of the ornaments of the candlestick in the tabernacle. There is both a wild and a cultivated almond. Almug. (1 Kin. x. 11, 12.) Almug. xula peleketa. Pterocarpus santalinus. T. Not indigenous, but imported in the form of timber by Solomon from Ophir (i.e. India), with gold and precious stones: evidently itself precious; used for making musical instruments. Probably red sandal wood, still highly prized in the East for lyres, &c. Algum. (2 Chr. ii. 8.) Aloes. or Lign-Aloes. (Ps. xlv. 8; Num. xxiv. 6.) Ahâlim. stakte. skenai. Aquilaria agallocha. T. Occurs in two different contexts: (1) as a perfume in connection with "myrrh, cassia, and cinnamon," or as a spice for embalming the dead (John xix. 39), where it the gum of the eagle tree, growing in Cochin China and N. India to a height of 120 feet; (2) Lign-aloes, used by Balaam with the cedars, as an illustration of the noble position of Israel, planted in a choice land. As the Aquilaria does not grow in Syria or Palestine, some other species must be meant, T. it has no connexion with our "bitter aloes." Anise. (Mat. xxiii. 23.) anethon. Anethum graveolens. Only occurs in the New Testament once. See Dill. Apple. (Cant. ii. 3; Joel i. 12.) Tappûach. melon. "Apple tree" occurs four times in the Song of Solomon; also in Joel, the fruit being used for purposes of illustration in the Proverbs. The tree meant afforded a grateful shade; its fruit enticing to the sight, sweet to taste, imparting fragrance, and of golden colour amid silvery leaves. None exactly answer these conditions; quince, citron, and apple are the contesting candidates, the last being the least probable, since the climate is unfavourable. But the apricot is very probably the fruit, since it approaches most nearly the details of the description, and is very abundant in Palestine. Ash. (Is. xliv. 14.) Oren. pitus. Pinus halepensis. Only once mentioned, as a tree from which idols were made. Our ash is not indigenous there; but the LXX. translates it "the pine," which flourishes on the coast, and is planted elsewhere. This may be the tree meant, or the Aran (Arabic) of Arabia Petræa, resembling our mountain ash. T. Balm, or Balsam. (Jer. viii. 22.) 1. Tzort. rhetine. a. Pistacia lentiscus. b. Balanites Ægyptiaca. c. Balsamodendron Gileadense. The word tzorl is rendered "balm" (A.V.). Yet our word balm is derived from the Hebrew bosem, translated "spices." Each seems to denote primarily a tree, secondly, a gum or oil extracted from some tree. Three trees are supposed to be the source of the gum, viz.: a. Mastick; b. Modern Balm of Gilead, a small shrub, which grows near the Dead Sea and on the Plains of Moab only; c. True Balm of Giilead, a native E. coast of Africa, growing about Mecca. From a root given by the Queen of Sheba, Solomom carefully cultivated it in the tropical plain of Jericho; it was of great value, and was one of the trophies carried to Rome by Titus. It is now quite lost. T. 2. Bosem. English Translation. Hebrew and Greek. Botanical Name. Remarks. Barley. (Ruth i. 22; Judg. vii. 13). Seôrah. krithai Hordeum distichum. The most universal cereal in the world, and the common food in Palestine of people, horses, asses, and draught oxen, oats being unknown. It is used in Scripture as a mark of poverty and of worthlessness (Hos. iii. 2). Barley harvest is in March or April, according to the locality. Bay Tree. (Ps. xxxvii. 35.) Ezrach. ?edros tou Libanou Laurus nobilis. Ezrach is once rendered "bay tree;" elsewhere it is used of a "native," as opposed to a "stranger." If it be any particular "native" plant, it must be a green shrub growing by the water side, such as the sweet bay, which is not very common; but of all, the most glorious representative of luxuriant growth and pomp is the oleander, which decks so profusely the lakes and water-courses. Bdellium. (Gen. ii. 12.) Bdolach. anthrax Borassus flabelliformis. Some suppose it to be the gum of a tree growing in Arabia Felix; others a precious stone. T. Bean. (2 Sam. xvii. 28; Ezek. iv. 9.) Pol. kuamos Vicia faba. Beans, peas, and various kinds of leguminous plants are grown in Palestine, and used for food, both as vegetables, and in flour. They are gathered with the wheat harvest. T. Box. (Is. xli. 19; lx. 13.) Teasshur. puxos 1. Buxus longifolia. 2. Juniperus phoenicea. Box is twice mentioned as a forest tree, with the pine and fir. It is also the foundation of rowing benches, in which ivory is inlaid (Ezek. xxvii. 6). The species found resembles ours, but is larger (20 feet high), and grows on Mount Lebanon and Galilaean hills. Combs, spoons, &c. are made of it. Some think it to be a juniper, growing with the cedar. T. Bramble. (Judg. ix. 14.) 1. Atâd. rhamnos Lycium Europæum. From 18 to 22 Hebrew words are used in the Bible to express prickly shrubs or weeds, which are indifferently translated in A. V. by " bramble," "brier," "thorn," "thistle," and we have little to guide us in distinguishing or identifying them. The following are some: 1. Translated "bramble," and "thorn," is the "box-thorn." It extends from Lebanon to the Dead Sea, and is often used for hedges. (Is. xxxiv. 13; Job xxxi. 40.) 2. Choach. knide Notobasis Syriaca. Scolymus maculatus. Carthamus oxyacanthus. 2. Translated "bramble," "thistle," "thickets;" growing in Lebanon, and in corn-fields. Probably the thistle, of which there are many species, especially in the plains. (Gen. iii. 18; Matt. vii. 16.) 3. Dardar. tribolos Centaurea calcitropa. 3. Generally translated "thistle," but also "brier." Supposed to be a species of knapweed (star thistle), found in corn-fields all over Southern, Europe, and Western Asia. T. (Prov. xv. 19; Mic. vii. 4.) 4. Chedek. akantha Solanum Sodomæum. 4. "Thorn," or "brier;" evidently a plant suitable for a hedge. From the Arabic term, chadalc, it is identified with the so-called "apple of Sodom," a shrubby plant, three to five feet high, having prickly stems like a brier, and blossom like a potato, and bearing similar apples. It grows in all the hot valleys, and is used for hedges. T. (Gen. iii. 18; Matt. vii. 16.) 5. Kôtz. akantha 5. Very generally used in the Bible (Old and New Testaments) for a generic term for all prickly plants, from a bush to a weed (as in the Parable of the Sower). (Is. vii. 23, 25.) 6. Shamîr. akantha a. Paliurus aculeatus. b. Rhamnus oleoïdes. 6. Occurs very often in Isaiah, translated "briers," and coupled with shait, "thorns" (a generic term). Skamûr=Arabic samur, a common non-fruitbearing thorny tree. In the Jordan Valley the name is confined to (a) the Christ's thorn; elsewhere it is given to (b) the buckthorn. The former has small leaves like an olive, with very flexible boughs; it grows plentifully about Jerusalem, and is supposed by some to have been the tree from which Christ's crown of thorns was made. T. The real "brier," or wild rose, is found only in the extreme north of Palestine and Syria. (Is. vii. 19.) 7. Naatzûtz. stoibe Zizyphus spina Christi. 7. Another word (translated "thorn"), used of the same species of thorn tree, the nubk of the Arabs; very common in all the warmer parts of English Translation. Hebrew and Greek. Botanical Name. Remarks. Palestine, especially in the Plain of Gennesaret and the Jordan Valley, where it forms a thicket. It sometimes grows to a great size, is common about Jerusalem, and is generally said to be that from which the crown of thorns was plaited. It is tough and pliant, the spikes very sharp and numerous. T. Bramble (cont.). (Judg. viii. 7, 16). 8. Parkanim. akanthai Rubus fruticosus. 8. Only once used (rendered "briers"), as the scourge threatened by Gideon to the men of Succoth. Probably the common bramble, which is abundant in Palestine, and especially about Bethlehem, along Gideon's route. T. (Ezek. ii. 6; xxviii. 24). 9. Sillon. akantha odunes Ruscus aculeatus. 9. Translated "briers," and "a pricking brier." Probably identical with the Arabic sullaon, or "butcher's-broom," very common in Palestine. The other words implying thorns, briers, or thistles, cannot be identified either by their Arabic names or by the context. Bulrush. (Ex. ii. 3; Job viii. 11). 1. Gôme. thibe papuros Cyperus papyrus. Six Hebrew words are used of the rush genus, and are variously translated somewhat indiscriminately: 1. Gôme ("bulrush" and "rush," A.V.) the material of Moses' ark in Egypt, and growing in miry places. The famous papyrus of Egypt, which formerly grew like a forest on the banks of the Nile, is now extinct in Egypt, though still found in the marshes of Nubia. It grows luxuriantly in a swamp at the north end of the Plain of Gennesaret, and covers acres of marsh by the Waters of Merom; but exists nowhere else in Asia. It is called by the Arabs babeer (i.e. papyrus). It has a triangular stem eight to ten feet high, with a bushy top. (Is. xix. 7). 2. 'Aroth. to achi to chloron 2. Mistranslated "paper reeds," as papyrus had already been mentioned. It is the "green herbage," which abounds in marshy places. (Job viii. 11; Gen. xli. 2). 3. Achu. achi boutomon a. Cyperus esculentus. b. Butomus umbellatus. 3. Translated "flag" in Job, but "meadow" in Genesis, as that in which Pharaoh's fat kine fed. From the former, where it is classed with the papyrus, it is clearly a specific platit. The word is not Hebrew, but Egyptian. Probably the (a) edible rush, or (b) flowering rush, both of which flourish in Egypt, and grow in Palestine, with the papyrus. (Ex. ii. 3, 5; Jonah ii. 5). 4. Sûph. to helos (Omitted in LXX.) 4. Rendered "flags" (in which Moses' ark was concealed) by the river bank; but "weeds" in Jonah, at the bottom of the sea. A general term for water-weeds, whether seaweed or the rank marsh vegetation of a river's brink. (Is. ix. 14; xix. 15). 5. Agmôn. archen kai telos Arundo donax. 5. "Reed," or "cane," occurs twice in a proverb, "head and tail, branch and rush," i.e. "top and bottom;" also in Job, in the phrase "bowing the head like a bulrush," whence it evidently had a high stem surmounted with a tuft. Probably the common reed of Egypt and Palestine, a tall thin cane. 12 feet high, with a bushy blossom, bending flat before the wind and rising again,--"the "reed shaken with the wind" (Matt. xi. 7), growing luxuriantly by the Dead Sea and the Jordan. (Gen. xli. 5, 22). 6. Kaneh. kalamos Generic. 6. "Cane," or "reed," occurs often in the Old Testament as the general term for a "stem," whether the "stalk" of the wheat plant, the stem of a candlestick (Ex. xxv. 31), a measuring rod (Ezek. xl. 5), or even the Jiumerus (bone of the arm). (Bush, Burning. (Ex. iii. 2-4). Seneh. batos Acacia Nilotica. Only used of the "burning bush," the thorny acacia of the Arabian peninsula, the súnt of Egypt, akin to the shittah tree, and senna; hence the mountains on which it grows derive theii name "Sinai," and the tract is the wilderness of "Sin," or the seneh. (Calamus. (Ex. xxx. 23; Ezek. xxvii. 19). Keneh bosem. kalamos euodes The name given to an aromatic substance extracted from some reed. It is one ingredient in the anointing oil; it is the Sweet Cane; is coupled with "cassia," "cinnamon" English Translation. Hebrew and Greek. Botanical Name. Remarks. Calamus (cont.). "spikenard," &c. Probably imported from Arabia Felix or India, and made from the lemon grass; no such plant has been found in Syria. T. Camphire. (Cant. i. 14; iv. 13.) Côpher. kupros. Lawsonia alba. The henna of Arabs, with which they dye their nails, palms, soles, &c.; well known in Nubia, Egypt, and Arabia, but also found by the Dead Sea, at Engedi only. A small shrub, with dark bark, pale green leaves like a lilac, bearing clusters of white and yellow blossoms, very fragrant. Cane, Sweet. (Jer. vi. 20.) (Cant. iv. 14; Is. xliii. 24.) Kaneh hattob. Keneh. kinnamomon. Thought by some to mean "incense," by others the "sugar-cane;" but it would seem to be identical with, or closely akin to, the Calamus, viz. an aromatic reed, from which fragrant essence was extracted, probably Andropogon schcenanthus. Caper See Hyssop. Cassia. (Ex. xxx. 24.) Kiddah. iris. Not found. Two spice-bearing trees are included under "cassia," viz.: 1. Cinnamomum cassia, one ingredient in the holy oil, sold in the market at Tyre. It is inferior to cinnamon, coarser, and more pungent. It is not now found in Arabia. Probably the spice was always imported from India, being the inner bark dried. (Ps. xlv. 8.) 2. Ketzioth. kasia. Aucklaudia costus (?). 2. Ketzioth, either a cassia-bearing tree, or the Indian orris. Cedar. (Lev. xlv. 4; Ps. civ. 16; Ezek. xxxl. 3, 6.) Erez. kedros. Cedrus Libani. Cedar, used in Scripture generically of the whole pine-tree family, and specially of the cedar of Lebanon. In the Pentateuch it probably means an aromatic juniper, found in the Sinaitic rocks; in later books it is the cedar of Lebanon, as the noblest of trees, the glory of the vegetable creation, and so is made the symbol of grandeur, might, loftiness, and of wide expansion. It grows rapidly, and lives long; but is not found in any part of Palestine except the Lebanon district. Chestnut. (Gen. xxx. 37.) Armôn. pltanos. Platanus Orientalis. It occurs twice in A.V., but is translated "plane tree" in the LXX., which is probably the correct rendering, since the chestnut is not found in Palestine, while the plane tree is frequent by the side of streams and in plains. In the Bible it is coupled with the willow and poplar, which grow only in moist low ground. Cinnamon. (Ex. xxx. 23; Prov. vii. 17.) Kinnamôn. kinnamomon. Cinnamomum Zeylanicum. Cinnamon is a native of Ceylon, and the tree is unknown in Syria. The spice was an ingredient of the holy oil, and a perfume. It is the inner ripd of the bark, and was imported; but the oil is distilled from the ripe fruit. The tree is a species of laurel, growing thirty feet high, with a long lance-head leaf, and white blossom. Citron. (Lev.xxiii.40.) 'Etz hadar. karpos xulon . Citrus medica. The Hebrew, Peri 'etz hadar, translated "boughs (or fruits) of goodly trees" (A.V.), is taken by the Chaldee paraphrase and the Babbis to mean "fruit of the citron trees," which is still used, according to the enactment, on the Feast of Tabernacles (Farrar's "Life of Christ," vol. II., p. 57, note 2). The citron is a native of Media; its leaves are larger than those of the orange, and its bloom is pale purple, Itisthemost common of theoraoge tribe in Palestine, and is occasionally used in synagogue worship as representative of God's gift of fruits. Cockle. (Job xxxi. 40.) Boshah. batos. Only occurs once in A.V., but the same Hebrew word is translated "wild grapes," Is. v. 2, 4. The root of the Hebrew would suggest any "noisome weed," or plant of offensive odour, e.g. the "tares" of the New Testament, the foetid arums of Galilee, or the smut, Uredo foetida, that attacks corn. T. Some think it to be aconite, or deadly nightshade. Coriander. (Ex. xvi. 31.) Gad. korion. Coriandrum sativum. Only once mentioned, as that to which manna is compared. It is an umbelliferous plant, with a white blossom, yielding globular peppercorn seeds of aromatic flavour. It grows wild in Egypt and Palestine, especially in the Jordan Valley. English Translation. Hebrew and Greek. Botanical Name. Remarks. Corn. (Num. xviii. 27.) 1. Dagan. sitos Triticum compositum. Triticum spelta. Triticum hybernum. Different Hebrew words are used for "corn" in its different states, e.g.: 1. General term for corn in the abstract, as compared to any other commodity, such as "wine." 2. "Standing corn," as it grows in the field. 3. Grain, or winnowed corn. 4. An ear of corn. 5. Early sprouts of corn. 6 Corn a year old; or earthly produce opposed to heavenly food, i.e. manna. 7. Parched corn, dried or baked by fire. 8. Corn beaten out. 9. Sheaf, or handful of corn stalks. Hence corn was extensively grown in Palestine. Barley, millet, wheat, and spelt ("fitches," A.V.), are common in Palestine. Oats are unknown; but Egypt was a great corn-producing country in Jacob's time, and the chief granary of the Roman empire in later ages. The wheat with seven ears on one stalk is still to be seen in the Delta, and is known as "mummy wheat." "Parched corn" is fresh wheat scorched or baked, and eaten without further preparation. The dish sent by Joseph from his table to Benjamin and his brethren was doubtless "frumenty," or "firmity," i.e., corn stewed in the grain, and boiled up with milk. (Judg. xv. 5.) 2. Kamah. stachus (Gen. xli. 49.) 3. Bar. sitos (Ruth ii. 2.) 4. Shibboleth. stachus (Lev. ii. 14.) 5. Karmel. chidron (Josh. v. 11.) 6. 'Abûr. sitos (Josh. v. 11.) 7. Kâli. (Omitted.) (Lev. ii. 16.) 8. Girsah. chidron (Ruth ii. 7.) 9. 'Amâr. dragma Cotton. (Esth. i. 6.) Carpas. karpasos Gossypium herbaceum. Though the word does not occur in the A.V., the substance is certainly mentioned in the original, where the hangings of the king's palace are described as white, green (carpas), and blue. The rendering should be "white and violet-coloured cotton." The cotton plant is now largely cultivated in Palestine (though it must have been imported from India), and furnishes almost the entire clothing of the women; but it was probably unknown to the writers of the Old or New Testament. C. Cucumber. (Num. xi. 5.) 1. Kishuim. sikuoi Cucumis sativus. "Cucumber," and "a garden of cucumbers" (Mikshah), each occurs once. It has always been one of the chief vegetables of Egypt, and is common in Palestine, being planted by the acre in the plains, and forming a staple article of vegetable diet for the poor in summer. There are two kinds, the common species being small, from want of tillage. (Is. i. 8.) 2. Mikshah. sikueraton Cucumis chate. Cummin. (Is. xxviii. 25, 27.) Cammôn. kuminon Cucumis sativus. A common umbelliferous plant, whose fruits, "beaten out with a rod," are used as spices in bread and stewed meats, and as a medicine. It resembles fennel, but is smaller; is indigenous, and cultivated like the cereals. It was only included inferentially in the Mosaic law as to tithes. Cypress. (Is. xliv. 14, 15.) Tirzah. (Omitted in LXX.) Cupressus sempervirens. Once only mentioned, as a material for a heathen god; hence some hard-grained wood. Some think it is the Syrian juniper of Lebanon, resembling the cypress. The real cypress is the funeral or cemetery tree of the East, and so esteemed by the Mohammedans; but is not to be seen in the wild state. Desire. (Eccles. xii. 5.) Abionâh. kapparis Capparis Ægyptiaca. The word occurs only in this passage, and is thought to mean the "caper" (Hyssop), which was eaten as an intoxicating stimulant to the appetites, and should fail of its effects in the decrepitude of old age. So Gesenius, the Talmudists, and ancient versions interpret it. Dill. (Matt. xxiii. 23.) anethon Anethum graveolens. Anethos is incorrectly translated "anise" in our New Testament. It is the "dill," an umbelliferous little plant, grown for its aromatic seeds, which are useful as medicine and for seasoning, and resemble caraway seeds. It grows wild in Palestine, and is cultivated in gardens; it is also found in the islands of the Archipelago, and in Egypt. According to the Talmud, its "seeds, leaves, and stem" were subject to tithe. English Translation. Hebrew and Greek. Botanical Name. Remarks. Dove's Dung. (2 Kin. vi. 25.) Chiryônim. krithai To palliate the revolting idea of a literal interpretation of the passage, some nauseous plant or herb has been suggested as the probable rendering, such as "chick-pea," or "star of Bethlehem;" but it is more probable that it refers to the cost of the smallest particle of fuel, for which dried dung is commonly used in Palestine. Ebony. (Ezek. xxvii. 15.) Hobnim. (Omitted in LXX.) Diospyrus ebenus. It is the heart-wood of the date tree, growing in Ceylon and South India. This heart is only about two feet in diameter. Ezekiel mentions it as a costly article, brought to the market at Tyre by the merchants of Dedan, i.e. of the Persian Gulf. Elm. (Hos. iv. 13.) Elah. (Omitted in LXX.) Pistacia terebinthus. "Elm" occurs only once in the A.V., but elah, of which it is a translation, occurs often. The elm is not believed to be indigenous to S. Palestine, and the translation is erroneous. Elsewhere the word is rendered by "oak," "plane tree," "terebinth," "teil tree". Fig Tree. (Gen. iii. 7; Deut. viii. 8.) 1. Teenah. krithai Ficus carica. Arabic tin. It is very often mentioned in the Old and New Testament. It is indigenous in Syria, and reaches a great size, having smooth bark, thick trunk, wide and thick leaves (whose central fibre is made into walking sticks). The pear-like fruit is a hollow succulent, containing the imperfect flower encased within it. The fig tree is the earliest named in the Bible, and abounds (wild and cultivated) in every part of Palestine; its being smitten is one of God's threatened judgments. It puts out its earliest fruit-buds before its leaves, the former in February, the latter in April or May. When the leaves are out, the fruit ought to be ripe (Matt. xxi. 19). Of the four Hebrew words, the first is the general term, the other three denote different stages or conditions of the fruit: e.g. 2. Pag is the green fig, or unripened fruit remaining on the tree through the winter. (Bethphage is the "house of green figs," a sunless ravine.) 3. BikMrah is the "early fig." 4. Debelah is a "cake of dried figs," i.e. the main produce of the tree kept for winter use, often mentioned in the Old Testament as a staple article of food. It also possesses medicinal qualities (Is. xxxviii. 21). (S. of S. ii. 13.) 2. Pag. krithai (Hos. ix. 10.) 3. Bikkurah. krithai (1 Sam. xxv. 18.) 4. Debelah. krithai Fir. (Is. xxxvii. 24.) Berosh. Beroth. krithai Pinus halepensis. Pinus maritima. Pinus carica. The berosh is often mentioned in conjunction with the cedar of Lebanon, as a "choice" and a " goodly " tree. Its timber was used in building the Temple (for flooring, ceiling, and doors), for rafters of ships' decks, and for musical instruments, especially harps. In the LXX. it is rendered by "pine," "cypress," and "juniper;" and probably it may have included these in its connotation. Besides these are found several species of pine and fir (arranged in order of prevalence in Col. 3). The halepensis is certainly the "fir" of Scripture, and is scarcely inferior to the cedar. No Scotch fir or larch trees exist there. Fitches. (Is. xxviii. 25, 27.) 1. Ketzach. krithai 2. Cussemeth. Nigella sativa. Nigella orientalis. Two Hebrew words are translated "fitches;" the former (ketzach) is a kind of ranunculus, growing wild in the Mediterranean, cultivated in Egypt and Syria for its pungent black seeds, largely used like caraway seeds for flavouring cakes, &c. It is too small to bear the threshing instrument, and is "beaten out with a staff." The other (cussemeth) is "spelt" (elsewhere translated "rye"). The Nigella orientalis also grows wild, is inferior, and used for adulterating pepper. T. Flag. See Bulrush. Flax. (Ex.ix. 31; Is. xix. 9.) 1. Pishtah. krithai Linum sativum. Flax was the earliest known product cultivated and manufactured for clothing purposes, especially in Egypt, where it is found enwrapping the most English Translation. Hebrew and Greek. Botanical Name. Remarks. Flax. cont. (Gen. xli. 42.) 2. Shesh. bussos. ancient mummies, and for centuries the only and universal textile fabric. It was cultivated there, and also in Canaan before the Israelite settlement (Josh. ii. 6); and its failure is among God's punishments (Hos. ii. 9). It was a material of female domestic industry, the fabric of priestly robes, the composition of lamp-wicks (Is. xlii. 3). In modern times its culture in both countries has been much superseded by cotton. 2. Shesh ("fine linen") is probably an Egyptian word, and seems to be synonymous with 3. Bad, unless the former is the warn, and the latter the cloth. 4. Butz ("fine linen") denotes the material of the robes of kings, of rich men, of the Temple choir, and the Temple veil; and is the original of the bussos of the New Testament, the dress of Dives, and of the Lamb's bride. The word is probably Assyrian, and used for the linen brought from the East, and shesh that from Egypt. 5. Sadin is a cloth from which sheets (Judg. xiv. 12) and clothes (Is. iii. 23) were made. 6. Etun (used once) is "linen of Egypt," and its Greek equivalent is the "great sheet" in Peter's vision, and the grave-cloth of Jesus (John xix. 40). 7. Mikveh ("linen yarn," A.V.) is an import of Solomon from Egypt, though the LXX. and old versions retain it as a proper name, while Gesenius translates it "troop," and Bochart "tax." Its signification is very doubtful. C. (Lev. vi. 10.) 3. Bad. linon. (Esth. viii. 15.) 4. Butz. bussos. (Judg. xiv. 12.) 5. Sadin. sindon. (Prov. vii. 16.) 6. Etun. othone. (1 Kin. x. 28.) 7. Mikveh. (Omitted in LXX.) Frankincense. (Ex. xxx. 34; Is. lx. 6.) Lebonah. libanos. Boswellia Carterii. Boswellia thurifera. Boswellia papyrifera. The Heb. word for "frankincense" is quite distinct from those used in the Bible for "incense" (miktar, hitter, kitteroih), of which the former was one constituent. It is a fragrant gum distilled from the yagaar, or frankincense tree, somewtat like a mountain ash, with long glossy serrated leaves, and green star-like flowers, tipped with red, emitting a lemon fragrance. It grows mainly near Saba (Sheba) in Arabia, along the coast of Hadramant, and also in the Soumali country. It was never grown in Syria, nor in India. B. Galbanum. (Ex. xxx. 34.) Chelbenah. chalbane. Opqidia galbanifera. Galbanum officinale. A yellow resin, exuding from two umbelliferous plants, of which the latter (Galbanum officinale) grows in Syria, and from it this ingredient of the holy incense was doubtless extracted. C. Gall. (Jer. ix. 15; Amos vi. 12.) Rôsh. chole. Rôsh is some poisonous bitter herb; it is twice translated "poison," and also "hemlock." It is often used with wormwood, and may be taken for any "bitter herb." Garlick. (Num. xi. 5.) Shoom. ta skorda. Allium sativum. One of the vegetables Israel enjoyed in Egypt. Akin to the onion; grows wild and cultivated in Palestine. T. Gopher. (Gen. vi. 14.) Gopher. xula tetragona. Only once used, as material of Noah's ark, which our translators have not rendered into English. Cedar, pine, and cypress have been conjectured, with no reason. C. Gourd. (Jonah iv. 5-9.) Kikayon. kolokunthe. Cucurbita pepo. A climbing gourd, with wide leaves, very commonly used in the East to form shelter for arbours; growing often a foot a day, and withering as rapidly. The "castor-oil plant" is a shrub, and unsuitable. T. Gourd (wild). (2 Kin. iv. 39.) Pakknoth. tolupe agria. Citrullus colocynthis. The poisonous fruit of a wild vine, gathered by the young prophet in mistake for a wholesome melon. Many kinds of wild gourd are found in Palestine, but only the bitter fruit of the colocynth would be likely to be mistaken by its appearance, and yet reveal itself by taste. It grows wild in profusion about Gilgal. C. It is supposed also to be the "vine of Sodom" (Deut. xxxii. 32). T. Grass. (Num. xxii. 4.) 1. Yered. ta chlora. Several Hebrew words are translated "grass;" of which 1. is simply generic for all kinds of green herbage; 2. really answers to our word, viz. "green grass," distinguished from "herbs;" while 3. is "fodder," or dry food for cattle. There are (Gen. i. 11.) 2. Desher. botane. (British and S. European.) English Translation. Hebrew and Greek. Botanical Name. Remarks. Grass. (cont.). (Is. xxxv. 70). 3. Chatzir. *** scarcely any pastures or meadows in Palestine, but great variety of grasses (more than seventy species), as of all other vegetable productions. Principally, (1) the bare down grass of the limestone hills of Judæa; (2) tall, luxuriant meadow grass of the maritime plains, answering more nearly to ours; (3) the rank, rapid-growing, prairie-like herbage of Jordan Valley. Grove. (Gen. xxi. 33). 1. Asherah 2. Eshel. *** Hazel. (Gen. xxx. 37). Luz. *** Hay. (Prov. xxvii. 25). Chatzir. *** Heath. (Jer. xvii. 6; xlviii. 6). 'Arar. *** Hemlock. (Deut. xxix. 18; Hos. x. 4). 1. Rôsh. *** (Amos vi. 12). 2. La'anah. *** Herb. (Gen. i. 11, 12). 1. Esheb. *** (Is. xviii. 4). 2. Oroth. *** Herb (Bitter). (Ex. xii. 8). Merorim. *** Five bitter herbs were eaten with the Paschal lamb, viz. lettuce, endive, chicory, mint, and one other not identified; but many more are now eaten in Palestine, as salads, by the natives. No specific plant is meant by the word. Husks. (Luke xv. 16). *** The fruit of the carob, or locust tree, a leguminous plant, very common in Palestine, with leaves like our ash. Its pods (very abundant in April and May) are flat, narrow, hornshaped, from six to ten inches long; chiefly used for feeding cattle, horses, and pigs, but sometimes the food of the very poorest people. T. Hyssop. (Ex. xii. 22; 1 Kin. iv. 33). Ezôb. *** The hyssop is much disputed, but thought to be either Satureia thymbia, found on Carmel, or marjoram; or, more probably, the thorny caper. It seems to have been used as a broom or brush, and so would appear to be formed of a bunch of twigs. It grew in Egypt, in the Sinaitic desert, in Palestine, "out of the wall;" with all which the caper best accords. T. Juniper. (1 Kin. xix. 4). Rothem. *** A desert shrub (Arabic retem), growing near Sinai, Petra, the Dead Sea, and the Jordan. Not a juniper, but a broom; the largest shrub of Sinai, under which Elijah lay down to die; and one Israelite station was "place of broom" (Rithmah). Ladanum. (Gen. xxxvii. 25; xliii. 11). Lôt. *** Occurs only twice, and both times rendered "myrrh," which cannot be correct, as that is not an indigenous product of Gilead or Palestine. It is identical with the Arabic ladan (ladanum), the gum of the Cistus or rock rose, of which there are many species in Palestine, especially on Mount Carmel. See Myrrh. icdpvov. Tamarix Pallasii. Tamarix Gallica. . . . aypiofJ.vpiK.rj. . aypw- . . Juniperus satin a. /ceparta. . v(rrairo. Ceratonia sili-qua. Satureia.. . Capparis spi-nosa paJdfxev. . . » Remarks. Retama roetam. Cistus creticus. " villosus. " salviaefolius. scarcely any pastures or meadows in Palestine, but great variety of grasses (more than seventy species), as of all other vegetable productions. Principally, (1) the bare down grass of the limestone bills of Judæa; (2) tall, luxuriant meadow grass of the maritime plains, answering more nearly to ours; (3) the rank, rapid-growing, prairie-like herbage of Jordan Valley. Two Hebrew words, are rendered "grove" (A.V.), both erroneously. The first, always used in connexion with the temples of Baal, is supposed to be a wooden image of Ashtaroth. The other occurs only three times, and is twice translated "a tree;" hence it is believed to be identical with the Arabic asal, "tamarisk tree," of which seven species exist in Palestine, growing thickly by the Lower Jordan and Dead Sea. T. The hazel is common in Galilee and the Lebanons, but is not found elsewhere. The name occurs only once, and is identical with the Arab name of the almond tree, which some suppose it to mean. Twice occurs; but means tall stems of grass. There is no such thing as '"hay" in Palestine. See Grass. Only occurs twice, and is identical with the Arabic word for a dwarf juniper, growing in the most barren and rocky parts of the desert. It is a shrub, of stunted appearance, bearing purple berries. There is no heath south of the Lebanons. T. Rôsh, translated "hemlock," and "gall," is thought by some to be the "poppy;" by others "darnel," "henbane," "aconite," &c.; but its identification is uncertain. G. See Gall. La'anah is "wormwood," which see Esheb is used generally of "herbs yielding seed," as opposed to grass. Oroth is thought to be "cole-wort," or "cabbage." T. English Translation. Hebrew and Greek. Botanical Name. Remarks. Leeks. (Num. xi. 5). Chatzir. krithai Allium porrum. Chatzir occurs many times, but is only in one place rendered "leeks" (in conjunction with "onions"); and all old versions and commentators adopt this interpretation, though some modern ones suggest a kind of lucern, largely used as salad, since in all other passages chatzir is translated "herbs," or "grass." Leeks were a very favourite vegetable in Egypt, where they were reverenced as sacred; and are still largely grown there and in Palestine. T. Others suggest the "fenugreek," a common article of food in Egypt. H. Lentiles. (Gen. xxv. 34; 2 Sam. xxiii. 11). 'Adashim. Ervum lens. Arabic adas. Jacob's red pottage was of lentiles, mentioned in three other places, among the produce and food of Palestine, in conjunction with beans. A species of vetch, resembling the tine-tare, grown on poorer soils. The red lentile is most esteemed; it is cut and threshed like corn, then stewed, like haricot beans, and made into pottage. "Revalenta Arabica" is the flour made from the lentile seeds. Lily. (1 Kin. vii. 26; S. of S. ii. 16; vi. 2, 3). Shûshan. Anemone coronaria. Ranunculus Asiaticus. Adonis Palestina. The Arabs use the word susan as a general term for flowers of lily kind (e.g. tulip, anemone, ranunculus, &c.). From a comparison of texts, it seems to grow in valleys and gardens, is conjoined with the rose of Sharon, (which see) distilled fragrant juice, formed an ornamental garland, was red, and grew in profusion in the Plain of Gennesaret (Matt. vi. 28). Probably the allusions in the Old Testament are general, including the above-mentioned, the iris, and water-lilies; but what impresses the traveller universally as the "lilies of the field" of the New Testament are the anemones, carpeting every plain, and luxuriantly pervading the land in every soil and all situations. Mallow. (Job xxx. 4). Malluach. Atriplex halimus. Malva rotundifolia.C. Malva sylvestris. C. Althaea frutex. C. Only once named, and then as food for the most abject poor. The word suggests the notion of "salt" in its taste or locality, such as the tree-mallow and marsh-mallow. Eighteen species of mallow are found in Palestine. Most scholars understand the sea purslane. Mandrake. (Gen. xxx. 14; S. of S. vii. 13). Dudaîm. Mandragora officinalis. T. A plant of the potato family, with a root like the beet, dark green leaves lying flat like a primrose, and bearing yellow pulpy fruit of the size of a large plum, having exhilarating qualities, and still thought by the natives to stimulate fruitfulness. It abounds in Palestine. Manna. (Ex. xvi. 15). Manna. Manna (Heb. Man hu, "What is it?") was the name by which the miraculous food of Israel was known. It is described as a small round thing, like coriander seed, white, tasting like wafer and honey. It is still the name given to a sweet gum distilled in the hot weather from the tamarisk trees in a limited locality of the Arabian desert; collected by the Arabs before sunrise; boiled, strained, eaten as honey; but it has no taste of wafer, does not resemble coriander seed, is found in very small quantities, only under the tamarisk trees; melts as soon as the sun is up, and could not form a staple food of life. See Manna, p. 93. Mastick Tree. (Hist. of Sus. V. 54.) schinos Pistacia lentiscus. Though the name occurs only in the Apocrypha, it is thought by some to be the balsam tree (Gen. xxxvii. 25). It is a small evergreen bushy tree, of the terebinth genus, yielding a gum, a commercial commodity from the earliest times. It is very common in all countries bordering on the Mediterranean, is indigenous in Palestine, well known as the "lentisk." Melons. (Num. xi. 5). Abattuchim. Cucurbita citrullus. Cucumis melo. Once mentioned among the fruits of Egypt. Melons are staple and refreshing food in Egypt and Palestine, especially the water-melon, which Melons {cont.). Millet..... (Ezek. iv. 9.) Mint...... (Luke xi. 42.) Mulberry. . . (2 Sam. v. 23; Luke xvii. 6.) Mustard. . (Matt. xiii. 31.) Hebrew and Greek. Myrrh. . . . . (Ex. xxx. 23; Prov. vii. 17.) (Gen. xxxvii. 25.)[:] Myrtle. . (Is. lv. 13.) Nard..... (S. of S. i. 12; John xii. 3.) Nettles. . . . (Is. xxxiv. 13.) (Prov. xxiv. 30, 31.) Nuts..... (S. of S. vi. 11.) (Gen. xliii. 11.) DQchan. . . rjSvoa-fiov. . Becalm. crCvani. * 1. MSr.. . . 2. L6t. Hadas.. . . fivpcrivq. Nerd. . vapSos, 1. Kimmosh. OLKOLvda, 2. Charul. pvyava aypia. 1. Egftz. . . Kopva. 2. Botnim. Botanical Name. Panicum mi-liac'eum. Mentha sativa. " sylvestris. Populus tre-mula. Sinapis nigra. H. Salvadora Persica. T. Balsamoden-dron nayreha. T. Myrtus com-munis. Nardostachys jatamansi. Urtica pilu-lifera. Acanthus spi-nosus. Juglans regia. Pistacia vera. Eemarks. grows to a great size, is often thirty pounds in weight, and refreshes the thirsty as much as the hungry. There is a succession of crops from May to November. T. Once named with "wheat, barley, beans, and lentiles," in compounding meal for bread. The same name is used by Arabs for two kinds of millet, largely grown in the East. Both are grasses, with very small seeds, used for cakes, but eaten by the very poor, uncooked. T. Commonly eaten by Jews with their meat, and one of the "bitter herbs" of the Paschal feast. Several species (wild and cultivated) grow in Palestine. The translation is believed to be erroneous, and the tree meant to be the aspen poplar; but some adopt the LXX. translation, "pear trees." In the New Testament the mulberry is intended by the Greek equivalent " sycamine." Only mentioned in the New Testament; always with reference to the smallness of its seeds in comparison with the size of its branches. Commentators differ in identifying it. Some take it to be the annual herb "mustard," indigenous in Palestine as in Britain, but in such a soil and climate growing to the largest of plants, many feet high; others a shrub-like tree, with an equivalent Arabic name, and similar pungent flavour, having very small seed. The former answers all the Gospel requirements, and the comparison was proverbial. Myrrh is frequently mentioned in the Old and New Testament. It was an ingredient in the holy oil; a domestic perfume, with " aloes, cassia, and cinnamon;" used for the purification of women, and for embalming. Both Scripture and classical writers give Arabia as its source; and it is the gum from the bark of a small thorny balsam (Arab. murr), somewhat like an acacia. 2. Lot, erroneously translated "myrrh," is Ladantjm, which see. A wild tree in Palestine, growing twenty feet high, with dark glossy leaves and white flowers. Found generally through Central Palestine about Bethlehem, Hebron, and on the sides of Carmel and Tabor. Still used in synagogues on the Feast of Tabernacles; and its dried flowers and berries, as a perfume. Esther's Hebrew name, Hadassah, was from the "myrtle." An Indian product, from a plant growing on the Himalayas, and therefore very costly. The plant has many hairy spikes shooting from one root, which are the root leaves shooting up from the ground and surrounding the stalk, from which the nard is procured and dried. 1. Kimmosh, mentioned several times with thorns, and twice translated "thorns" (A.V.), is the "sting-nettle," of which there are several varieties in Palestine. 2. Charul is translated "nettles" in a text where Kimmosh is "thorns," and again in Job. Its identification is doubtful, probably "prickly acanthus," a common troublesome weed in the plains of Palestine, with spince. T. 1. Egpz is the " walnut tree," which is a native of Persia, extensively cultivated in Palestine. 2. Botnim (Arab, batam) is the "pistachio," a tree allied to the " terebinth," and now somewhat rare in Palestine, but the fruit is very abundant. T. Oak...... (Gen. xxxv. 4; Judg. vi. 11; Ezek. vi. 13.) Oil Tree. . . « (Is. xli. 19.) Hebrew and Greek. l.Elah. . 2. El, ilan. , SeV-Spov. 3. Allah, al-16n. Botanical Name. Pistacia tere-binthus. Quercus pseu-dqpoccifera. Oltte..... (Gen. viii. 11; Deut. viii. 7.) " (-wild.). . . dypieaios. (Kom. xi. 17.) 'Etz Shemen. Zaith. , . . eAcua. Eleagnus. . Olea Eufopsea. Onions..... (Num. xi. 5.) Palm Tree. . . (Ex. xv. 27.) Betzalim. . Tamar. . . Allium cepa. Phoenix dacty-lifera. ? * * Paxnag. (Ezek. xxvii. 17.) Pine Tree. . (Is. xli. 19; lx. 13.) Pannag. KacrCa. Tidhar. , , fipaQvSaap, irevicq. Remarks. Ulmus cam-pestris (?). T. Six Hebrew words are rendered "oak." 1. Eldh is the terebinth, or teil tree, sometimes interchanged with all'hi, "oak." It is the turpentine tree, and though altogether different from the oak, it resembles it in the grain of the wood, as also in its wide-spread growth. The remaining five words all refer to the acorn-bearing oaks. 3. Certainty means the oak; alldn, probably " evergreen oak;" elon, the "deciduous" kinds. Three varieties at least of oak are common in Palestine; some, as "Abraham's oak," of great size, its foliage covering a diameter of 90 ieet, and its girth being 23 feet. T. The Hebrew words occur three times: once translated "olive tree," and again "pine branches" (Neh. viii. 15), where it is distinguished from the "olive." Probably the oleaster, very abundant, especially about Hebron, Tabor, Samaria, yielding inferior oil. It is smaller than the olive, with long, narrow, bluish leaves, silvery underneath, and bears bitter green berries. T. One of the earliest trees named; especially one of the blessings of the Promised Land; very abundant in Palestine, and its chief characteristic, yielding abundant fruit and oil. The oldest trees remain at Gethsemane. The wood is a rich amber colour, finely grained, and from it the cherubim, doors, and posts of the Temple were made. T. The olive requires grafting; the ungrafted suckers producing a small worthless fruit. Named amongst the vegetables of Egypt; still extensively grown near the Nile, and in Syria; eaten raw by the natives, and regarded as a preservative against thirst. The Egyptian variety is as large as a Portugal onion. T. Palm trees are characteristic of sandy semi-tropical deserts, but grow best on clay or rich alluvium. There are 250 varieties. The date palm is especially.identifled with Palestine. Many places were named from its abundance: e.g. Jericho, Hazazon-Tamar (by the Dead Sea), Baal-Tamar (near Gibeah), &c. It grew luxuriantly in the Jericho plain, the ravine Of the Jordan, around the Sea Of Galilee, the vale of Shechem, and on the maritime plains, and is still abundant at Bey-rout. It is improbable that it ever grew on Mount Olivet (Neh. viii. 15 is general in its directions to the whole country), as the soil is unsuitable. The palm leaf {lulal)), bound with myrtle on the right and citron on the left hand, formed the triple badge of the desert life, carried by Jews, and shaken, at the Feast of Tabernacles, after which they were carefully "laid up" at home. These were " the palm branches," fetched out and carried bv the multitude who went out to escort Jesus on His triumphal entry (John xii. 13); while those from Bethany cut down branches of olive trees, and strawed them in the way (Matt. xxi. 8). Its tall stem (from 30 to 80 feet high), with surmounting featheiy foliage, became the symbol of elegance and grace; hence it became a favourite woman's name, " Tamar " (Gen. xxxviii. 6; 2 Sam. xiii. 1; xiv. 27). Not translated; mentioned with "wheat of Min-nith," as a commodity. The Syriac yersion renders it "millet;" the LXX. considers it the name of a place; others regard it as a spice, or some native product of Palestine. Tidhar twice occurs in Isaiah, coupled with the "fir" and "box," growing on Lebanon. There is no clue to its identification. The "elm" grows on Mount Lebanon; but some conjecture it to be the plane, or pine. T. See Fir. Pine Tree (cont.) Pomegranate. . (Num. xx. 5; Deu. viii. 8.) Poplar..... (Gen. xxx. 37; Hos. iv. 13.) Hebrew AND GrREEK. Botanical Name. Rimmon. roa, roia kodon Pulse. . . . (2 Sam. xvii. 28; Dan. i. 12.5 Libneh. Zeroim. ospria Punica grana-tum. Remarks. Populus alba. " Euphratica. Reed. Rose...... (Is. xxxv. 1; S. of S. ii. 1.) Rue..... (Luke xi. 42.) Chabatzeleth. KpCvov, av-0os. nrjyavov. Rush. .... Rye...... (Ex. ix. 32; Is. xxviii. 25.) Saffron. . . . (S. of S. iv. 14.) G-dme. Sea-Weed. . . (Jonah ii. 5.) ShittahTree. . (Is. xli. 19.) Shittim Wood. . (Ex. xxvi. 15.) Cussemeth.. £e'a, oAvpa. Kark8m.. . 1. Narcissus tazetta. 2. Anastatica hierochun-tina. Ruta bracteosa. " graveolens. Shittah. . . i-vkov TOJ>. Shittim. t-vov TOV. Triticum spelta. Crocus sativus. Acacia seyal. "Pine branches" (Neh. viii. 15) is a mistranslation. See Oil Tree. One of the pleasant fruits of Egypt, and promised blessings of Palestine. It is often alluded to, and its abundance is attested by the frequent occurrence of " Rimmon " as the name of a town. It is a shrub-like tree, of the myrtle family, with blood-red flowers and globular fruit, containing red juicy pulp with many seeds, from which refreshing drink was made (S. of S. viii. 2). Blood oranges are produced from a branch grafteS. on a pomegranate stem. The Hebrew word means "white," is twice used, and rendered "poplar;" most probably the "white poplar," of which four varieties at least are found in Palestine. The Populus alba is found on the hills, and is doubtless that of Hos. iv.; the P. Euphratica abounds by the Jordan, and would be native in Padan-Aram (Gen. xxx.). Some have identified it with the " storax," a bushy shrub, with pale leaves having an undercoating of down, and white blossoms. See Stacte. Though translated "parched pulse," the latter word is inserted in the A.V. by conjecture. The Hebrew is only "parched." Probably "peas." In the other passage, zeroim is "seed" of any kind, probably that of grain generally, or of leguminous plants. In both cases it is the simple food of the poor. See Bulrush. 1. Only mentioned twice: once as "rose of Sharon," no doubt a bulbous plant, of which there are abundance in Palestine, especially the narcissus, which abounds in the vale of Sharon. No "roses" proper are found, except in the Lebanons. 2. "Rose of Jericho," a small woody annual (not mentioned in Scripture), with short stem, bearing many branches, and white flowers. After seeding, it dries and curls up into a ball like wickerwork; but when put in water, it expands, as if alive again; hence called Anastatica, "resurrection flower." It is also called " Mary's flower." Included among common garden herbs of small value, tithed by Pharisees. Four species are found in Palestine. T. Egyptian papyrus. See Bulrush, 1. The marginal reading, " spelt" is doubtless correct, as it resembles wheat. Rye is a northern plant, not Egyptian or Syrian; but the Hebrew name is akin to the Arab, chirsanat, " spelt." T. Only once named, among scented garden flowers; doubtless the same as the Arab. Jcurkum, the saffron crocus, which abounds in Palestine, and is highly esteemed for its perfume. Many varieties are found there, from which "saffron" is obtained, a yellow powder freely used for seasoning in the East. See Bulrush, 4. Suph. The tree is named once only, the wood frequently, as the timber used for the tabernacle and its fittings in the wilderness, and therefore the only timber available. The acacia is the only timber tree of any size in the Arabian desert. It resembles the hawthorn, but is larger, growing in the driest places, and scattered over the whole peninsula, as also on the W. shore of the Dead Sea. Its wood is very hard, close-grained, orange-brown in colour. From it "Gfum Arabica" is obtained; its bark is an astringent, and is used for tanning. Soap..... (Jer. ii.22; Mai. iii. 2.) Sodom, Vine of. (Deut. xxxii. 32.) Spelt. . . . Spicery {Spice Tree.) (Gen. xxxvii. 25.) Spikenard. . Stacte. . . . (Ex. xxx. 34.) Sycamine. . . . (Luke xvii. 6.) Sycamore. ) Sycomore. j * ' (Ps. lxxviiL 47; 1 Chron. xxviii. 28.) Tares. . . . (Matt. xiii.) Teil. ) Terebinth, f (Is. vi. 13.) Thick Trees. (Lev. xxiii. 40.) Hebrew and Greek. B6rith, Troa. Gephen Sodom. NecSth. Nataf. . CTTOLKTrj. Shikmin.. Shikmoth. auxo/utopea. avta. . . Elah. . 'Etz 'Aboth. 8a- crets. Botanical Name. Salsola kali.. Solanum sanctum. Citrullus colo-cynthus. Calbtropis procera. Astragalus ' tragacantha. Sty rax offici-nale. Morus nigra. Ficus syeamo-rus. Lolium ternu-lentum. Pistacia tere-binthus. Remarks. The native soap of Palestine is made from olive oil and potash, and dates from remote antiquity; the latter is abundantly produced by the numerous alkaline plants on the maritime marshes and by the Dead Sea. Its use is very ancient, and to its discovery on the Belus we owe the invention of glass by the Phoenicians, and to its Arabic name the word "alkali." It has always been one of the exports of Palestine. See Bramble, ChedeJc. The Cdlocynth has long straggling tendrils like a vine, grows near the Dead Sea, and has a fruit of tempting appearance, like a beautiful orange, but nauseous to the taste, and when ripe its rind contains only dark ashes and seeds {see Wild Gourd). The Galotropis is ?also suggested as the Sodom vine. It grows on the S.E. of the Dead Sea, and in the plains of Shittim E. of Jordan by .Jericho, bearing clusters of bright yellow apples, not good for food; but it yields an esteemed medicinal gum. T. See Rye. "Spicery," carried by Ishmaelites to Egypt for sale, iS not a general term, but the product of some tree, probably the Arab, neca'at, or "gum traga-canth," obtained from the Astragali, a kind of lupine, of which there are more than 20 varieties in Palestine, dwarf shrubs with pinnate leaves, long thorns, and yellow blossoms, growing at all elevations. T. Some conjecture the " storax." See Stacte. The spice-bearing trees, producing cinnamon, &c. belong to the laurel family, not indigenous to Palestine. C. Sec Nard. Lit. "a drop" of some exuding gum; one ingredient in the holy oil; translated Job xxxvi. 27, "drop of ivater." Is identified with the gum of the storax, a beautiful, fragrant shrub, growing abundantly on the lower hills in Palestine, with blossoms like the orange tree. The black mulberry, still called sycamenea in Greece. Both it and the white mulberry are common in Palestine. A species of fig, allied to the banyan tree, quite distinct from our "sycamore." It has a leaf like the mulberry, and fruit like a fig. It is an evergreen timber tree, of vast size. It supplied the common timber of Egypt for furniture, doors, boxes, mummy-cases. It is found in the low plains of Jericho, but not on the hills, and is therefore uncommon in Palestine. The Arab, zawdn, the bearded darnel, a kind of rye-grass whose seeds are poisonous, common in all coun-tries bordering on the Mediterranean. The leaf resembles that of wheat, but the seed is much smaller. Elah in most passages is translated "oak" (which see). Sometimes it is mistranslated " plain " (1 Sam. xvii. 2; Gen. xiii. 18); once "elm" (Hos. iv. 13); and in only one passage correctly, "teil," or " turpentine" tree. The LXX. generally renders it the "terebinth." Very common in S. and E. of Palestine, in localities too warm or dry for the oak, whose place it supplies, and whose winter appearance with straggling boughs it closely resembles. Its leaves are "pinnate, dark reddish green; it bears small clustering blossoms, and red berries. On a terebinth (still shewn) Judas is said to have hanged himself. "Thick trees" are mentioned among those from whose branches the booths were to be made at the Feast of Tabernacles. The Rabbinical commentators interpret it of the "myrtle," which in consequence is used for the purpose to this day. * * * Thistle. (Hos. x. 8.) (Job xxxi. 40.) Thorn. . . . Thyine Wood. (Rev. xviii. 12.) Vine..... (Gen. ix. 20; xl. 9; Deut. Viii. 7, 8.) " (wild). . . (Is. v. 2.) Walnut..... (S. of S. vi. 11.) Wheat..... (Gen. xxx. 14: xli.22.) Willow. . . . (Lev. xxiii. 40; Job xl. 22.) (Ezek. xvii. 5.) With..... (Judg. xvi. 7.) Wormwood. . (Deut. xxix. 18.) Hebrew and Greek. Dardar. rpijSoAo Choach. £vov Ov'C-vov. Gephen. . . Baoshah. a.K.avOa.1. Egoz. . . . 17 napva. Chittah. . . 1. 'Arabim. . crea. 2. Tzaphtza- phah. (Omitted in LXX.) Yether Lacb. vevpa vypd. La'anab. Botanical Name. Centaurea cal-citropa. Notobasis Sy-riaca. Callitrts *qua~ drivalvis. Vitis vinifera. Juglans regia. Triticum com- positum. " spelta. " bybernuin. Salix octandra. " JSgyptiaca. " Babylonica. Oleander (?). Artemisia Ju- daica. " Nilotica. " absinthium REMARKS. Two words are translated " tbistles " (see Bramble, 2 and 3). Tbistles of gigantic size, overtopping tbe horse and his rider, abound in the rich plains of Gennesaret, Sharon, Esdratilon, and Jericho. Clioach is thought to be the generic term for any spring herb or shrub, including thistles, knap-weed, &c.; and dardar represents the genus Calcitropa. C. See Bramble. "Thyine wood" is one of the priceless commodities of the Babylon of the Book of Revelation. It is not indigenous^to Palestine, but to the Atlas mountains. It was called "citron wood" by the Romans. It is a small tree of the cypress family, allied to the Lignum vitoe. T. It is a native of the hilly region south of the Caspian, and of Armenia and north Persia; and one of the earliest plants cultivated, and has followed civilisation. Palestine is beyond all renowned for the quantity, quality, and productiveness of its vines, especially the valley of Eshcol (or "grapes"), and no climate or soil is more adapted for it. It is the emblem of the nation, and hence was adopted as that of the Christian Church. The wild vine, or fox grape, has a small, black, acid fruit, suitable only for vinegar; grows commonly in the hedges or thickets of Palestine. T. See Cockle. "Nuts" should be "walnut tree" in this passage. It is a native of Persia, and is still extensively cultivated in the higher grounds and colder parts of Palestine. See Nuts. Wheat is one of the earliest products, being the chief grain of Mesopotamia in Jacob's time; and from that to this equally so in Egypt, where the many-eared (Gen. xli. 22) or "mummy " variety, depicted on monuments; is still grown. Three varieties are commonly found in Palestine: (1) on maritime plains, white, short-bearded; (2) short-grown, long-bearded, thick-set, coarse grain; (3) a longer stem, with coarse black beard and husk. It is still trodden out (Deut. xxv. 4), pressed out by a wooden wheel, or threshed with a flail (Is. xxviii. 27), and then winnowed with a fan and sifted. " Wheat harvest" (about April) marks a division of the year. Two words are rendered "willow:" 1. 'Arabim are always said to grow in the valley. The Arabic name is gharab. 2. Tzaphtzaphah (Arab, safsaf), occurs only once of a tree growing by the waterside. It was used for constructing booths for the Feast of Tabernacles; and no doubt both words express the "willow," of which many varieties are found in Palestine. H. But some suggest the oleander, which flourishes abundantly by the watercourses, and lines every valley. T. The Anglo-Saxon word "with" is a supple twig, used for twining or wicker-work, and so came to be synonymous with "willow," for which it occurs in Wickliffe's Bible; but in Judges it is better translated " cords." It is often mentioned, but only by way of metaphor. Several varieties of Artemisia grow in Palestine. Wormwood is well known for its bitter taste. T. Note.--It is worthy of notice, that the Fauna and Flora, &c.. of the Bible seem to accord with its assumed geography and chronology; e.g. the animals and cereals belong specially to Mesopotamia and the country east of Palestine, and the musical instruments to the earliest ages of human life. Those of the rest of the Pentateuch are such as have their origin or prevalence in Egypt and the Sinaitic peninsula; those of the historical books, and of most of the prophets, belong more particularly to Palestine in an advanced stage of civilization; while the animals mentioned in Job have received more illustration from the Assyrian records and monuments than from anything found in Egypt, Arabia, or Canaan. The marked omission of aquatic pursuits and industries, and of marine products, from the Bible narrative, accords with the historical fact that the sea coast was never occupied by the Hebrews. __________________________________________________________________ GEOLOGY OF BIBLE LANDS. The Sinaitic range is formed of granite and plutonic rocks, without any signs of volcanic action, such as lava, basalt, &c. The granite is bright red from base to summit, often intersected with veins of greenstone and porphyry. Mount Sinai consists of coarse granite at the base, graduating in fineness to the peak. Advancing northward, dykes of porphyry intersect the granite, and this in turn is intersected by greenstone, while at the north-eastern extremity syenite supplants them. Tending towards Suez, sandstone overlays the syenite, and the sandstone belt of the Tur fringes the granite group. Through the Judasan wilderness a limestone plateau extends almost to Hebron. The whole central Syrian range is limestone, equivalent to the green sand underlying the chalk formation still prevailing about Beersheba; the few exceptions being near the Jordan Valley. Occasionally, on hill tops (such as Olivet), is found a layer of white chalk mixed with flint. These are the remains of a vast chalk deposit, which once covered the whole country with an even surface, and was the groundwork of its fertility, but which has long ago been washed away by the heavy rains and torrents, leaving the now sterile limestone rock covered with the loose flints. There are two distinct groups of limestone: 1. Necomian, with fossils like those in our greensand, and intermingled with dolomite. It predominates in Galilee (from the Lebanons and Hermon to Safed and Samaria), running on to the east of Jerusalem beyond Olivet. 2. A lower substratum of chalk, underlying the whole country from Lebanon to the south of the Mountains of Moab, seldom coming to the surface. In Galilee, near the Lake, are large dykes of basalt, and fields of lava, which has overflowed the limestone, from some extinct volcanoes (near Safed, Horns of Hattin, and Ard el Hamma); and the scoria has enriched the cultivation of those hill-sides and valleys, down to little Hermon, and the edge of Esdraelon. This is the only volcanic tract at present discovered. East of Jordan the formation is similar to that of the west side, but without the upper chalk that once encrusted the hills. The Jordan gorge which cleaves these formations is a geological phenomenon. MINEBAL SUBSTANCES, &c. Name and Reference. Bitumen. . . . (Gen. xi. 3.) Clay..... (Is. xxix. 16.) (Is. xli. 25.) Earth. .... (Gen. i. 22.) (Gen. ix. 20.) (Gen. iii. 14; Is. xlvii. 1.) Nitre. . . . (Jer. ii. 22.) Salt...... (lChr.xviii.12.) Sand...... (Prov. xxvii. 3; Jer. v. 22.) Sulphur. . . . (Gen. xix. 24; Ps. xi. 6. Hebrew and Greek. Chemar.. . 1. Chomer. . 2. Tit. [%] . . 1. Eretz.. . " yyn- 2. Adarnah.. yrj. 3. 'Aphar. . yq. Nether. . . vCrpov. Melach. . . a Choi. . . . Gqphrith . Oeiov. Remarks. A kind of asphalt, or earth-resin, found in the vale of Siddim, whence the Dead Sea was called Lacus Asphaltites. It is translated "slime," and was used as mortar or cement. 1. A tenacious earth, like that so called by us, used for making bricks and earthenware. It was less cohesive than ours, accordingly for the former purpose was held together by admixture of straw before being baked, and for building purposes was mixed with sand. 2. Tit (lit. "dirt") was, and still is, the common building material of the mud-houses of the peasantry of Palestine. Three Hebrew words are translated " earth:" 1. Eretz, the earth, of globe generally. 2. Adamah, red earth, or cultivated soil. 3. 'Aphar, dry earth, or dust. A mineral alkali (familiar to us as soda). Salt is very abundant in the neighbourhood of the Dead Sea, which is highly impregnated with it. A ridge of salt-rock runs into that sea, and there are salt-pits (Zeph. ii. 9), and a plain of salt, or valley of salt (2 Sam. viii. 13). Hence it frequently enters into the symbolical acts and language of the Bible. Sand abounds in Palestine, and is used to express abundance, insecurity, extensiveness, and weight. Sulphur, or brimstone, is largely found in the vale of Siddim, in the mineral form; but is also found in combination with pyrites and other rock formations. Note.--The northern shore of the Dead Sea abounds in pebbles, succeeded by sand covered with incrustations of salt and a growth of lichens, resembling seaweed at the first glance. This extends for about two miles. The shores of the Sea of Galilee are composed of minute shells, of very many varieties. There are many fossils to be found, as above mentioned; but for a more detailed account of these, the student is referred to special treatises. __________________________________________________________________ METALS. Name and Reference. Hebrew and AMBER. . . (Ezek. i. 4.) Chashmal. COPPER. Brass, j * * (Ex. xxxviii. 8; 2 Kin. xxv. 13.) Nechosheth. Gold..... (lKin.ix.28.) (Job xxviii. 18.) (Jobxxii.24.) (Ps. lxviii. 13.) (Eccles.ii.8.) (Job xxviii. 19.) Iron and. Steel. (Gen. iv. 22; Deu.viii.9.) Lead. . . . , (Ex. xv. 10.) Silver. . . . (Gen. xxiii. 15.) 1. Zahab. . Xpvo-Cov. 2.Paz. [/] XpvcrCov. 3. Betser. uerpa 2w fup. 4. Cherutz. Xpvcriov. 5. Segur. 7T?plOUn- acrfios. 6. Kethem. XpvorCov Ka.9a.p6v. Barzel. . . Bedll. . . . Keseph. . . apyvpiov. Tin....., (Num. xxxi. 22.) 'Ophereth. . Remarks. Amber is a compound of copper and gold. It is now much used in Asia Minor and Syria. Chashmal in Ezekiel refers to the same metal as x^a^^K°MP^avov in Rev. i. 15. The LXX. translates it by tJAcktpoi' (electriim), an alloy of four parts gold and one of silver. It is improbable that electrum is the metal intended, since the language of Ezekiel demands a metal of fiery red colour. Gesenius and others, from the etymQlpgy, identify it with the "burnished brass" {kalal) of Ezek. i. 7. Others consider it to be an accidentally discovered alloy with copper, resembling light brass or zinc. There is a white metal, greatly used for ornaments in the East, *which is called copper. Copper was well known to the Israelites and Egyptians before the Exodus. The latter had, for a long time previous to that event, obtained it from Arabia. It w^ras a native product of Palestine (Deut. viii. 9), and largely exported from Cyprus, whence its name. The Egyptians and Israelites also were familiar with tin (which see), and so they could have made that alloy of the two called brass; but the Hebrew term is used indifferently for pure copper and its alloys. In most passages Nechosheth is now thought to be "bronze," of which many ancient specimens have been found in Assyria. Being very hard and easily fusible, it is probable that it was the material of the "brazen sea," the temple columns, sacrificial "forks," the brazen serpent, the " mirrors" of the Hebrew women, and the 250 censers of the followers of Korah. There are six different words used for "gold" in the Old Testament, which shew its use, and high estimation: 1. Zahab is its earliest and most common name, referring to its colour. 2. Paz is the native metal, as found. 3. BZtser is gold dust, and fragments of ore. 4. Ghdrutz is either "dug out," or has reference to its "lustre." 5. SdQur ("treasured"), and 6. Kethem. ("concealed"), shew its high value. No indication of native gold has been found in Palestine, to which it was imported from Spain (Tartessus), Ophir (India), Sheba (Arabia), &c. Some modern Egyptologists maintain that gold was found in Egypt in ancient times, and believe they have found some old worked-out mines of it beyond Assouan. Gold seems to have been first coined by David (1 Chron. xxi. 25), though it was used as a medium of exchange in Abraham's time, like money, but was weighed, not counted (Gen. xxiii. 16). In Europe, at least, the use of bronze preceded that of iron, because the ore of the latter was less likely to attract the attention of the miner, and, when found, it was more difficult to work than the former; but recent discoveries shew the very ancient existence of iron in Assyria, as also in Egypt under the Pharaohs. It was found in considerable quantities in Syria, in Canaanite times, and tools were made of it, especially goads, mattocks, files, and coulters, as also were spears and swords (1 Sam. xiii. 21, 22). It is doubtful whether the "chariots of iron" of Jabin, and "iron bed" of Og are to be taken literally; probably a reference to their great strength is intended. " Steel," in our version, is an erroneous rendering for " brass;" but steel is supposed to be meant by "northern iron" (Jer. xv. 12), the most famous makers in old times being the Chalybes, near the Black Sea; and Damascus steel has had a very long celebrity. In Nahum ii. 3, "torches," the translation of paldah (rendered as "steel," both in Arabic and Syriac), is conjectured to be an error for "scythes" on the wheels of war-chariots. Lead was known to the Hebrews, and w^ras anciently used to purify silver, and in later times as a plummet or weight, and also for soldering metals. It was found in the Sinaitic rocks before Moses' time, and was one of the wares brought to the Tyrian market. Abram was " rich in silver." It was largely imported into Egypt, and afterwards into Palestine, from Spain (Tarshish) and Arabia. The Israelites possessed much gold and silver in the wilderness; of the former "the calf" was made. Silver was used for all kinds of ornaments for the person and house, and was very abundant in Solomon's time; and in the time of the Maccabees it was coined into money; hence keseph is a silver coin. Tin was early known to the Hebrews, being one of the imports of Egypt from Spain, through Phoenician merchants, who also got it (as Herodotus and Strabo tell us) from Britain. It was a great commodity in the fair at Tyre. It seems not to have ranked among precious metals, but to have been used as an alloy. In Zech. iv. 10 (marg.) mention is made of a tin levelling instrument, but generally it is treated as of little value. 109 __________________________________________________________________ PRECIOUS STONES. __________________________________________________________________ There are three important and almost identical lists of precious stones in the Bible. An interval of nine centuries occurs between the first and second, and of nearly seven between the second and third: I. The description of the High Priest's breastplate; II. The ornaments of the King of Tyre; III. The figurative foundation stones of the heavenly city. The first differs in the name and arrangement of some stones, as recorded by Moses in the Hebrew (when it was first made), from the description of it by the LXX. in their day, and also by Josephus; it had probably undergone restoration. These three are exhibited in order, with the modern names of the stones supposed to be meant. BREASTPLATE (set in Gold). Hebrew (A.V.). Ex. xxviii. 17-20. SEPTUAGINT OF SAME. MODERN NAMES. 3 Carbuncle. 2 Topaz. 1 Sardius. 3 Emerald. 2 Topaz. 1 Sardius. 3 Emerald. (true). 2 Chrysolite. (modern). 1 Red Carnelian. 6 Diamond. 5 Sapphire. 4 Emerald. 6 Jasper. 5 Sapphire. 4 Carbuncle. 6 Jasper. (true). 5 Lapis Lazuli. (modern). 4 Carbuncle or Garnet. 9 Amethyst. 8 Agate. 7 Ligure. 9 Amethyst. 8 Agate. 7 Ligure. 9 Quartz. Amethyst. 8 Agate. 7 Jacinth. 12 Jasper. 11 Onyx. 10 Beryl. 12 Onyx. 11 Beryl. 10 Chrysolite. 12 Aquamarine 11 Onyx. 10 Cairngorm. COVERING OF THE KING OF TYRE. Hebrew (A.V.). Ezek. xxviii. 13. (Order slightly altered from A.V.) SEPTUAGINT OF SAME. MODERN NAMES. 3 Carbuncle. 2 Topaz. 1 Sardius. 3 Emerald. 2 Topaz. 1 Sardius. 3 Emerald. (true). 2 Chrysolite. (modern). 1 Red Carnelian. 6 Diamond. 5 Sapphire. 4 Emerald. 6 Jasper. 5 Sapphire. 4 Carbuncle. 6 Jasper. (true). 5 Lapis Lazuli. (modern). 4 Carbuncle or Garnet. (Omitted from the Hebrew List.) 9 Amethyst. 8 Agate. 7 Ligure. 9 Quartz. Amethyst. 8 Agate. 7 Jacinth. 12 Jasper. 11 Onyx. 10 Beryl. 12 Onyx. 11 Beryl. 10 Chrysolite. 12 Aquamarine. 11 Onyx. 10 Cairngorm. THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE HEAVENLY CITY. Rev. xxi. 19, 20. SUPPOSED MODERN NAMES. 1 Jasper. 2 Sapphire. 3 Chalcedony. 1 Jasper, or true Chalcedony. 2 Lapis lazuli. 3 Copper Emerald (old Chalcedony). 4 Emerald. 5 Sardonyx. 6 Sardius. 4 Emerald. 5 Sardonyx. 6 Sardius. 7 Chrysolite. 8 Beryl. 9 Topaz. 7 Topaz. ?(Oriental), 8 Beryl, or Aquamarine 9 Chrysolite. 10 Chrysoprasus. 11 Jacinth. 12 Amethyst. 10 Chrysoprase. 11 Sapphire. 12 Amethyst. Name and Reference. Hebrew and Greek. Remarks. Adamant. (Ezek. iii. 9.) Shemir. *** The corundum, the hard stone which when ground is known to us as "emery powder." It is once translated "diamond," and was used for engraving upon stone (e.g. the ten commandments, Jos. Ant. iii. 7§ 5). Agate. (Is. liv. 12.) Shebô. *** Agate is said to derive its name from the river Achates, in Sicily. It is usually white, with a red or green grain like seaweed. It is common in the East. In Scripture it is spoken of as a material for windows. The Arabic equivalent means red, whence some have thought the Oriental ruby is meant. Amethyst. (Rev. xxi. 20.) Chelem. *** Blue transparent quartz, so called in Greek and English because thought to be a charm against drunkenness; but the Jews supposed it to bring pleasant dreams, whence its Hebrew name. Beryl. (Gen. ii. 12; Ex. xxviii. 10.) Shoham. *** By some shoham is thought to be the onyx; by others the "arrow-stone," the hardest substance for cutting known to the ancients; by others the aquamarine. Carbuncle. (Ex. xxviii. 17; Rev. iv. 3.) Bareketh. *** Mistranslated, or interchanged with, "emerald," in Ex. xxviii., the only green stone "flashing light," which is the meaning of the Hebrew. It is probably the stone now called emerald, a beautiful green stone, and found in ancient times in Egypt and Ethiopia. In Rev. iv. 3, it is likened to a rainbow. Chalcedony. (Rev. xxi. 19.) *** An emerald, found in the copper mines of Chalcedon, near Constantinople. It was a small, transparent, brilliant green stone. Chrysolite. (Rev. xxi. 20.) Tarshish (?). *** The tarshish of Ex. xxviii. 20 is probably a Spanish stone, brought from Tartessus. Thought to be the cairngorm; but the chrysolite of Rev. xxi. 20 is no doubt the true Oriental topaz. Chrysoprase. (Rev. xxi. 20.) *** The modern apple-green stone of that name is a .variety of the chalcedony class, unknown to the ancients. Epiphanius so calls a kind of chrysolite. Some Indian beryls have a similar hue; and such a stone (of a deeper blue) is found amongst Egyptian gems. Diamond. (Ex. xxviii. 18.) Yahalom. (Om. in LXX.) The diamond could not have been used in the "breast-plate," because the Hebrews knew of no means of engraving a name upon it. Yahalom is variously conjectured to be the onyx, or alabaster, or jasper. Emerald. (Ex. xxviii. 18.) Nophek. *** Properly the carbuncle; it is used for several bright red stones, including the garnet and ruby. In Ex. xxviii. it is wrongly interchanged with carbuncle. Jasper. (Ex. xxviii. 20.) Yash'pheh. *** This was the Greek chalcedony, a dark green stone; the name includes many kinds of crystalline quartz. The jasper of Rev. iv. 3 is thought to be the dark green opaque chalcedony. Jacinth. Hyacinth. (Rev. xxi. 20.) *** The true Oriental sapphire, a splendid blue stone, of brilliant transparency. Ligure. (Ex. xxviii. 19.) Leshem. *** Some take leshem to be the fossil belemnite, others amber, opal, or tourmaline; but it is most probably jacinth, which was highly esteemed in Egypt and Arabia. Onyx. (Ex. xxviii. 20.) Tarshish. *** The onyx is the banded carnelian, cut across the layers to exhibit two strips of black and white, brown and white, &c. Some regard it as the "shell" or composite formation of two different coloured strata, one underlying the other, on which cameos are cut. In our A.V. there is a confusion between tarshish and shoham, each being translated both "onyx" and "beryl." See Chrysolite. Sapphire. (Ex. xxviii. 18.) Sappir. *** The Hebrew denotes that on which something is engraved or inscribed. According to the Targum, the Tables of the Law were made of it. This and the context in which it is used (Ex. xxiv. 10), " like the body of heaven," have given rise to the idea that lapis lazuli is meant. Sardius. Sardine. (Ex. xxviii. 17.) Odem. *** Our red carnelian, highly valued by the ancients, and extensively used for signets and intaglios. The finest came from Babylon; but many also from Arabia and Egypt. Found in considerable abundance at Sardis, in Lydia. Sardonyx. (Rev. xxi. 19.) Sardonyx consisted of a carnelian of three stripes of different colours, or three layers of spots. Its name is a compound of "sard" and "onyx," of which two carnelians it was thought to be the union. Topaz. (Ex. xxviii. 17.) Pitdah. *** The topaz of the ancients is the chrysolite of the moderns, and vice versa. Job says, "the topaz of Cush" (xxviii. 19). The ancient topaz (chrysolite) was of a greenish-yellow colour, found in Egypt, and in great abundance in an island in the Red Sea, from which it derived its name. __________________________________________________________________ MUSIC AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. __________________________________________________________________ Vocal music occupies an important place in Scripture, both in religious worship (1 Chron. vi. 32), public rejoicings (1 Sam. xviii. 6), and social festivities (Is. v. 1; liv. 1). It is mentioned among the earliest expressions of joy (Ex. xv. 21), and was accompanied by dancing (2 Sam. vi. 16), and clapping of hands, especially in the "chorus" (Ps. xlvii. 1). For worship David chose a body of singers (1 Chron. xvi. 41); Jehoshaphat appointed a band of singers to praise God in front of his army (2 Chron. xx. 21). After the Captivity we find an equal number of male and female voices (Ezra ii. 65), who sang alternately. They formed a distinguished class, had a separate maintenance (Neh. xi. 23), had cities assigned to them (Neh. vii. 73), and chambers for those in attendance at the Temple (Ezek. xl. 44). From the dedication of some Psalms there would seem to have been a written musical notation, but no certain record of it is extant. Musical instruments are among the earliest recorded human inventions (Gen. iv. 21). In Scripture their use seems to be confined to religious worship and social festivities, except that the sound of the trumpet served as a battle-call. The earliest kinds were a tabret, a stringed instrument (incipient harp), cymbals, and pipe. From these germs all others are developments. As the Hebrew names were obscure, or unintelligible to the translators of our Bible, one general term, expressing a well-known instrument, often does duty for several species of the same genus; while the same Hebrew generic word is translated sometimes by different English specific ones, and in other cases the translation is erroneous. The following Table will exhibit all the names that occur, either in the English or Hebrew text. __________________________________________________________________ I. STRINGED INSTRUMENTS. English. Hebrew and Greek. Description. Harp. (Gen. iv.21; xxxi. 27; 1 Sam. xvi. 23; Job xxi. 12; xxx. 31; Ps. cxxxvii. 2; Is. v. 12.) 1. Kinnor. kinura. The most ancient kind, of Syrian origin. A triangular lyre, formed of two flat pieces of wood, whose ends are united, with eight or nine animal strings stretched across them. It was held under the left arm, and played with the fingers or a plectrum. (I Sam. x. 5; Neh. xii.27; Ps.xxxiii.; lxxxi. 2; xcii. 2; cl. 3; Is. v. 12.) 2. Nebel. Psalterion kithara A later improvement, of Phoenician origin, having three wooden sides (one curved), and with ten strings. It is translated "psaltery" (Ps. lvii. 8, A.V.), "lute" (do. P.B.), and "viol" (Is. v. 12; Amos v. 23; vi. 5). As it is always coupled with some other instrument, it is thought to have supplied the bass. (Ps.xxxiii.2; cxliv. 9.) 3. 'Asor. dekachordon A smaller instrument, of Assyrian origin, only mentioned in conjunction with nebel, so it is thought to have supplied the treble. Translated, "instrument often strings." (Dan.iii. 5, 7.). 4. Kaithros. kithara A later invention, of Greek, origin (Eng. cithern, guitar), imported into the East. It was a lyre, with four strings. Lute. See Harp, Nebel. Psaltery. (1 Chron. xiii. 8; xv. 16; xxv. 1; 2 Chron. v. 12; xxix. 25; 2 Sam. vi. 5.) 1. Nebel. nabla. In Psalms, Kings, and Chronicles, "psaltery" is the general translation of nebel, which see. (Dan. iii. 5, 7.) 2. Psanterin. Psalterion. Psanterin (Eng. sawtry) is erroneously rendered "psaltery," from a verbal similarity. It should be "dulcimer," being an instrument formed of strings tightly stretched, by fixed pins and turning screws, over a rectangular sounding-board or box; and was played by hammers struck with the hand against the strings. It is not of the harp genus, but is the germ of the piano. Sackbut. (Dan. iii. 5, 7, &c.) Sabbeca. sambuke. A kind of harp, of oriental origin, known to the Greeks as sambux (sambux); either very small, but of high pitch, or, more probably, very large, with many strings, and of full rich tone. It is improperly translated "sackbut," instead of "harp." Viol. (Is. v. 12; xiv. 11, &c.) Nebel. Psalterion.. See Harp, Nebel. __________________________________________________________________ II. WIND INSTRUMENTS. English. Hebrew and Greek. Description. Cornet. (Ps. xcviii. 6; Dan. iii. 5, 7.) 1. Keren. salpinx. See Trumpet, Keren. (1 Chron. xv. 28; 2 Chron. xv. 14; Ps. xcviii. 6; Hos. v. 8.) 2. Shopher. ooPher. salpinx. keratine. See Trumpet, Shopher. (2 Sam. vi. 5.). 3. Mena'an'im. aulos. Mena'an'im only occurs in this passage, and in conjunction with "cymbals," though translated "cornets" in the A.V., and "pipes" in the LXX. The Hebrew word is supposed to be derived from a root meaning "to sway to and fro," or "vibrate;" hence it is thought that the Vulgate rendering, sistra, is more correct, and that it was a rattle (very common in the East), consisting of an oval hoop with a handle, having cross bars of metal rods, on which loose rings are threaded, jingling when shaken, like the plates of a timbrel. DULCIMER. (Dan. iii. 5, 10, 15.) Sumphoniah. sumPhonia. It is only mentioned in this chapter, and wrongly rendered "dulcimer." From a comparison of its name with almost identical forms in Greek and Italian, it would seem to have been a kind of bagpipe, the use of which was known, from remote antiquity, in Persia, Egypt, and Phoenicia. It would have been better translated "sackbut," and the passage read thus: harp (sabbeca), dulcimer (psanterin), bagpipe (symphonia). Flute. (Dan. iii. 5, 10, 15.) Mashrokitha. surinx. It only occurs here, and its species is doubtful. It is variously described as a "double flute," set of "Pan-pipes," and an "organ." Organ. (Gen. iv. 21; Job xxi. 12; xxx. 31; Ps. cl. 4.) Ugab. psalterion. psalmos. organon. The ugab of Gen. iv. can hardly be the same instrument as that of Ps. cl. The former was probably a set of reeds or " Pan-pipes," blown obliquely with the mouth; the latter a set of pipes inserted in a wind-box, and blown from it perpendicularly, either by bellows or by mouth. Such an instrument was known to the Egyptians, as was also the use of bellows. Pipe. (1 Kin. i. 40; Is. v. 12; xxx. 29.) 1. Chalil. aulos. 1. The most ancient form of this genus. An "oboe," made of reed, and played from a mouth-piece at one end; used for festival processions (Is. xxx. 29), national demonstrations (1 Kin. i. 40), holiday dances (Luke vii. 32), and funeral dirges (Matt. ix. 23). Some think the last were played on a " double pipe." It is rendered "instruments of musick" in Amos vi. 5. (Ex. xv. 20; Ps. xxx. ll; cl. 4; Jer. xxxi. 4, 13.) 2. Machol. choroi. chara. 2. Is thought to have been a small "flute," used with the tabret for "dancing" (by which word it is generally translated in the LXX. and A.V.). (Ps. liii. and lxxxviii.) 3. Machalath. maeleth. 3. This title of two Psalms is thought to refer to the instruments accompanying the song, as it seems to have the same root as the two previous words. Gesenius translates it "lute." Trumpet. (Lev. xxiii. 24; Josh. vi. 5; 1 Chron. xxv. 5.) 1. Keren. keras. salpinx. The most ancient, formed of a ram's horn, though the Hebrew, jobel-keren, may mean "jubilee-trumpet." The word is Chaldaic; in Dan. iii. it is translated "cornet:" but the word seldom occurs, and only of a horn. (Ex. xix. 16; Josh. vi. 4; Judg. iii. 27; vii. 16; 1 Sam. xiii. 3; Ps. xlvii. 5; lxxxi. 3; xcviii. 6; Joel ii. 1.) 2. Shopher. keratine. salpinx. A very long horn, turned up at the extremity. The national trumpet for rallying the people, and rousing political or religious enthusiasm. It was the token, that God was on their side; and it was probably only blown by one divinely commissioned. In 1 Chron. xv. 28, &c. it is rendered by "cornet," as also in Ps. xcviii. 6, where in the version of the Book of Common Prayer it is rendered "shawm." See Cornet, Mena'an'im. (Num. x. 2; 2 Kin. xi. 14; 1 Chron. xi. 8; 2 Chron. v. 12; Ps. xcviii. 6; Hos. v. 8.) 3. Chatzozerah. salpinx. A straight trumpet of silver, terminating in a bell mouth, made by God's directions to Moses, to call an assembly or proclaim the march. It was rather a sacred than a martial trumpet ; and was blown to herald the approach of a king. It was used by official heralds, who were often followed by a band of Shophers (Ps. xcviii. 6). One hundred and twenty priests blew trumpets from the Temple height, to proclaim the induction of the ark into the Holy Place (2 Chron. v. 12), at Solomon's dedication. Shawm. (Ps. xcviii. 6.) See Trumpet, Shopher. __________________________________________________________________ III. INSTRUMENTS OF PERCUSSION. English. Hebrew and Greek. Description. Bells. (Zech. xiv. 20. Metzilloth. chalinos. The LXX. translates the Hebrew by a word meaning "bridle." The Hebrew word has such an evident affinity to the two following words (translated "cymbals"), that it would seem to refer to metal cups suspended to bridles, either for ornament, or to tinkle. Cymbals. (1 Chron. xv. 16, 19, 28; xvi. 5, 42; xxv. 6; 2 Chron. v. 13; xxix. 25; Ezra iii. 10.) 1. Metziltaim. kumbala. These words (1 and 2) do not mark different species: but the latter is generic, since it is used (Ps. cl. 5) with two differential adjectives, marking two species, e.g. (1) "loud;" (2) "high-sounding:" the former probably shaped like a soup-plate, with wide flat rim, and played by being strapped to the hands, and clashed together; the other, conical, cup-like, with thin edge, played by bringing down the one sharply on the other while held stationary, eliciting a high-pitched note. Cymbals are mentioned as accessories to music in sacred dances. David appointed Asaph chief of the cymbalists. (Neh. xii. 27; 2 Sam. vi. 5; Ps. cl. 5.) 2. Tzeltzelim. kumbala. (1 Sam. xviii. 3.) 3. Shalishim. kumbala. It only occurs once; is translated "instruments of music," or "three-stringed instruments." They were probably "triangles," "sistra," or "rattles" with only three metal rods run through a bow with a handle, a very common Eastern instrument. See Cornet, Mena'an'im. Tabret. Timbrel. (Gen. xxxi. 27; 1 Sam. x. 5; xviii. 6; Is. v. 12; xxiv. 8; xxx. 32; Jer. xxxi. 4; Ezek. xxviii. 13.) 1. Toph. tumpanon. (psalterion, Job xxi. 12). The same Hebrew word (sing, and pi.) is used for "tabret" and " timbrel," except in one place (see 2); therefore only one instrument is meant, viz. a simple tambourine, used with the cymbals, as an accompaniment to dancing and singing. There is no proof of cymbals or bells being attached to Jewish tabrets, and so constituting them "timbrels." (Ex. xv. 20; Judg. xi. 34; 2 Sam. vi. 5; Job xxi. 12; Ps. lxxxi.2; cxlix. 3; cl. 4.) (Job xvii. 6.). 2. Tophet. gelos. Tabrets were used to drown the cries of human victims sacrificed, or "passed through the fire," in the valley of Hinnom. Hence the furnace itself was called tophet, and in Job xvii. 6 the word means an "abomination" (as in Jer. xix. 12, 13), rather than "tabret." __________________________________________________________________ WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. __________________________________________________________________ Avoirdupois Weight. Troy Weight. lbs. oz. drs. Agerah ......t'l......-- -- -439 10 gerahs = 1 bekah . . >.......-- -- 4'39 2 bekahs = 1 shekel.........-- -- 8' 9 «- 60 shekels = 1 maneh......... 2 14*628 50 manehs == 1 talent.........102 13 11'428 lbs. oz. dwt. grs. 12 2 125 6 5 10 Long Measure. A digit, or finger (Jer. Hi. 21)....... 4 digits = 1 palm (Exod. xxv. 25) . . . . 3 palms = 1 span (Exod. xxviii. 16) . . . 2 spans = 1 cubit (Gen. vi. 15)..... 4 cubits = 1 fathom (Acts xxvii. 28) . . . 1*5 fathoms = 1 reed (Ezek. xl. 3, 5) 13-3 reeds " "" ' "' ft. .......... 1 .......... 7 13*3 reeds =1 line (Ezek. xl. 3)..............145 in. 0-912 3-648 10-944 9-888 3-552 11-328 11-04 Land Measure. Eng. miles, paces, ft. A cubit.......................-- -- 1-824 400 cubits = 1 furlong (Luke xxiv. 13)...........-- 145 4*6 5 furlongs = 1 sabbath day's journey (John xi. 18; Acts i. 12) . -- 729 3'0 10 furlongs = 1 mile (Matt. v. 41)............. 1 403 1*0 24 miles = 1 day's journey...............33 172 4-0 A caph 1'3 caph 4 logs 3 cabs 2 hins 3 seahs Liquid Measure. = 1 log (Lev. xiv. 10)................ -- = 1 cab...................... -- = 1 hin (Exod. xxx. 24) ............... 1 = 1 seah ..................... 2 1 bath, or ephah (1 Kings vii. 26: John ii. 6)...... 7 gals. pts. -- 0-625 -- 0-833 3-333 2 W WWl*l*W ----- J. WtllU) VJX VJfJXXiAIXX ^J. JL*.J-A.l£,£l X XX* *d*J * U Vll-Ll III J J *****« I 10 ephahs =* 1 kor, or homer (Isa. v. 10; EzeR. xlv. 14).......75 4 4-5 5-25 Dry Measure. pecks, gals. pts. A gachal...................... -- -- 01416 20 gachals = 1 cab (2 Kings vi. 25; Rev. vi. 6)....... -- -- 2-8333 1'8 cabs = 1 omer (Exod. xvi. 36)........... -- -- 51 3*3 omers = 1 seah (Matt. xiii. 33) ........... 1 1 3 seahs = 1 ephah (Ezek. xlv. 11)........... 3 3 5 ephahs = 1 letech (Hoseaiii. 2) ........... 16 2 letechs = 1 kor, or homer (Numb, xi.32; Hos. iii.2) .... 32 N.B.--The above Table will explain many texts in the Bible, especially those which, are placed within brackets. Take, for instance, Is. v. 10: "Yea, ten acres of vineyard shall yield one bath, and the seed of an homer shall yield an ephah." This curse upon the covetous man was, that 10 acres of vines should produce only 7 gallons of wine, i.e. one acre should yield less than 3 quarts; and that 32 pecks of seed should only bring a crop of 3 pecks, or, in other words, nine-tenths of the seed sown should die in the ground, and so produce nothing, only one-tenth sprouting up into plants. TIME. The Natural Day was from sun-rise to sun-set. The Natural Night was from sun-set to sun-rise. The Civil Day was from sun-set one evening to sun-set the next; for, " the Evening and the Morning were the first day." Night (Ancient). First Watch (Lam. ii. 19) till midnight. Middle Watch (Judg. vii. 19) till 3 a.m. Morning Watch (Exod. xiv. 24) till 6 a.m. Night (New Testament). First Watch, evening -- 6 to 9 p.m. Second Watch, midnight = 9 to 12 p.m. Third Watch, cock-crow = 12 to 3 a.m. Fourth Watch, morning = 3 to 6 a.m. Day (Ancient). Morning till about 10 a.m. Heat of day till about 2 p.m. Cool of day till about 6 p.m. Day (New Testament). Third hour = 6 to 9 a.m. Sixth hour = 9 to 12 midday. Ninth hour == 12 to 3 p.m. Twelfth hour = 3 to 6 p.m. THE JEWISH YEAR. JEWISH MONEY, With its value in English and American money; the American dollar being taken as equal to 4s. 2d. Jewish English. American. £ s. d. dols. cents. A gerah (Exod. xxx. 13) .............. = 1'36 = 2*73 10 gerahs = 1 bekah (Exod. xxxviii. 26)........ = 1 l^-68 = 27*37 2 bekahs = 1 shekel (Exod. xxx. 13; Isa. vii. 23; Matt. xvii.27)................... = 02 3-37 = 54'74 50 shekels = 1 minah* (Luke xix. 13) ........ = 5 14 ^!75 = 27 37"50 60 minahs = 1 talent............... = 342 3 9 = 1,642 50 A gold shekel................. = 1 16 6 = 8 76 A talent of gold ............... = 5,475 = 26,280 N.B.--A shekel would probably purchase nearly ten times as much as the same nominal amount will now. Remember that one Roman penny (lid.) was a good day's wages for a labourer. * The minah or maneh, according to 1 Kings x. 17, compared with 2 Chron. ix. 16, contained 100 shekels: though according to one interpretation of Ezek. xlv. 12, it contained 60, but more probably 50. The passage reads thus:--" Twenty shekels, five and twenty shekels, fifteen shekels shall be your maneh." This is variously interpreted, (1) 20 + 25 + 15 = 60. (2) 20, 25, 15 are different coins in gold, silver, and copper, bearing the same name. It is well to remark the meaning of these names: Shekel = simply weight: Bekah = split, i.e. the shekel drtided into two: Gerah = a grain, as in our weights, a grain and a barley-corn, the original standard weight. Maneh = appointed, equivalent to sterling, a specific sum: Talent = a round mass of metal, i.e. a weight or coin. ROMAN MONEY. Roman. English. American. £ s. d. dols. cents. A mite (Mark xii. 42)................. = 0-Q35 = 1*87 2 mites = 1 farthing (Mark xii. 42) ....... = 1-87 = 3'75 4 farthings = 1 penny (Matt. xxii. 19) ......... = 7'50 = 15 100 pence = 1 pound (Matt. xviii. 24)......... = 3 2 6 = 15 N.B.--Here we learn that:-- Naamax's offering to Elisha of 6,000 pieces (shekels) of gold, amounted to more than £10,000 = 48,000 dollars. The Debtor (Matt. xviii. 24) who had been forgiven 10,000 talents, i.e. £3,000,000 = 14,400,000 dollars, refused to forgive his fellowservant 100 pence, i.e. £3 2s. 6d. = 15 dollars. Judas sold our Lord for 30 pieces of silver, i.e. £3 10s. 8d. = 16 dollars, 96 cents, the legal value of a slave, if he were killed by a beast. Joseph was sold by his brethren for 20 pieces, i.e. £2 7s. = 11 dollars, 28 cents. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ THE JEWISH YEAR. Month of Sacred Year. Civil Year. Name. IS £o English Months. Products. Jewish Festivals. I. VII. Abib, or Nisan (Exod. xii. 2; xiii. 4). 30 March, April. Barley ripe. Fig in blossom. Passover. Unleavened Bread. II. VIII. Iyar, or Zif. 29 April and May. Barley harvest. III. IX. Sivan. 30 May and June. Wheat harvest. Pentecost. IV. X. Thammuz. 29 June, July. Early vintage. V. XL Ab (Ezra vii. 9). 30 July, August. Ripe figs. VI. XII. Elul (Neh. vi. 15). 29 August, Sept. General vintage. /Feast of Trum- VII. I. Tisri (1 Kings viii. 2). 30 Sept., Oct. Ploughing and ) pets. ? Atonement. Sowing. i Feast of Taber- V nacles. VIII. II. Bui (1 Kings vi. 38). 29 Oct., Nw. Latter grapes. IX. III. Chisleu (Zech. vii. 1). 30 Nov., Dec. Snow. Dedication. X. IV. Tebeth(Esth.ii. 16). 29 Dec,Jan. Grass after rain. XI. V. Shebat (Zech. i. 7). 30 Jan., Feb. ' Winter fig. XII. VI. Adar (Ezra vi. 15). 29 Feb., March. Almond blossom. Purim. XIII. Ve-Adar, Intercalary. N.B.--The Sacred year was reckoned from the moon after the vernal equinox. The Civil year began in September (the fruitless part of the year). The prophets speak of the sacred year; those engaged in secular pursuits, of the civil year. The year was divided into 12 lunar months, with a thirteenth, or intercalary month, every third year. __________________________________________________________________ A GLOSSARY OF ANTIQUITIES, CUSTOMS, &c. __________________________________________________________________ ALEPH (A). The first letter of the Hebrew alphabet. Psalm cxix. is divided into twenty-two portions, according to the number of Hebrew letters, one of which is prefixed to each portion, the verses in the original beginning with the Hebrew letter which heads the portion in which they are classed. ALPHA (A). The first letter of the Greek alphabet, of which Omega (long O) is the last. Alpha and Omega are used for "the first and last." ALTAR. An erection of stones, usually set square, on which sacrifices were burnt. The first mentioned was that built by Abel. God commanded the Hebrew altar to be made of unhewn stones, and without steps. The worshippers of Baal (the sun) built their altars on mountain tops, hence "altars on high places" were an abomination to the Lord. In the Temple at Jerusalem, the altar of burnt sacrifice was outside the Holy Place, in the court in front of it; but the altar of incense stood in the centre of it. ANATHEMA MARAN-ATHA. "Anathema" is a Greek word denoting a thing or person devoted to God, and, as" all such were put to death, devoted to perdition, accursed. "Maran-atha" is a Syriac expression, meaning "The Lord cometh," or "is come." So the whole phrase means, "accursed (when) the Lord cometh;" or "Maran-atha" stands alone. Compare "The Lord is at hand," Phil. iv. 5. ANGEL is from the Greek word for a "messenger," and is used sometimes of "ministering spirits" sent by God to men with a message, &c. as in the Old Testament, Gospels, and Acts; sometimes of men so sent, as in the Epistles and Book of Revelation. APOSTLE is from the Greek, meaning "one who is sent." The word is used of Christ (subordinately of John the Baptist), then of "the twelve," and Paul, all of whom had "seen the Lord," the essential qualification (see Acts i. 21-26). It is also used of men who are called the messengers or "apostles" of the Church (2 Cor. viii. 23; Phil. ii. 25), and finally of men who were of mark among the Apostles (Rom. xvi. 7), either because so called, or because highly esteemed by them. ARK was a covered chest, or box. The word is also used of a coffin. Three important arks are mentioned, viz.:-- 1. Noah's ark, the material of which is unknown (Gopher being untranslated). It was made to float on the water. 2. That in which the infant Moses was hidden by his mother was made of the papyrus of the Nile, covered over with pitch, making it water-tight. It is not an uncommon thing at this day to see an Egyptian mother twist papyrus leaves into such a wicker cradle, pitch it over, cover it with a lid of the same, place her infant in it, and swim across the Nile, pushing the ark with its infant passenger in front of her. 3. The Ark of the Covenant was a chest (not a boat), made of shittim wood overlaid with gold, on the lid of which was placed the golden "mercy-seat," over which two cherubim extended their wings. It was made to preserve the two tables of stone, on which "the Covenant" between God and His people was engraven. It was 2 cubits long, 1½ broad, and 1½ deep. Around its upper edge was a cornice of gold, and it was carried in front of the people on their march by the Leyites, who bore it by means of two poles of shittim wood covered with gold, which were passed through two rings on each side of the ark. In it were also placed, by Divine command, an omer of manna, Aaron's rod which budded, and the books of the Law. On nearing Palestine, the priests carried it into the Jordan, whose stream stood still above them, but flowed on below as long as the ark was in its bed. It was carried daily round Jericho for six days, and seven times on the seventh, when the walls fell down. It accompanied the Israelites to Shechem, where the elders of each tribe laid their hands on it (after the cursings of the Law had been read from Mount Ebal, and the blessings from Gerizim), while all the Congregation swore to observe the Covenant. After the subjugation of the land, it was placed in the tabernacle at Shiloh, till the time of Eli, when it was taken into the camp, and captured by the Philistines, who carried it to Ashdod; placing it in the temple of Dagon, whose image fell down before it and was broken. The plagues of emerods and mice compelled them to send it away at the end of seven months, and it was conveyed by two milch kine in a new cart into the field of Joshua at Beth-shemesh. From thence it was carried to the house of Abinadab at Kirjath-jearim, from whence David tried to fetch it, but on the way Uzzah was struck dead for touching it, and David, fearing to continue the removal, left it in the care of Obed-Edom the Gittite, where it remained three months. David then fetched it up to Mount Zion, and placed it in a tabernacle he had erected, where it continued till Solomon transferred it to his new Temple on Mount Moriah, placing it in the Holy of Holies. At the Captivity it is said to have been buried by Jeremiah the prophet. ARMOUR was in use in Saul's time. Goliath wore a brazen helmet, a coat of mail (weighing from 80 to 100lbs.), greaves of brass on his legs, and a brazen target between his shoulders. He had also a spear, a shield, and a sword. Ahab was likewise encased in armour. ARMOUR-BEARER. An attendant upon a warrior of rank, who bore his heavy arms (spear, shield, quiver, &c.. ARMS. The chief offensive weapons were a sword, spear, javelin, dart, bow and arrow's, sling, and dagger. In David's army there was a company of slingers. (For defensive arms, see Armour.) ART. The Egyptians were skilled in painting and sculpture before the Israelites settled in their country; but a rigid interpretation of Commandment II. excluded the Jews from the culture of these arts, though they excelled in music and poetry. But God Himself authorised some departure from this strict interpretation, by ordering two cherubim of gold to be made for the overshadowing of the mercy-seat in the tabernacle, and the brazen serpent. He also sanctioned the representation of the cherubim worked upon the veil, and the figures of twelve brazen oxen, on which the molten sea rested in Solomon's Temple. Mural paintings and wood-panelling in the decoration of houses; ivory carving on the royal thrones, and for the embellishment of palaces; chasing and embossing of pillars, candelabra, and other ornaments in metal, for adornment of the Temple and houses; embroidery in needlework, the interweaving of patterns and figures in tissue of wool, linen, and silk (for which Damascus was famous); and skill in dyeing (as Tyrian purple, &c., are other evidences of the cultivation of art among the Hebrews and their neighbours. ARTIFICER. An artist, and skilled workman in designing and executing works of art, especially in the casting, carving, and chasing of metals, carving of wood, and plating it with gold, the setting of precious stones, and designing of embroidered fabrics. ARTILLERY is used as a general term for all kinds of projectile weapons, e.g. bows and arrows, javelins, darts, &c. ASCENT. This word is used of a covered way connecting the palace of Solomon with the Temple. It was the private passage of the kings of Judah to the place assigned to them in the house of the Lord. ASS. The ass was introduced into Palestine by Abraham, where its adaptability to the needs of a mountainous country made it the favourite medium of locomotion. The proverb, "A whip for a horse, a bridle for an ass," shows the estimation in which these two animals were respectively held by the Hebrews. The former was the symbol of the might and oppression of the Egyptian and Canaanite, the latter of the peace and rest of the promised seed; the former was associated with the worship of the sun, the latter was the sacred animal of the servant of Jehovah, protected by special enactments of the Mosaic Law. The large Babylonian ass was that on which kings, judges, and prophets rode; so that the expression, "Ye that ride on white asses," was equivalent to "Ye that sit in judgment" (Judg. v. 10). Hence, when Christ rode into Jerusalem on an ass, He was hailed as the predicted "Son of David." See "Ridgway's Sketches from the East," Art. Bethany. AVENGER. "Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed," was, and still is, the universal law of the Semitic race, and its execution primarily devolved upon the nearest kinsman of the deceased, but extended also to the whole tribe. It overruled every other obligation, even that of hospitality; hence perhaps Jael's murder of Sisera was, according to the views prevalent in that age, justifiable, if not obligatory. The Hebrew code restricted this law by providing "Cities of Refuge," to which the manslayer might flee in cases of "manslaughter," until he had been tried before the Congregation. BAALISM was the worship of Natural Causes, practised by the Canaanite race, distinguishing them from the Semites, who worshipped a Divine Primary Cause. The creed of the former was, that out of a self-existent chaotic deep sprang spontaneously the heavenly bodies and the earth; that, from the procreative power of the sun, acting upon the fertile womb of the earth, all visible matter was produced: hence, the significance of the abandonment by God of Ahab and his subjects to the sole influence of these natural elements, which resulted in the almost entire destruction of animal and vegetable life. The word "Baal" means Master, Owner, Possessor. BAND of soldiers. This was the Roman cohort, or part of a legion, consisting nominally of a hundred men under the command of a centurion. It corresponds to our "company," or part of a regiment under a captain. An "Italian band" was composed of soldiers from Italy; but the "Augustan band" consisted of native recruits, whose head-quarters were Cæsarea Augusta (so called in honour of the Emperor Augustus, in whose reign it was rebuilt), which was the centre of the military organization in Palestine. BARNS. The ancient granaries of Palestine were caves in the limestone rock, entered by an aperture in the ground, carefully concealed by a stone covered with turf or brushwood, to guard the grain from Arab depredators (Judg. vi. 11). Such subterranean caves may still be seen in use on the hill of Jezreel. Barns existed in Egypt in Joseph's time, and in Palestine in that of our Saviour (Luke xii. 18). BASIN. Many basins are mentioned in the Bible. 1. A hand-basin, used for ablutions; probably the same as that in which the blood of the Paschal lamb was received for sprinkling the door-posts. 2. A covered basin, or tankard, used in the Sanctuary for drink-offerings and libations. 3. The "omer," or common domestic vessel in Egypt for cooking purposes, containing half a peck. 4. A foot-basin, in which our Lord washed the disciples' feet; probably the same as that which is called "washpot" in the Psalms. BASKET. Baskets were of various kinds and sizes:--1. The Cophinus, reticule, or hand-basket, usually carried on the arm by every Jew (cf. Juvenal, Sat. iii. 14). It was this basket which each Apostle filled with the superfluous fragments after the feeding of the five thousand. 2. A light, open, wicker basket, used for carrying food upon the head. Pharaoh's chief baker carried upon his head several tiers of these, containing white bread and baked meats. Such are commonly represented on Egyptian monuments. 3. A market-basket, such as that in which the lad was hawking the barley loaves and fishes. 4. A larger kind, or store-basket, in which were gathered the fragments after the feeding of the 4,000. 5. A larger and stronger kind, used for hoisting supplies up to the battlements of a besieged city. It was in one of these that Paul was lowered down from the walls of Damascus. BATH. Bathing was a luxury, or rather a necessity, in the hot climate of Egypt, and also in Babylonia; but amongst the Hebrews it was practised mainly as a religious ceremonial, for removal of Levitical pollution, or as the symbol of repentance; from whence arose the Ordinance of Baptism, which was the prescribed form for the admission of women proselytes into covenant with God in the Jewish Church. BED. The word bed, wherever used in the Bible, must be understood to refer only to the mattress on which people slept. It was much thinner than anything we know under that name, and rather resembled a very thick quilt, which was rolled up and taken away during the day, and only spread at night, in no fixed place, but at the will of the sleeper, generally in the open air, on the housetop, protected from the summer sun by boughs of trees. These open-air bedrooms may be constantly seen in Palestine at the present day. It was one of these little mattresses which our Lord bade the paralytic man roll up and carry to his home. It is the universal custom for the natives of Syria and adjacent countries to sleep on mattresses, spread upon the floor, and covered by a thick counterpane, the under sheet being tacked to the former, and the upper to the latter; but the poorest classes lie upon loose straw, their covering being the camel's-hair coat worn by day. Bedsteads of any kind are wholly unknown. BOOKS. Hebrew books were anciently written upon whole skins of parchment, and sometimes of leather; but in Egypt on papyrus. At first they were written in whole lines the breadth of the skin, but subsequently the parchment was cut into strips and divided into pages, but only written upon on one side. Each end was attached to a roller, with handles which were rolled inwards towards one another. The book commenced on the right side, and as each page was read, the reader rolled it round the roller in his right hand, at the same time unrolling a fresh page from that in his left. This was called "a roll of a book," and each book of the Bible formed a separate roll, which, when not in use, was carefully put away in a metal cylinder. BOTTLE. Bottles were made of goatskin, which was stripped from the animal without cutting it (open after the head and feet had been removed). The inside of the skin was then dressed with tannin; the apertures at the legs and tail were firmly tied, and the skin filled with a decoction of bark and water until saturated. When used for wine, the skins were hung up in the houses, and so became smoked and shrivelled; hence the Psalmist's simile, "Like a bottle in the smoke." They were mended by stitching on a patch, and covering it over with pitch. They are still extensively manufactured at Hebron, and are used by the vendors of water and wine at Jerusalem, who carry them strapped to their backs, and draw the liquid from a tap fixed in one of the hind legs. BRACELET. Bracelets for the arms and anklets for the legs were commonly worn by Eastern married women of all ranks, and were regarded as an eligible mode of investing money, since they could not be taken for the debts of the husband. They were usually cable-like rings, with an opening through which the wrist could be slipped; but the higher classes wore bracelets formed like broad bands, richly chased, jointed and closed by a pin passing through sockets. The anklets were similar in form, but freqtiently adorned with little bells. Both are still common in the East, with scarcely any variation in the patterns; and are of gold, silver, brass, and coloured glass, the last being extensively manufactured at Hebron. Those worn by the Hebrews were never jewelled; but men seem to have used bracelets as well as women (2 Sam. i. 10). BREAD was mostly in the form of cakes, baked upon the hearth or in the oven; those eaten by the poor were made of barley-meal, with oil instead of butter. They were leavened or unleavened, and kneaded in a trough. Wheaten flour was common in Egypt, but a luxury in Palestine, and was one of the offerings in the Sanctuary. The Congregation were bound to offer fine flour for twelve cakes ("shewbread"), to be placed every Sabbath in two rows on the table of shewbread, which was to be eaten by the priests in the Holy Place. BREASTPLATE. See Precious Stones, p. 110. BREECHES. These were among the official vestments of the high priest, but did not form a part of the ordinary dress of a Hebrew man. A Syrian of the present day wears a sort of petticoat, gathered in at the waist and ankles, two holes only being left at the bottom for the feet to pass through. The women wear cotton trousers, concealed by a sheet (Izzar) worn over the head, which envelopes the whole figure; but those of the Lebanons wear jackets and trousers of coloured stuff, without veils or other outer covering. BRICKMAKING., as described in Exodus, may still be seen in Egypt. Outside Cairo are extensive brickfields, with vast hills composed of the débris of centuries, where bricks are daily made of a clay so little tenacious that it is mixed with short straw to bind it together. Ancient bricks have been found in that part of Egypt, bearing the brand of Thothmes III., whose date is as far back as the Exodus. BRIDE. A bride was bought from her father by the bridegroom, the negotiations being conducted by the friend of the latter, who was responsible for all the preliminaries up to the actual marriage. After her espousal, she was placed under the charge of trustworthy matrons. She was subjected to a course of purification (Esth. ii. 12), preparatory to her marriage. At the latter she was attended by a company of virgins, who followed her to her new home, in the nocturnal procession, when escorted thither by the bridegroom. In both Testaments she is a type of the Church. See Marriage. BRIDEGROOM. A preparation, with fasting, before marriage, was required of every Jewish bridegroom, who was clothed at the ceremony in a "robe of righteousness." (See Coat.) He was a type of Christ. BURIAL of the dead was practised by the Hebrews from the earliest times, and three of their most ancient cemeteries still remain, viz. Machpelah, Shechem, and the Valley of Jehoshaphat. Cremation was only used for the bodies of persons who were denied religious burial; "the burning for the dead" was that of sweet perfumes, as a mark of especial honour, at the funeral of kings, and other distinguished persons. Embalming was common in Egypt in the time of Joseph, from whence the Israelites derived the custom of winding the bodies of their dead in fine linen cloths, with sweet spices. Burial was always extra-mural, and the dead were carried to the grave on biers, accompanied by the wailing of their friends, especially of women. The days of mourning were thirty. Burial was refused to criminals; and the "burial of an ass" was exposure to birds and beasts of prey. Tombs were usually in caves in the limestone rock, and were closed by a stone at the ends, or on the surface; the mouth of some is guarded by a complication of stones, each "sealing" the other. Around Jerusalem are large caves, containing many chambers or vaults for bodies, resembling the Roman catacombs; there are likewise some in the rocks around the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. BUTLER, or cup-bearer, held an honourable office in royal households, since the king's life was in his hand, he being held responsible for the purity of the liquor, and its freedom from poison. Nehemiah faithfully discharged this duty to the Persian king, to whom his race was in humiliating slavery. BUTTER. The Hebrews were ignorant of the art of churning butter; but they made a kind of clotted cream by subjecting new milk to fermentation, which imparted to it a pleasant acid flavour somewhat resembling that of lemon cream. Even now churned butter is never used by native Syrians, but this clotted cream, called Lebban, continues to be universally consumed, as one of the most refreshing necessaries of daily life. This was doubtless the "butter in a lordly dish" which Jael brought to Sisera, when she had "opened a bottle of milk." CAMEL'S HAIR. Raiment of camel's hair was not a skin, but a coat of cloth, woven from the hair of the camel. Such is the ordinary outer garment of the Bedawin Arab of to-day. The present common dress of a shepherd on the hills of Judsea is a loose coat of camel's hair, in broad stripes of black and white, girt around the loins with a leathern belt. It has narrow sleeves, does not come below, the knee, and seems to be his only garment except short drawers. This was, doubtless, the raiment of John the Baptist. CANDLE was an earthenware lamp, shaped like a butter-boat partially covered over, in which oil was burnt, the wick protruding through a lip or spout. It was set on a pedestal of the same ware; and was either united to this "candlestick" by a handle, or the two were moulded in one piece. The woman seeking her lost piece of silver would have this candlestick in one hand, and a short hand-broom in the other, as she stooped and swept the house. CHAMBER is the general term for any room in a house. It is only in the houses of kings and nobles that it means a "bedroom," since the majority of houses were only one story high. The "upper chamber," or "upper room," was an apartment on the highest story, set apart exclusively for religious purposes, in which daily family or private prayers were said, circumcision and the rite of matrimony performed, the passover eaten, and the dead laid out, &c. It contained only one window, always turned towards the Temple at Jerusalem. With the poor, the flat roof of the house served this purpose. CHARGER. A large, round, deep dish, called in Deborah's Song, "a lordly dish." CLOTH was woven, dyed, and fulled with soap by the Hebrews, and was made from flax, silk, and wool. The sailcloth, made from the wool of Cilieian sheep, was a great article of commerce in the Mediterranean, and was largely used as a covering for tents in Syria. Its manufacture was the trade of Paul, Aquila, and Priscilla. The Tyrian purple dye (sold by Lydia) was unequalled. COALS. There is no coal in Palestine, though lignite is found. A "fire of coals" most probably means a charcoal fire. COAT was the square garment of fine lamb's wool, ordered by the Law to be worn by every male Israelite, to remind him of his duties; there was a hole in the centre, for the head to go through, and the garment hung down before and behind. At each corner were fringes, symbolising the enactments of the Law, and a hem of blue, representing the holiness of God's people. It was his coat by day, his covering by night, and his shroud in the grave; if pledged, or seized by a creditor, it must be returned at sun-down. This was the seamless coat of Jesus, whose hem the woman with the issue touched. See "Ridgway's Sketches from the East," Art. Childhood of Jesus. CONDUIT. To remedy the deficiency in the supply of water at Jerusalem, Solomon dug reservoirs in the hill country of Judgea, from whence he conducted the water to the pools of Gihon, on the sides of Mount Zion, all of which still remain. Another, hewn out of the solid rock, 1,750 feet in length, unites the Pool of Siloam (now called the Virgin's Fountain) with Beth-esda, in which an inscription has recently been discovered. CORN. Rubbing corn in the hands, and even walking on ripe grass, which might tread out the seed, on the Sabbath, was forbidden by the precepts of the Elders, as equivalent to threshing. Corn (treading out). In Syria and Asia Minor, at the present day, grain is trodden out of the ear. The unthreshed wheat is laid upon the ground in a circle, and a yoke of oxen driven round and round over it, dragging after them a heavy log of wood, on the under surface of which are inserted rows of th'n flint stones, about two inches apart, and projecting half an inch from the surface. On this the driver stands, or sometimes sits in a chair. COUCH was the framework on which, in the houses of the rich, mattresses were spread to form divans for use by day. CRUCIFIXION was unknown to the Jews, until introduced by the Romans, who only used it for the punishment of slaves and the lowest malefactors. CUSTOM (the receipt of). The dues or taxes, paid on persons and goods transported across the Sea of Galilee. DANCING was anciently practised as a religious ceremonial (e.g. Miriam, David, the Shilonites, &c.; but, in later times, dancing girls formed a part of the amusements provided for guests at feasts (e.g. Herodias' daughter). DAYSMAN. One who fixes "a day" for hearing and arbitrating on some dispute. Compare 1 Cor. iv. 3, where "man's judgment" is really "man's day." DEPUTY. The governor, or vicegerent, deputed by the Roman Emperor or Senate to represent them in their distant provinces. Disturbed districts were immediately under the Emperor, whose deputy was called pro-prætor, a military officer, in command of an army of occupation; while peaceful ones were under the Senate, whose deputy was a pro-consul, a civilian. ELDERS. A body of men, selected for wisdom and experience, to administer justice in their respective localities. Moses chose six from each, tribe to aid him in the government of the Israelites. A similar body, called the Sanhe-drin, was the executive and deliberative council after the Captivity. FARTHING is the Roman quadrans, the fourth part of the denarius (penny), whose value was about sevenpence halfpenny English. FOWLS. "Fatted fowl" (probably turkeys) formed part of the delicacies of Solomon's table. The cock, hen, and chickens are mentioned in the New Testament, but never in the Old. They were unknown in Palestine till after the Captivity. GABBATHA. The Roman "pavement" of the courtyard in front of Herod's "Judgment Hall" (from which the name arose), may now be seen in the cellars under the Convent of the Sisters of Zion. GALL was given to persons under crucifixion, to deaden the pain. GARDEN. That part of Jerusalem, where the Church of the Holy Sepulchre stands, was outside the city, when it was destroyed by Titus. He encamped on that side, and took possession of "the gardens," which covered this quarter, outside the Gennath (or Garden) Gate, where were the tombs of high priests and other illustrious men. The foundations of walls still mark the city boundary. The Garden of Gethsemane, with its ancient olive trees, is still preserved at the foot of Mount Olivet. The "garden house " (2 Kin. ix. 27) was the town of En-gannim (now Jenin). GARMENTS. The garments of Syrian men in the present day differ but little from those worn in the time of Moses. The chief are a coarse linen shirt, linen drawers, loose pantaloons (see Breeches) with a girdle to sustain them, an inner vest buttoned to the throat, a long loose robe with a leathern girdle, an embroidered cloth or velvet jacket, a kaffieh or silk handkerchief for the head (secured by a cord), hose and sandals. Besides these, a long loose robe with short sleeves was worn in full dress (instead of the jacket or girded robe), and the aba, a coarse cloak of goat's or camel's hair, very large so as to form a covering by night as well as by day; it was the former our Lord laid aside when he washed the disciples' feet, and the latter with which Elijah smote the waters of Jordan. Women's dress varied according to their estate in life (e.g. maid, wife, widow). It differed from the men's principally in the veil and cap, fitting close to the head and concealing the hair, profusely covered with gold and silver ornaments and with charms. The list of female clothing in Is. iii. 18-23, is scarcely intelligible. GATE. The gate of a city was the place of public assembly, for business, judgment, and legislation. It was the exchange, court-house, and council chamber of modern times. Over the gate at Mahanaim was a chapel, where David mourned for Absalom; at the gate of Hebron Abraham bought Machpelah; at that of Shechem the covenant of intermarriage was made with Jacob and his sons; and at Bethlehem, Boaz made his contract of marriage with Ruth. GROVE is often a mistranslation for the wooden image of Ashtaroth, or Astarte, the moon, or chief female goddess of Baalism. HELL is from a root meaning "to hide," so that the original sense is "the hidden or unseen place" (Skeat). It serves as the translation of two words, viz. 1. Sheôl (Heb.), or Hades (Gr.), the abode of departed spirits, as in the Apostles' Creed. 2. Gehenna (Heb.), the Valley of Hinnorn, the dark gorge on the west side of Jerusalem, where was the furnace (Tophet) in which idolaters offered human sacrifices, and "made their children to pass through the fire to Moloch;" and in which persons, convicted of aggravated wilful murder, were burnt to death; hence it was synonymous with a place of torment,--"hell-fire" (Matt. v. 22). HOSPITALITY. The exercise of hospitality was incumbent on every Hebrew, but generally devolved upon the chief of a tribe or head of a city, who was bound to provide the wayfarer, free of expense, with food and lodging for himself and his beast, and water for his feet. See Inn. HOUSES generally were only of one story, but in towns the rich built theirs of two or three stories, of which the ground-floor contained the day-rooms, the first floor the bed-rooms, the third a devotional room or upper chamber. The roof was formed of rafters, across which was laid a wattling of branches or brushwood, covered over with mud or mortar, in which tiles were embedded for throwing off the rain. This roof was reached by an outer staircase, and an entrance into the upper room (as in the case of the man with the palsy at Capernaum) could be easily effected by removing the tiles and mortar, and pushing aside a few of the sticks. These larger houses were frequently built in a quadrangle, approached by gates with a wicket-door; the courtyard had its fountain and sheds for the cattle, while the roof was the garden, playground, and drying-ground, and therefore ordered by the Mosaic Law to be fenced in with a battlement. HYMN. The hymn sung by our Lord and His Apostles, after the Last Supper, was the "Great Paschal Hallel," or "Hymn of Praise," consisting of Pss. cxiii.-cxviii. INN, or Khan ("a night's rest"), was originally a plot of ground, near a spring or well, allotted for the use of travellers as a camping ground. This was often secured by a wall or fence. In later times, some wealthy prince or benefactor raised the wall, built a few arches, united them to the wall by a roof, closed them with doors, and separated them by partitions, thus providing a separate room for each party; while the cattle were littered in the central open space, or in sheds abutting on the outside wall, or in natural caves around it. Such was "the inn" at Bethlehem. See "Ridgway's Sketches from the East," Art. Bethlehem. JEWELS. Precious stones are nowhere mentioned in the Bible as personal ornaments, except in connection with religious worship, but "jewels of gold and silver" were so worn. The chief were bracelets, anklets, chains, earrings, brooches, and medallions on the forehead. All these were worn by women; but men wore bracelets, official gold chains, and signet-rings. The Ishmaelites wore earrings; and the Ama-lekites adorned the necks of their camels with gold chains. JOT, or Yod, the smallest letter of the Hebrew alphabet. JUDGE. In the time of anarchy after Joshua's death, a "judge" was a religious and political patriot, inspired with zeal to head a revolution against tyrannical oppression, or to resist threatened invasion. He rallied round him a voluntary army, and Was temporarily invested with supreme power, which he laid down when the emergency was over, but which gradually became more permanent, until it was terminated only by death. It was ultimately divided between a civil and a military officer, the former being the high priest, who added to his sacerdotal judicial functions also. Thus the way was paved for a permanent monarchy. "The judge" in the New Testament was in Jerusalem a member of the Sanhedrin, in provincial towns one of the "rulers of the Synagogue," who combined the regulation of Divine worship with the functions of a magistrate. "The officer" was his attendant in both capacities; the Chazan "the minister" (or verger) of the Synagogue, and policeman of the court of justice. KIN. The distinctions of kindred were not accurately defined, and there was a paucity of words to express them; thus all collateral relations were called "brothers" or "sisters," those of further degree were "cousins," and descendants in the direct line, however remote, were "sons" or "daughters." LANDMARKS were usually a single block or small pile of stones laid upon the ground, and are still so in Palestine: hence the severe curse upon their removal. In Egypt, the land bad to be remeasured and allotted after each inundation of the Nile. LANTERNS are still commonly used in Jerusalem ; any one going through the streets at night without a light is liable to be arrested as a dangerous character. A servant holds the lantern close to the ground, immediately in front of his master's feet,--a practice rendered necessary by the entire absence of pavement, and by the numerous obstructions in the streets of Eastern cities; cp. "Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path" (Ps. cxix. 105). LEATHERN-GIRDLE round the loins, over a loose coat, woven in camel's hair or wool, reaching to the knee, is still part of the ordinary dress of a shepherd on the Judæan hills. LINEN CLOTH was the cere-cloth, imbued with unguents and spices, in which a dead body was wrapped as a partial embalmment, where the poverty of the relatives precluded them from undertaking the complete process. LOCUSTS. On the 1st and 2nd of June, 1881, in the vicinity of Ephesus, the writer saw the whole heavens black with the flight of millions of locusts, brought up by the East wind, and witnessed the consternation of the inhabitants at the certain destruction of their corn crops, already ripe for harvest. It was obvious that no human power could avail against such an invasion. MANTLE. See Garments. MARRIAGE. This ceremony was performed in the "upper room" of private houses. The betrothed pair stood under a canopy, the bride being veiled, both wearing crowns, which were several times exchanged during the ceremony. The officiating minister was not a priest, nor necessarily a rabbi, but an elder, who, standing behind the canopy holding a cup of blessing, invoked a benediction on the assembly. He then gave a cup of wine to the betrothed, who pledged one another, the bridegroom draining his cup, dashing it to the ground, crushing it with his heel, and swearing fidelity until its powdered fragments are re-united. The marriage contract was next read, and attested by each person present drinking of a cup of wine. The friends next walked round the canopy, chanting psalms and showering rice upon the couple. The ceremony was concluded by the elder invoking the seven blessings upon them, drinking the benedictory cup, and passing it round the assembly. It was for this cup that our Saviour supplied the wine at Cana. After dark, the bridegroom led the bride to her house attended by the friends of each, while others joined the procession on its way, bearing hymeneal lamps in token of respect. Arrived at the bridegroom's house all were invited to a feast, which by the rich was repeated for seven nights, the festivities being prolonged to a late hour. See "Ridgway's Sketches from the East," Art. Cana. MEASURE. In Eastern markets, it is very common to see the seller press down the grain into the measure, then pile it up into a pyramid, until it trickles down the sides, when he pours it into the lap (or "bosom") of the flowing garment of the buyer. MILK. The mountainous nature of Palestine seems ill adapted for the pasturage of cows, and the milk with which it "flowed" must have been chiefly the product of goats, which are frequently mentioned in Scripture, but cows seldom, and mainly in connection with the plains of Philistia, Esdraelon, &c. "Butter of kine," from its peculiar designation, would seem to have been a luxury, while the undulating downs would produce goats' milk in abundance, far beyond what could be expected from such a limited area. See Butter. MILL was not a building, but a pair of millstones of granite or basalt, placed one upon the other, the lower one being larger and stationary, and the upper loose, with a hole in its centre into which the corn was put, and it was turned briskly round by two wooden handles, fixed opposite to each other in its upper surface near the circumference. A woman seated on the ground, on each side of it, moved a handle in the same direction, each passing it on to the other, and so whirling the stone round. The "nether millstone" became a proverb for weight and hardness. The Mosaic Law forbade the seizure of millstones for debt. MITE, from the same root as minute, anything very small: "Sche cast two mynutis, that is, a ferthing" (Wycliffe). Very small coins, known as "beggars' money," not current in the market (being scarcely of estimable value), may still be seen used as alms in Asia Minor. MONEY. The coins mentioned in the Bible mark the supreme power predominant at the time; thus, we have the Hebrew talent, shekel, maneh; the Persian daric; the Greek drachm and stater; and, lastly, the Roman pound, penny, and farthing. In our Lord's time these were all current in the market, but the offerings in the Temple had to be made in the Hebrew coinage, which was circulated in Palestine alone, where, however, Roman money was found to be the more convenient medium of traffic. Hence, moneychangers became a necessity, and, during the great festivals, they removed from their shops in the city to stalls within the sacred precincts, where worshippers from all parts thronged to make their offerings. MOTE. A small particle, like those which are brought to light by a ray of sunshine (Eastwood and Wright, "Bible Wordbook"). NECROMANCER. One who professes to foretell the future by consulting the spirits of the dead, as the witch of Endor. NETHINIMS were the descendants of those Gibeonites whom Joshua reduced to slavery, making them hewers of Avood and drawers of water for the Sanctuary (Josh. ix. 27). They accompanied the Jews to and from Captivity, and lived with the other servants of the Temple on Ophel, a small hill south of Moriah. OBEISANCE was the salutation of an inferior to a superior. It consisted of. bowing the head and body forward, with the hands extended, and their palms turned downwards. It varied from a slight inclination to complete prostration, with the forehead and hands in the dust, according to the rank of the person saluted. OBSERVER OF TIMES was one who foretold events, or chances, by observing the motions of the clouds. OMEGA. The last letter of the Greek alphabet, used, with Alpha, to express the eternal existence of the Son of God. OMER is an untranslated Egyptian word, being the name of the most common domestic bowl, or kit, used by the Fellahs of Egypt, and adopted from them by the Hebrews, for a vast variety of household purposes. It held about half a peck. ORACLES were the responses gained by divination. They were supposed to be supernatural revelations through divinely inspired persons. Such were the oracles of Delphi, &c., and of the girl at Philippi. In Egypt, divination was practised by means of cups (Cylicomanteia). Among the Hebrews, God allowed inquiry to be made of Him through Urim and Thummim (q.v.), and prophets, and gave oracular responses, even in temporal matters (e.g. military campaigns, &c.. The revelations made to Moses in the Law are called "the Divine oracles." Hence it is also used for the place where a prayer is offered for advice, and an answer given: "toward thy holy oracle" (Ps. xxviii. 2). OVENS are still, in the East, rough erections of brick or stone, detached from houses. In Palestine, they are often hollowed out in the rock, with chimneys of mud, and the fuel consists mainly of dried weeds, stubble, and dung baked in the sun. PENNY. The Roman denarius, value about 7½d. In our Lord's time it would seem to have been a fair day's wage for a labourer in a vineyard. PHYLACTERIES. The Hebrews were commanded to have the enactments of the Law on their hands, and as frontlets between their eyes, and to write them on the door-posts of their houses, that they might always see their duty before them to guide and restrain their actions (Deut. vi. 9). They were familiar with the Egyptian custom of wearing amulets on the forehead, and of inscribing mottoes on the walls of their houses. They therefore wrote the summary of the Moral Law (Deut. v. 6, 21) on three strips of parchment; two of these they rolled up, and placed in two small cylinders or cups of skin or leather about the size of a wine-cork, binding one on the forehead, the other on the centre of the back of the right hand with leathern straps, that of the latter encircling the forefinger and palm, each thrice, and the forearm nine times, in three triplets, so that each formed the representation of the first letter of Shaddai ("The Almighty"). These are called Phylacteries, and are still worn by Israelites in their houses. The Pharisees added other enactments, forming three little square volumes, which they bound together upon their persons. The third parchment was placed in a case of wood or metal-called a Mezuzeh, and affixed to the posts of their outer door and gates. It had a small aperture in front, through which was seen the word Shaddai. PILLOWS were wooden stands supporting a crescent-shaped frame thickly padded, which fitted into the arm-pits, sustaining the body, when seated upon a divan, or on the ground with the legs tucked under it, the usual posture of an Eastern man or woman when in repose. PINS were made principally of wood, and were often the spikes of the nubk thorn (about two inches long), cut with a small portion of the branch to form a head. The wealthy used ivory pins, great numbers of which have been found at Pompeii. PLOUGHING. The plough was, and still is, a rough instrument made of a few stakes, easily carried to and from the field on the shoulder of the labourer. It had a coulter and ploughshare, but merely scratched a small groove in the surface of the soil, which could only be broken up when softened by rain. Hence, ploughing in winter and spring is very common, and, for mutual protection, the ploughers work in companies, often to the number of twelve ploughs with their respective yokes of oxen, one sower being sufficient to follow the whole. The harrow is little used. Progress is slow; corn may be seen in all stages of growth, and seed-sowing at the same time, in the same field. POLITARCHS (Acts xvii. 6). This word, rendered literally "rulers of the city," has been found, from an inscription still legible on one of the gates of Thessalonica, to have been the official title of its chief magistrates. POOLS. Jerusalem, being on the top of a mountain, had an insufficient water supply. One never-failing spring, issuing from Mount Moriah, was collected in the pool of Siloam, and its overflow in the well of Joab. At En-rogel, besides these, were the two pools of Gihon on the Western shoulder of Zion; that of Hezekiah, by the Jaffa Gate; that of Bethesda, and that now called Birket Serai, near St. Stephen's Gate, fed from a spring or reservoir under Pilate's house and the adjoining barracks. The houses of the wealthy had, and still have, extensive cisterns for storing rain-water. See Conduit. PORTERS were the "door-keepers" and police of the Temple. They lived on the adjoining Mount Ophel. They were divided into companies, under the command of the "Captain of the Temple," and one division was always on duty, keeping guard day and night. It took twenty of them to shut the great brazen gates (Acts xxi. 30). POTTAGE, made of red lentiles boiled in water, is a savoury dish, of which the Arabs at the present day are especially fond, and is highly nutritious. POTTERS, turning the tables with their feet, and moulding with their hands the clay as it spins round upon the table, are constantly to be seen in the East. In Egyptian literature, the potter is used to illustrate the work of the Supreme Being in the creation of man. PRAYER. The ordinary attitude of prayer was standing, with the arms stretched forward, the hands extended with the palms upwards, and the face raised towards heaven. It was in this posture that Moses was sustained all day by Aaron and Hur, during the battle at Rephidim. The next was one of adoration, or "worship," the head bent forward, the body stooping, the hands resting on the knees. Penitential prayer was made kneeling, with the body inclined forward or prostrate, the forehead and hands resting on the ground. PRESBYTER (see Elder, of which it is the Greek form) was the general name given to one appointed to exercise authority in a community. They were chosen for their mature age, experience, and wisdom; sometimes elected by the tribes, sometimes selected by higher powers. They interpreted the Law, decided doctrine, judged causes, exercised discipline, but discharged no priestly function. PRIEST. In patriarchal times, the head of each family was its priest, and the chief of the tribe its high priest. Under the Mosaic dispensation, the family of Aaron and their descendants were set apart by God to discharge all the sacerdotal functions of the whole nation. These, being prospective of Christ the true High Priest, were concentrated in Him; and He called to Him " twelve disciples," whom He named Apostles, and afterwards other seventy also, whom He sent two and two before Him. Before His ascension He breathed on the former, saying, "Receive ye the Holy Ghost." "As My Father sent Me, even so now send I you." "Go ye, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost." PROPERTY, by Hebrew Law, could not pass out of the family; if mortgaged or seized by creditors, it reverted to the owner in the following year of jubilee. The earliest recorded conveyance of property to a purchaser and his heirs, is that of the field of Machpelah by Ephron to Abraham. PROPHET is one who speaks for another. A prophet of the Lord is a term applicable to one who predicts, forewarns, proclaims glad tidings, instructs, or exhorts, as a messenger of the Lord. In Scripture it is used in all these senses. PUBLICANS were native Jews, who farmed the taxes from the Roman knights, who in turn farmed them from the Imperial treasury. The taxes were annually let to the highest bidder, who paid each instalment in advance, recouping himself by collecting the taxes from the people. As many of these arose from an ad valorem duty on produce, stock, and land, of which the publican was also the assessor, his opportunities for extortion were unlimited; and as the tax was the result of subjection, its collector was regarded as a political renegade, and a social outcast. PURIFICATION was not so much a cleansing of the flesh from dirt, as a ceremonial washing from the typical pollution imparted to a sanctified people by contact with heathens or sinners, or their symbols. Cups, pots, plates, food bought in the market, were washed before use, lest a heathen or a sinner might have touched them. So every impure act virtually excluded the participator irom the presence of the all-pure God, and needed to be expiated by a fresh baptism or sacrifice. PURSE. A leathern bag attached to the girdle. QUATERNION. A Roman guard of four soldiers, detailed off as sentries over a prisoner. In the strictest custody (as over Peter), each band of the prisoner was handcuffed to a separate soldier, inside the cell, while the other two kept sentry outside the door. These four were relieved every three hours day and night, so that there were four quaternions required for one day's service, and four for the night watches. To the quaternion charged with Christ's crucifixion, His clothes fell as a perquisite. QUICKSANDS. The greater and lesser Syrtes, near Tunis, on the N.E. coast of Africa. REFINING-POT. The crucible, in which gold vas melted to a white heat, and the impurities skimmed off, so that only the purest metal remained. RUDDERS. Ancient vessels were steered by two oars or paddles, passed through the vessel on each side of the stern. When the vessel was stationary, they were lashed to its side by "bands," which were also used to secure and steady the paddle when in use. SALUTATIONS between one wayfarer and another, and to labourers in the field (such as " Peace be to you!" "The Lord prosper you!" "We wish you good luck," &c., are in daily use in Syria. A nearer greeting, answering to our shaking hands, consists in placing the right hand upon the forehead, then upon the mouth, next upon the heart, lastly extending it towards the person greeted, symbolising: "With my head I worship, with my lips I honour, with my heart I love thee." SANCTUARY. See Tabernacle. SCRIP. A small bag, so called because made of a "scrap" of stuff (Skeat's "Etymological Dictionary"). SHECHINAH. The cloud of glory, which descended upon the mercy-seat in Solomon's Temple at its dedication, and remained till its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar. It was the symbol of the Divine presence. SHIPS. Alexandrian corn ships carried one large square sail, which was lowered upon the deck. In a storm the strain upon the hull was very great; the planks were liable to start, and the ship to founder; to avoid which they passed stout cables under the keel, drawing them tight to each gunwale by grappling irons; they then turned her head to the wind, hoisted a storm-sail for steering, and drifted. "Ships of Tarshish" were large Phoenician trading vessels plying between Tyre and Tartessus in Spain. They passed the Straits, crossed the Bay of Biscay to Britain, and doubled the Cape of Good Hope. Hence they gave their name to all merchantmen. SHOE. Shoes were only soles strapped under the foot. To unloose their clasp (or latchet), bring them, or carry them away, was the office of the lowest slave. " To pluck off the shoe " was the striking of a contract, like signing and sealing a document. To kick, or cast off, one's shoe over a person, was the symbol of his greatest humiliation, like treading on his neck; while to wash the feet of another was an act of abject servility (e.g. "Moab is my washpot"). To shake off the dust from the shoe was an imprecation of a curse upon individuals, a declaration of war against nations. SOAP. Both Borith and Natron are translated "soap" in the A.V.; the former was some cleansing preparation of a vegetable alkali (the Kali of the desert); the latter was the product of Egypt, i.e. nitre. Extensive hills of alkali refuse are still seen at Ramleh, Gaza, Jerusalem, Edlip, &c. Those at the last-named place must, from their vast extent, have been the accumulation of very many centuries. Near to each of these places were large olive groves, from whence the oil was obtained. At this day there are many wealthy soap manufacturers, to whom most of the olive groves in Central Palestine are mortgaged. (Cp. Parable of the Unjust Steward.) The manufacture of soap is still very extensively carried on in all parts of Syria. STAFF was the long walking-stick, like an alpenstock, so necessary to the pedestrian in a mountainous country. Its metaphorical use in Scripture is very frequent. TABERNACLE. An oblong tent, with a wooden framework covered with cloth and skins, made by God's order as a moveable place of worship in the wilderness. It was set up, taken down, and carried by the Levites; when stationary, the Pillar of Cloud rested on it. It consisted of a small inner room, the "Holy of Holies," containing nothing but the ark with its mercy-seat, entered only on the day of atonement by the high priest alone; and a larger room, the "Holy Place, or Sanctuary" (in which were the altar of incense, table of shewbread, and golden candlestick), used for the daily service. These two were separated by a thick veil. When settled in Canaan, Joshua set up the tabernacle at Shiloh, where residences for the priests were added to it, and it assumed so permanent a character that it is even called "the temple" in 1 Sam. iii. 3. After David had set up a new tabernacle on Zion for the reception of the ark, the old one at Shiloh fell into disuse. TABLE (writing). The Law was engraved upon two stone slabs. Subsequently "writing tables" (or tablets) were in common use, made of wood whitened, and written upon with a black fluid, like the modern Arab slate, or covered with wax and written upon with a metal pencil or style, like the Roman tablet. TABLE. The Hebrews in the time of our Lord had adopted the Roman custom of reclining at table on cushioned divans, resting themselves on the left arm. The tables were in three portions, forming three sides of a square, the seats being placed along the outer sides, and the servants waiting in the inside. The seat of honour was that on the right of the host, who sat in the middle of the cross-table; the honoured guest thus reclined, as it were, on the bosom of his host. The places next in honour were the centres of each side-table, for generally only three persons occupied a table. This was, doubtless, the form of table used when our Lord ate the "Lord's Supper" with His Apostles; as, also, when He dined with Simon the leper, and when the woman came behind the divan, and wept upon His extended feet. TABLETS, mentioned by Isaiah (iii. 20) among a woman's ornaments, are still in use. They, are little cylinders (like bodkin-cases) of wood or metal, attached to chains; by some thought to be scent-bottles; but they are charms, in which women placed little rolls of parchment on which were written their secret wishes. TEETH. "I have given you cleanness of teeth ... want of bread" (Amos iv. 6). It is still customary for beggars in Palestine to scrape their teeth with their thumb nails, and then display the clean nail to those from whom they crave alms, as an evidence that no food has been masticated that day. TEMPLE was the name given to the whole sacred precincts of Mount Moriah, including the "fane" erected by Solomon on the summit, the various "courts" of Israelites, and women, each on their separate platforms below it, and the great area, "court of the Gentiles," at the foot of this pyramid of "courts" and steps. The "fane" was a permanent copy of the temporary tabernacle, so far as its ground-plan was concerned, having its "Holy of Holies" (through whose floor projected for a few inches the time-honoured apex of Mount Moriah), its "Holy Place," in which, however, there were ten tables of shewbread, and ten golden candlesticks (five of each on each side), and the great brazen "layer" standing on twelve brazen oxen, with their faces outwards. It occupied only one-third of the uppermost platform, the rest being the "court of burnt-offering," in which was the great altar. Below the first series of steps (extending round three sides), was the "court of Israel;" below the next flight, the "court of women;" and at the base of the succeeding flight of steps was a trellised fence, on which were "notices" in various languages, warning none but the circumcised to pass within the sacred enclosures. Then came the great area, "court of the Gentiles," extending 600 feet each way, but nearly doubled in its extent by Herod the Great. This area was reached by a succession of terraces or steps, cut in the face of the mountain on its Eastern and Southern sides. TERAPHIM were little household gods of clay, often carried about the person as charms. Had their origin in Mesopotamia, and they were those which Rachel stole from her father's house, and which the Assyrian settlers in Samaria brought from their native lands, and worshipped together with the true God. TITLE, or superscription. Over every crucified malefactor was superscribed his name, residence, and offence. This was the official warrant for his execution, and was copied from the register, in which his sentence was recorded. What Pilate "had written" on the cross of Jesus, he "had written" also in the official record, which it was illegal for him to alter. TITTLE. The fine, minute stroke which often distinguishes one letter from another in the Hebrew alphabet. TOMB. See Burial. TOPHET was the furnace in the Valley of Hinnom, in which human sacrifices were offered. It derived its name from tha tabrets (Tophet) with which they drowned the cries of the victims. See Tabret, under "Musical Instruments," p. 114; also Hell. TREASURE. On account of the insecurity of property, it is still usual in Palestine for people to bury their money and valuables in the ground. That this was the case in our Lord's time is proved by the occasional discovery of coffers of Roman coins of that date, whose owners had doubtless been killed, or died suddenly, without revealing the place of their concealment. TREASURY was a vestibule in the Temple of Herod the Great, in which were placed thirteen large money-chests, with trumpet-shaped mouths, into which the worshippers dropped their offerings for the maintenance of the public services of the Temple. TRIBUTE was of two kinds: 1. The half-shekel, which every Jew, wherever resident, was bound to contribute for the maintenance of the Temple. 2. The tax, custom, dues, & c., exacted from them by their Roman subjugators for the maintenance of the civil authorities. The former must be paid in Jewish, the latter in Roman coin. It was the former which our Lord paid with the money from the fish's mouth, and the latter which bore Caesar's image and superscription. UNDERGIRDERS. See Ships. UNKNOWN GOD was probably the nameless Supreme Being, worshipped by Socrates and his disciples, whose intelligence revolted against the pagan mythology of Greece. UPPER ROOM. See Chamber. URIM AND THUMMIM ("Lights and Perfections"). These were the sacred symbols (worn upon the breastplate of the high priest, "upon his heart"), by which God gave oracular responses for the guidance of His people in temporal matters. What they were is unknown; they are introduced in Exodus without explanation, as if familiar to the Israelites of that day. Modern Egyptology supplies us with a clue; it tells us that Egyptian high priests in every town, who were also its chief magistrates, wore round their necks a jewelled gem, bearing on one side the image of Truth, and on the other sometimes that of Justice, sometimes that of Light. When the accused was acquitted, the judge held out the image for him to kiss. In the final judgment Osiris wears round his neck the jewelled Justice and Truth. The LXX. translate Urim and Thummim by light and truth. Some scholars suppose that they were the twelve stones of the breastplate; others that they were two additional stones concealed in its fold. Josephus adds to these the two sardonyx buttons, worn on the shoulders, which, he says, emitted luminous rays when the response was favourable; but the means by which the oracles were given is lost in obscurity. VESTMENT. It was and still is customary for every Jew, on entering the Synagogue for religious worship, to put on the Tallith or scarf of white lamb's wool with blue stripes and fringes at each end. This was worn over the shoulders, except during prayers, when it covered the head. It marked the worshipper as being a true Israelite. This was perhaps the "wedding garment" of the parable. It was no doubt some similar vestment which Jehu ordered "him that was over the vestry" to supply to each worshipper of Baal (2 Kings x. 22), the acceptance of which was the profession of being a true Baalite. VESTURE. See Coat and Garments. VINEGAR is probably used for the sour wine which was the ordinary drink of the Roman soldier. WAGES were not only money payments but also the "rations," especially of soldiers on service. WASHPOT. A footpan, for ablution of the feet. See Shoe. WATCHMEN were servants, or soldiers, placed as "look-out-men" in towers, on city walls, in palaces, and vineyards, to give timely notice of the approach of invaders and Arab marauders. Watch-towers are still in use in Palestine. WATER, cup of. In hot countries, the offer of water is the most acceptable gift to the wayfarer. Hence it is now, as of old, one of the most binding duties of hospitality; so the traveller is often met with the friendly offer of "a cup of cold water," accompanied by a salutation or benediction. WATER-CARRIERS. See Bottle. WATER-POTS were earthenware jars, used in the houses of the poor, to supply the place of cisterns for storing water for domestic purposes. They are still used, and are let into stone racks, near the entrance door. WEDDING. See Marriage. WEEKS. Feast of PENTECOST. On the fiftieth day, or seven clear weeks after the second day of the Passover, began the Feast of Weeks, or thanksgiving for the harvest. Loaves made of the new meal, and grain, were offered as first-fruits, and a new sheaf waved before the Lord. WINDOWS were mere holes in the wall for the admission of light and air. They were sometimes partially closed by lattices, or wooden trellis-work, or curtains; sometimes entirely shut by trap-doors. An obscure word in Genesis vi. 16 is translated "window," but it is supposed to denote some means of internal illumination, natural or artificial. WISE MEN. The Magi were a Persian caste of philosophers and men of science, who devoted themselves to literature and study, especially to astronomy and astrology. Their learning, and abstinence from political intrigue, rendered them valuable counsellors to the king. The priests belonged to the same caste. WRITING MATERIALS (see Books and Table). Books written upon papyrus nearly four thousand years ago, have been found in Egyptian tombs; one in the Louvre, dated B.C. 2017, is only a copy of a more ancient work. Ink, inkhorns, and pens made of reeds, are mentioned in Scripture, and have been found in Egypt, where the act of writing is delineated upon the monuments; and a box of colours and pencils, coeval with Abraham, may be seen in the museum at Boulak. Hebrew writings on leather skins are in the library at St. Petersburg, and sacred parchment-rolls innumerable have been found in the ancient tombs of Palestine. The ruins of Nineveh have yielded whole libraries of standard works, the letters being impressed on clay tablets. Hebrew writing was from right to left; Egyptian varied. Official documents and letters were not signed in writing, but by the impress of a signet-ring or seal. YOKE. The cross-bar to which draught oxen were fastened by the horns or neck, for drawing carts or ploughs. The affection known to exist between a pair of oxen yoked together is a fruitful source of illustration, e.g. when Paul speaks of his "true yokefellow." YOUNG MEN. The attendants upon a court in the judgment-hall, and upon the Apostles when sitting in council at Jerusalem (Acts v.). These last probably suggested the order of deacons. ZEALOTS. A fanatical section of the "Galilaeans" (q.v.). It is supposed by some that the apostle Simon Zelotes was one of them. They are mentioned in Acts xxi. 20, 38; xxiii. 3. __________________________________________________________________ WORDS OBSOLETE OR AMBIGUOUS. Word. Passage. Explanation. Abjects. Psal. xxxv. 15. Outcasts; despised persons. Adamant, or Diamond. Ezek. iii. 9. A stone of impenetrable (lit. "indomitable") hardness. Adjure. Josh. vi. 26. Bind under a curse; charge solemnly. Ado. Mark v. 39. Stir; tumult; commotion. Albeit. Ezek. xiii. 7. Although it be so. Allow. Luke xi. 48. (Lat. allaudare) to praise; to approve. Alms. Acts iii. 3; x. 2. (Of sing, num.)=charitable gift. Aloof. Ps. xxxviii. 11. Afar off; at a distance. Amerce. Deut. xxii. 19. Punish by fine. Anise. Matt. xxiii. 23. A sort of parsley. Anon. Matt. xiii. 20. i.e. in one instant=quickly. Apparelled. Luke vii. 25. Dressed. Apparently. Num. xii. 8. Plainly; openly. Ark. Gen. vi. 14; Ex. ii. 5, 6; xxxvii. 1. (Lat. area) covered chest, coffer. Array, to. Matt. vi.29. Dress, or clothe. Artillery. 1 Sam. xx. 40 Bow and arrows; missiles. Astonied Job xvii. 8 Old form of astonished; astounded. At one Acts vii. 26 Reconciliation of two persons at variance: from this adverb springs the verb "atone" (to reconcile), and "at-one-ment." Attent 2Chron. vi. 40 An old part. of attend, used for "attentive." Away with Is. i. 13 "Put up with," or endure. Barbed Job xii. 7 Fringed, or bearded, with projecting points. Beam (see Mote). Matt. vii. 3 Large piece of timber. Beeves Lev. xxii. 21 Plur. of "beef;" used of oxen or cows. Bestead Is. viii. 21 Circumstanced; situated. Bewray Matt. xxvi. 73 Discover; report; inform; reveal; accuse. Bind. Job xxvi. 8; Acts ix. 14. Imprison, or confine closely. Blains. Pimples; pustules; swellings. Blaze abroad. Mark i. 45. Publish loudly; blazon. Bolled. Ex. ix. 31. Swollen. Bosses. Job xv. 26. Large studs; projecting ornaments. Botch. Deut. xxviii. 27. Eruption of the skin. Bravery. Is. iii. 18. Splendour; finery. Bray. Prov. xxvii. 22. Pound, or bruise. Brickle. Wisd. xv. 13. Easily broken; brittle. Brigandine. Jer. xlvi. 4. A light coat of mail. Bruit. Jer. x. 22. (Fr. bruit, noise) report: fame. By. 1 Cor. iv. 4. Of, against. Calkers. Ezek. xxvii. 9, 27. Men who stop the seams, or leaks of ships with tow. Carriage 1 Sam. xvii. 22; Acts xxi. 15. That which is carried; baggage. Chafed. 2 Sam. xvii. 8. Heated; exasperated. Chapiter. Ex. xxxvi. 38. Capital of a pillar. Chapt. Jer. xiv. 4. Cracked, through heat and drought. Charger. Num. vii. 13; Matt. xiv. 5. A large dish. Charges (be at). Acts xxi. 24. Discharge the cost, or pay expenses. Charity. 1 Cor. xiii. Sympathetic unselfish habit of the soul; including our words, love, charity, sympathy, benevolence, beneficence, philanthropy. Cithern. 1 Macc. iv. 54. (Lat. cithara) a stringed instrument; the word has now become "guitar." Cleave. Gen. ii. 24; Rom. xii. 9. Adhere; remain faithful. Cockatrice. Is. xi. 8. A kind of crested serpent; the basilisk. Cocker. Ecclus. xxx. 9. Indulge, so as to spoil, a child. Cockle. Job xxxi. 40 The corn-rose, a weed found among corn. Collops. Job xv. 27. Slices, or flakes, of meat or fat. Colony. Acts xvi. 12. (Lat. colonia) a foreign town, to whose inhabitants were accorded, for distinguished services, the same rights and privileges as the citizens of Rome itself. Commend. Rom. iii. 5. Draw commendation upon, or enhance. Commune Ex. xxv. 22; 1 Sam. xix. 3; Ps. iv. 4; Is. xl. 12; Rom. xiii. 9. Parley; hold a conference; converse. Comprehend. Is. xl. 12; Rom. xiii. 9. Comprise; include; measure; contain. Concision. Phil. iii. 2. Mere cutting off; opposed to circumcision, as religious symbol. Coney. Lev. xi. 5; Ps. civ. 18. (Lat. cuniculiis) a rabbit; small animal, like a rabbit. Confection. Ex. xxx. 35; Ecclus. xxxviii. 8. Compound of various ingredients. Consort, to. Acts xvii. 4 Associate with. Contrite . Ps.li.17 (Lat. contritus) bruised; ground to powder; so of one humbled to the dust. Word. Passage. Explanation. Convenient. Acts xxiv. 25; Rom. i. 28; Eph. v. 4. Becoming; decorous. Conversation. (1) Phil. iii. 20; (2) 1 Pet. i. 15. (1) Citizenship; (2) conduct and habits of life. Convince. Jobxxxii. 12; John viii. 46. Convict. Count. Ex. xii. 4. (Used as a subst.) a reckoning. Countervail. Est. vii. 4. (Lat. contra valere) compensate for. Cracknels. 1 Kin. xiv. 3. Hard, brittle cakes. Crisping pins. Is. iii. 22. Irons for crimping or curling hair. Cruse. 1 Sam. xxvi. 11; 1 Kin. xiv. 3; xvii. 12; 2 Kin. 2. 20. Small cup or vessel for holding liquid. Cumber. Luke x. 40; xiii. 7. Encumber; occupy unprofitably. Curious. Ex. xxviii. 8; Acts xix. 19. That with which great pains has been taken. Damnation, or Condemnation. Rom.; 1 Cor., &c. These words were used as equivalent terms when the A.V. was made; sometimes with a deep, sometimes with a lighter meaning. Daysman. Job ix. 33. Umpire; arbitrator. Deal, A. Ex. xxix. 40. A part or portion. Debtor. Rom. i. 14; Gal. v. 3. One bound by, or under an obligation. Deem. Acts xxvii. 27. Conclude; judge. Defenced. Is. xxxvi. 1. Fenced; defended by fortifications. Delicately. Deut. xxviii. 50; 1 Sam. xv. 32. Tenderly; mincingly. Delightsome. Mal. iii. 12. Delightful. Discover. Is. xxii. 8. Uncover. Draught. Matt. xv. 17. Drain. Draught house. 2 Kin. x. 27. Cesspool; depository of drainage. Ear, to. Deut. xxi. 4; 1 Sam. viii. 12; Plough; till the ground. Earing. Gen. xiv. 6; Ex. xxxiv. 21. Ploughing. Emerods. 1 Sam. v. 6. (Grk. hæmorrhoids) discharging piles. Endamage. Ezra iv. 13. Injure. Ensample. 1 Cor. x. 11. Example. Ensue. 1 Pet. iii. 11. Pursue diligently. Eschew. 1 Pet. iii. 11, &c. Avoid; shun. Eyeservice. Eph. vi. 6. Service performed only when under supervision. Fain. Luke xv. 16. Glad, and gladly. Fat. Joel ii. 24. Vessel for liquor; same as "vat." Fitches. Is. xxviii. 25, 27. Vetches; small kind of pea. Fray. Deut. xxviii. 26, &c. To scare; frighten away. Fret. Lev. xiii. 51, 55; Ps. xxxix. 11. To corrode; perforate by eating, as a moth does. Gainsay. Luke xxi. 15. Speak against, i. e. contradict. Garner. Matt. iii. 12. Granary; barn. Gin. Amos iii. 5. Trap or snare for birds. Glister. Luke ix. 29. Shine; sparkle; glitter. Greaves. 1 Sam. xvii. 6. Armour-plates for legs. Habergeon. Job xli. 26. A piece of armour to defend the neck and breast. Haft. Judg. iii. 22. Handle of knife, dagger, &c. Hale. Luke xii. 58; Acts viii. 3. Forcibly drag, as an arrested person; haul. Halt. Gen. xxxii. 31; Luke xiv. 21. (Verb and part.) walk lame; crippled. Harness. 1 Kin. xxii. 34. Body-armour of a soldier; accoutrements for man or horse. Heap. Deut. xiii. 16; Jer. xlix. 2. A ruin. Hell. Ps. xlix. 14. Hole, or covered pit; grave. Acts ii. 27. Hades, place of departed spirits. 2 Pet. ii. 4. Gehenna, place of torment for the wicked. Helve. Deut. xix. 5. Handle of an axe. His. 1 Cor. xv.. Often used for neut. "its," which does not occur in the Authorised Version. Hosen. Dan. iii. 21. Trousers and stockings in one piece. Houghs. 2 Esdras xv. 36. Hocks; joints of a beast's hind-legs. Hungred, a. Matt.xii. 1. Hungry. Importable. Prayer of Manasses. Insupportable. Instantly. Acts xxvi. 7. Earnestly; with urgent importunity. Jeopard, to. Judg. v. 18. To hazard or risk life; jeopardy; danger. Jot, or tittle. Matt. v. 18. "Jot" is "jod," the smallest Hebr. letter (i, or iota in Grk.). Kine. Gen. xli. 2; 1 Sam. vi. 7. The old plural of "cow;" milch kine = milking cows. Knop. Ex. xxv. 33. The bud of a flower; carved imitation of one; now spelt "knob." Lack. Ex. xvi. 18; Mark x. 21. Subst. want, or deficiency; v. to be deficient. Lawyer. Matt. xxii. 35. An expounder of the Mosaic Law. Leasing. Ps. iv. 2. Lying, or falsehood. Let. 2 Thess. ii. 7. Hinder; prevent. Lewdness. Acts xviii. 14. Wickedness; crime. Libertine. Acts vi. 9. The child of a freed slave. List. John iii. 8. Desire; will; like. Lust. Ex. xv. 9; 2 Tim. iv. 3. Desire of any kind. Lusty. Judg. iii. 29. Healthy; vigorous; strong. Magnifical. 1 Chr. xxii. 5. Magnificent. Marish. Ezek. xlvii. 11. Marsh; swampy ground. Word. Passage. Explanation. Maul. Prov xxv. 18. Heavy hammer, of which "mallet" is the diminutive. Maw. Deut. xviii. 3. Stomach of animals. Meet. Matt iii. 8. Suitable; accordant. Mete. Matt. vii. 2. (Lat. metior) measure. Mete yard. Lev. xix. 35. Measuring-rod; yard measure. Mincing. Is. iii. 16. Walking with very short steps. Minish. Ex. v. 19. Diminish; lessen. Mote (see Beam). Matt. vii. 3. Minute particle; grain; atom. Munition. Nah. ii. 1. Fortifications; ramparts. Murrain. Ex. ix. 3. Cattle plague, resembling "Rinder-pest." Naught. 2 Kin. ii. 19; Prov. xx. 14. Bad; worthless; nothing. Neeze. 2 Kin. iv. 35. Old form of "sneeze." Nether. Deut. xxiv. 6. Lower; from obsolete "neath." Noisome. Ps. xci. 3. Noxious; hurtful; grievous. Nought. Gen. xxix. 15. Nothing (same as naught). Nurture. Eph. vi. 4. Education; training. Of. (1) Mark i. 9; (2) Acts xiii. 29; (3) 1 Cor. xv. 47. Used in various senses: (1) instead of "by;" (2) for "concerning;" (3) "out of." Offence. Rom. ix. 33. That against which one stumbles. Offend. Matt. xviii. 9. Strike or stumble against; cause to stumble. Or ever. Ps. xc. 2; S. of S. vi. 12; Dan. vi. 24; Acts xxiii. 15. Reduplicated form of ere=before; cp. "an if." Ouches. Ex. xxviii. 11. Settings of gold or silver for precious stones. Pain. Rev. xii. 2. Strive in pain, or pangs. Painful. Ps. lxxiii. 16. Hard to do; needing effort. Painfulness. 2 Cor. xi. 27. Unsparing toil. Pass. Ezek. xxxii. 19. Surpass. Pill, Peel. Gen. xxx. 37, 38; Is. xviii. 2, 7. Strip off bark: rob and plunder. Plat. 2 Kin. ix. 26. Small level piece of ground. Poll, to. 2 Sam. xiv. 26. Lop; cut off, esp. hair. Potsherd. Ps. xxii. 15 Fragment of broken pottery. Pressfat. Hag. ii. 16. Vat to receive grape-juice from the winepress. Prevent. 1 Thess. iv. 15. Go before; precede. Prophet. 1 Cor. xiv. 22; Acts xiii. 1. Preacher, or proclaimer of Divine message. Provoke. 2 Cor. ix. 2. Stimulate; challenge to action. Publicans. Matt. ix. 10; Luke v. 27. Farmers of public revenue; esp. native collectors of the odious tribute imposed by the Roman government. Quick. Num. xvi. 30; Ps. 1 v. 15; Heb. iv. 12. Alive; lively; active. Quicken. Ps. lxxi. 20. Make alive. Quit. 1 Sam. iv. 9; 1 Cor. xvi. 13. Acquit; conduct. Ravening. Luke xi. 39. Greediness; rapacity. Ravin. Gen. xlix. 27. Make prey; capture spoil. Reins. Ps. vii. 9. (Lat. renes, kidneys) emotions; affections. Rereward. Is. Iii. 12; lviii. 8. Rear-guard. Ringstraked. Gen. xxx. 35. Streaked or marked with circular bands or rings. Room. Luke xiv. 8; 1 Cor. xiv. 16. A place or spot for one to sit or stand in. Save. 1 Kin. iii. 18; Matt. xi. 27. Except. Savour. Matt. xvi. 23. Taste; relish; met. relish in mind. Scant. Mic. vi. 10. Short; deficient; scanty. Scrabble. 1 Sam. xxi. 13. Scratch; make unmeaning marks. Scrip. 1 Sam. xvii. 40; Luke xxii. 36. Small bag or wallet. Seethe. Ex. xvi. 23. Boil; perf. "sod," part. "sodden," Servitor. 2 Kin. iv. 43. Servant or attendant. Sherd. Is. xxx. 14. (A.S. sceard) fragment; shred, esp. of pottery. Shroud. Ezek. xxxi. 3. (A.S. serud) shelter; covering, esp. of a tree. Silverling. Is. vii. 23. A small silver coin. Sith. Ezek. xxxv. 6. Since; forasmuch as. Sod, Sodden. Gen. xxv. 29; Ex. xii. 9. Boiled; from the verb "seethe." Sojourn. Gen. xii. 10; xix. 9; Ex. xii. 48. (Fr. séjourner) to dwell temporarily, as a stranger or visitor, not a settled inhabitant. Sometimes. Eph. ii. 13; 1 Pet. iii. 20. Once; formerly; of old time. Sore. Gen. xix. 9 ; xliii. 1; Deut. vi. 22; Judg. xxi 2. Sadly; grievously. Speed. Gen. xxiv. 12; Judg. vi 30. Succeed; or subst. success. Spring. Deut. iv. 49; 1 Sam. ix. 26. Rise, source, commencement, e.g."springs of Pisgah" (Deut. iv. 49), i.e. roots or foot of the mountain. Steads. 1 Chron. v. 22. (Sax. slede) places. Stone-bow. Wisd. v. 22. A catapult, or engine for throwing stones. Straightway. 1 Sam. ix. 13; Luke v. 39. Immediately; at once. Straitly. Gen. xliii. 7; Josh. vi. 1; Mark i. 43. Strictly. Straitness. Deut. xxviii. 53; Jer. xix. 9. Scarcity of food; severe famine. Strake. Gen. xxx. 37. A streak. Acts xxvii. 17. Past tense of verb to "strike." Straw, to. Matt. xxi. 8. Strew, or scatter. Sunder, to. Job xli. 17. Separate; part asunder. Word. Passage. Explanation. Sundry. Heb. i. 1.. Several; various; divers. Tabering. Nah. ii. 7.. Beating, as on a taber. Taches. Ex. xxvi. 6.. Catches, or buttons; any fastening. Tale. Ex. v. 8, 18; 1 Sam. xviii. 27.. (A. S. tellari) reckoning; total. Target. 1 Sam. xvii. 6.. Light shield, buckler. Tire. 2 Kin. ix. 30; Is. iii. 18.. Dress, adorn, esp. the head; subst. a head-dress. Touching. Lev. v. 13; Ps. xlv. 1; Matt. xviii. 19.. Prep.=concerning. Tongues. Acts x. 46.. Languages, esp. those foreign to, or unknown by, the speaker. Travail. Is. liii. 11; Jer. xxx. 6.. Labour; pain; trouble generally. Trow. Luke xvii. 9.. Think; imagine; suppose. Twain. Is. vi. 2.. Two. Undergird. Acts xxvii. 17.. To pass ropes round hull of a ship, from gunwale to gunwale, and then stretch them tight, so as to keep the timbers from starting in a gale. Undersetter. 1 Kin. vii. 30, 34.. The pedestal or plinth on which the brazen bases of the lavers stood in Solomon's Temple. Unicorn. Ps. xcii. 10.. Generally allowed to be a wild ox. See Quadrupeds, p. 80. Unwittingly. Josh. xx. 3.. Unconsciously; unintentionally. Ware. Acts xiv. 6.. Aware; expectant. Wax. Luke i. 80.. Grow, or become. Whit. 1 Sam. iii. 18; 2 Cor. xi. 5.. (A. S. wild) a bit; atom. Wimple. Is. iii. 22.. Veil, or covering for face, throat, or neck, probably the original of the Eastern "yashmak." Winebibber. Matt. xi. 19.. Immoderate drinker of wine; drunkard. Winefat (see Fat.) Wise. Lev. xix. 17.. (A. S. wise) mode or manner, or means. Wist. Ex. xvi. 15; xxxiv. 29; Mark xiv. 40.. (A. S. wiste) knew. Wit, to. 2 Cor. viii. 1.. (A. S. witan) to know. With. Judg. xvi. 7.. Young twig of a willow; osier. Withal. 1 Kin. xix. 1; Acts xxv. 27.. With the same; therewith. Wittingly. Gen. xlviii. 14.. Intentionally; knowingly. Wont. Matt. xxvii. 15.. Accustomed. Wot. Gen. xxxix. 8; Ex. xxxii. 1.. Know. Wreathen. Ex. xxviii. 14.. Twisted; turned; " wreathen work." Wrought. Gen. xxxiv. 7; Ex. xxxvi. 1; Matt. xx. 12; xxvi. 10.. Worked. Yearn. Gen. xliii. 30; 1 Kin. iii. 26.. Feel pain of longing desire; hence, expressing the working up of uncontrollable emotion. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ THE OXFORD INDEX TO THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. __________________________________________________________________ AARON, brother of MOSES, the first HIGH PRIEST, cometh forth to meet Moses; can speak well; appointed by God to be Moses' spokesman, Ex. 4. 14, 16, 27. with Moses appeals to Pharaoh; chided by him, Ex. 5. 1. his rod becomes a serpent, Ex. 7. 10. changes the waters into blood, Ex. 7. 20. causes the plagues of frogs, lice, flies, Ex. 8. 5, 17, 24. with Moses-the plague of boils, Ex. 9. 10. with Hur holds up Moses' hands, Ex. 17. 12. set apart for priest's office, Ex. 28. makes the golden calf, Ex. 32. 4; God's anger thereat, Ex. 32. 7; Deut. 9. 20. his excuse to Moses, Ex. 32. 22. consecration, Ex. 29; Lev. 8. offers sacrifice, Lev. 9. his sons (Nadab and Abihu) offer strange fire, and die, Lev. 10. 1; Num. 3. 4. his sons (Eleazar and Ithamar) censured by Moses, Lev. 10. 16. not to drink wine when going into the tabernacle, Lev. 10. 8. speaks against Moses, Num. 12. rebuked by God, Num. 12. 9. spoken against by Korah, Num. 16. 3. makes atonement, and the plague is stayed, Num. 16.46-48. his rod buds, and is kept in ark for a token, Num. 17. 8. for unbelief excluded from the promised land, Num. 20. 12. dies on mount Hor, Num. 20. 28. chosen by God, Ps. 105. 26; Heb. 5. 4. his line, 1 Chr. 6. 49. ABADDON (Apollyon), angel of the bottomless pit, Rev. 9. 11. ABANA (and Pharpar), rivers of Damascus, 2 Kin. 5. 12. ABARIM, mountains of, including Nebo, Pisgah, Hor, Num. 27. 12; Deut. 32. 49. ABBA. Father, Mark 14. 36; Rom. 8. 15; Gal. 4. 6. ABDON (a judge), Judg. 12. 13. ABED-NEGO saved in fiery furnace, Dan. 3. See Is. 43. 2. ABEL, second son of Adam, Gen. 4. 2. his offering accepted, Gen. 4. 4. slain by Cain, Gen. 4. 8. righteous, Matt. 23. 35; 1 John 3. 12. blood of, Luke 11. 51; Heb. 12. 24. faith of, Heb. 11. 4. ABEL-MIZRAIM, mourning of the Egyptians, Gen. 50. 11. ABEL-Shittim, Num. 33. 49. ABEL-Meholah, 1 Kin. 4. 12; 19. 16; 8. 19. ABIATHAR, the priest, flies from Saul to David, 1 Sam. 22. 20. follows Adonijah, 1 Kin. 1. 7. deposed by Solomon, 1 Kin. 2. 26. ABIB, the Hebrew passover month, Ex. 13. 4; 23. 15; 34. 18. ABIEZER, ancestor of Gideon, Josh. 17. 2; Judg. 6. ABIGAIL, wife of Nabal, and afterwards of David, 1 Sam. 25. 39. mother of Chileab, according to 2 Sam. 3. 3, or Daniel, according to 1 Chr. 3. 1. ABIHU, brother of Nadab, offers strange fire, and dies, Lev. 10. 2. ABLTAH (or Abijam), king of Judah, walked in the sins of his father, 1 Kin. 15. 3. makes war against Israel, 2 Chr. 13. ABLTAH (son of Jeroboam), his death foretold by Ahijah the prophet, 1 Kin. 14. 12. ABIMELECH (king of Gerar) reproved by God about Abraham's wife, Gen. 20. 3. rebukes Abraham and restores Sarah, Gen. 20. 9, 14. healed at Abraham's prayer, Gen. 20. 17. ABIMELECH (another), Isaac rebuked by, for denying his wife, Gen. 26. 10. covenants with Isaac, Gen. 26. 27. ABIMELECH (king at Shechem), son of the judge Gideon, Judg. 8. 31. murders his brethren, Judg. 9. 5. his death, Judg. 9. 54. ABINADAB receives the ark from Philistines, 1 Sam. 7. 1; 2 Sam. 6. 3. ABIRAM, with Korah and Dathan, rebels against Moses, Num. 16. his punishment, Num. 16. 31; 26. 10. ABISHAG, the Shunammite, ministers to David, 1 Kin. 1. 3. cause of breach between Solomon and Adonijah, 1 Kin. 2. 22. ABISHAI, brother of Joab, 1 Chr. 2. 16; with David carries off Saul's spear, 1 Sam. 26.6-9. slays three hundred men, 2 Sam. 23. 18. See also 1 Chr. 11. 20; 18. 12. ABNER, cousin of Saul, commander of his army, 1 Sam. 14. 50. reproved by David, 1 Sam. 26. 5, 14. makes Ish-bosheth king, 2 Sam. 2. 8. goes over to David, 2 Sam. 3. 8. slain by Joab, 2 Sam. 3. 27. mourned by David, 2 Sam. 3. 31. ABOMINATION (of desolation), Dan. 9. 27; 11. 31; 12. 11; Matt. 24. 15; Mark 13. 14. national, Deut. 18. 9, 12; Ezek. 5. 11; 7; 8. 5; 11. 18; 16. 22; Hos. 11. 10. of offerings, Lev. 7. 18; Deut. 17. 1; 23. 18; Prov. 15. 8; Is. 1. 13; 41. 24. prayer of the wicked, Prov. 28. 9. impurity, Lev. 18. 22; 20. 13. defilement, Deut. 24. 4; 1 Kin. 11. 5; Prov. 16. 12; Is. 66. 17; Ezek. 16; Rev. 21. 27. falsity, Prov. 11. 1; 17.15; 20. 10, 23. idolatry, Deut. 7. 25, 26; 27. 15; 2 Kin. 23. 13; Jer. 2. 7; Ezek. 18. 12; Mal. 2. 11. pride, Prov. 3. 32; 6. 16; 11. 20; 16. 5. ABRAHAM (Abram) begotten by Terah, Gen. 11. 27. blessed by God, and sent to Canaan, Gen. 12. 5. goes down to Egypt, Gen. 12. 10. causes his wife to pass as his sister, Gen. 12. 13; 20. 2. strife between him and Lot, Gen. 13. 7. separates from Lot, Gen. 13. 11. his seed to be as the dust of the earth, Gen. 13. 16. delivers Lot from captivity, and refuses the spoil, Gen. 14. 16. blessed by Melchizedek, king of Salem, Gen. 14. 19; Heb. 7. 4. his faith counted for righteousness. Gen. 15. 6. God's covenant with, Gen. 15. 18; Ps. 105. 9. he and house circumcised, Gen. 17. entertains angels, Gen. 18. pleads for Sodom, Gen. 18. 23. sends away Hagar and Ishmael, Gen. 21.14. his faith in offering Isaac, Gen. 22. buys Machpelah of Ephron the Hittite for burying-place, Gen. 23. sends for a wife for his son, Gen. 24. gives his goods to Isaac, Gen. 25. 5. dies (in a good old age), Gen. 25. 8. his faith and works, Is. 41. 8; 51. 2; John 8. 31; Acts 7. 2; Rom. 4; Gal. 3. 6; Heb. 11. 8; James 2. 21. his posterity, Gen. 25.1. ABSALOM, David's son, 2 Sam. 3. 3. slays Amnon, 2 Sam. 13. 28. conspires against David, 2 Sam. 15. David flies from, 2 Sam. 15.17. caught by hair in an oak, 2 Sam. 18. 9. slain by Joab, 2 Sam. 18. 14. wept by David, 2 Sam. 18. 33; 19. 1. ACCESS to God by faith, Rom. 5. 2; Eph. 2. 18; 3. 12; Heb. 7. 19; 10. 19. See Is. 55. 6; Hos. 14. 2; Joel 2. 12; John 14. 6; James 4. 8. its blessedness, Ps. 65. 4; 73. 28; Is. 2. 3; Jer. 31. 6. See Prayer. ACCURSED, what so called, Deut. 21. 23; Josh. 6. 17; 7. 1; 1 Chr. 2. 7; Is. 65. 20; Gal. 1. 8. ACELDAMA, field of blood, Matt. 27. 8; Acts 1. 18. ACHAIA, Paul in, Acts 18. contribution for poor by, Rom. 15. 26; 2 Cor. 9. 2. See 1 Cor. 16. 15; 2 Cor. 11. 9. ACHAN takes the accursed thing; is stoned, Josh. 7; 22. 20; 1 Chr. 2. 7. ACHISH, king of Gath, succours David, 1 Sam. 21. 10; 27. 2; 28.1; 29. 6. See 1 Kin. 2. 39. ACHOR, valley of, Achan slain there, Josh. 7. 26. See Hos. 2. 15. ACHSAH, Caleb's daughter, won in marriage by Othniel, Judg. 1. 13. asks her father's blessing, Judg. 1. 15. ADAM, created, Gen. 1. called the son of God, Luke 3. 38. blessed, Gen. 1. 28. placed in Eden, Gen. 2. 8. first called Adam, Gen. 2. 19. creatures named by, Gen. 2. 19. calls his wife Eve, Gen. 3. 20. his fall and punishment, Gen. 3. hides from God, Gen. 3. 8. ground cursed for his sake, Gen. 3. 17. his death, Gen 5. 5. his transgression, Job 31. 33; Rom. 5.14. first Adam, 1 Cor. 15. 45; 1 Tim. 2. 13. in, all die, 1 Cor. 15. 22. Adam, the last, 1 Cor. 15. 45. ADDAN, a city of the captivity, Ezra 2. 59. ADMAH, city of the plain. See Sodom. ADMONISH, Eccles. 4. 13; 12. 12; Jer. 42. 19; Acts 27. 9; Rom. 15. 14; 1 Thess. 5. 12; 2 Thess. 3. 15; Col. 3. 16. ADMONITION, 1 Cor. 10. 11; Eph. 6. 4; Tit. 3. 10. ADONI-BEZEK, Judg. 1. 5. ADONIJAH, fourth son of David, usurps the kingdom, 1 Kin. 1. 5, 11, 25. is pardoned by Solomon, 1 Kin. 1. 53. seeking to obtain Abishag, is slain, 1 Kin. 2.17-25. ADONI-ZEDEC, king of Jerusalem, resists Joshua, Josh. 10. 1. his death, Josh. 10. 26. ADOPTION of the children of God, John 1. 12; 20. 17; Rom. 8. 14; 2 Cor. 6. 18; Gal. 4; Eph 1. 5; Heb. 2. 10; 12. 5; James 1. 18; 1 John 3. 1. of the Gentiles, Is. 66. 19; Hos. 2. 23; Acts 15. 3; Rom. 8.15, 23; 9. 24; Gal. 4. 5; Eph. 1. 5; 2; 3; Col. 1. 27. ADULLAM, cave of, 1 Sam. 22. 1; 1 Chr. 11. 15. ADULTERY of Tamar, Gen. 38. 24. of David, 2 Sam. 11. 2. of Herod, Mark 6. 17. woman taken in, John 8. 3. in what it consists, Matt. 5. 28; 15. 19; 19. 9; Mark 7. 21; 10. 11. forbidden, Ex. 20. 14; Deut. 5. 18; Matt. 19. 18; Rom. 13. 9; Gal. 5. 19. penalty of, Lev. 20. 10; Mal. 3. 3; 1 Cor. 6. 9; Heb. 13. 4. spiritual, Jer. 3; 13. 27; Ezek. 16; 23; Hos. 1; 2; Rev. 2. 22. ADVERSARY, Ex. 23. 22; 1 Tim. 5. 14. agree with, Matt. 5. 25. ---- the devil, resist, 1 Pet. 5. 8, 9. ADVERSITY, Heb. 13. 3. ADVOCATE (Christ), 1 John 2. 1. ÆNEAS, healing of, Acts 9. 33. ÆNON, John baptizes at, John 3. 23. AFFECTION to God's house, 1 Chr. 29. 3; Ps. 26. 8; 84. 2, 10. to God (panting for), Ps. 42. 1; 119. set on things above, Col. 3. 2. fleshly affections to be crucified, Gal. 5. 16, 24; 2 Pet. 2. 10. AFFLICTED, duty towards, Job 6. 14; Ps. 82. 3; Prov. 22. 22; 1 Tim. 5. 10; James 1. 27; 5. 13. AFFLICTION, the result of sin, 2 Sam. 12. 14; Ps. 90. 7; Ezek. 9. 13. foretold, Gen. 15. 13; Is. 10. 12; Jer. 29. 17; 42. 16; Ezek. 20. 37. man born to, Job 5. 6, 7. comes from God, Gen. 15. 13; Num. 14. 33; 2 Kin. 6. 33; Job 10. 15; Ps. 66. 11; Is. 9. 1. sent in mercy, Gen. 50. 20; Ex. 1. 12; Deut. 8. 16; Ps. 106. 43; Ezek. 20. 37; Nah. 1. 12; Matt. 24. 9; Acts 20. 23; Rom. 8. 18; Heb. 12. 6; James 5. 10; Rev. 7. 14. promises of support under, Ps. 46. 5; Is. 25. 4; 43. 2; Jer. 16. 19; 39. 17; Nah. 1. 7; Matt. 11. 28; John 14; Acts 14. 22; Heb. 2. 18; Rev. 3. 10. resignation under, Ps. 119. 75. comfort under, Ps. 27. 5; Is. 49. 13; 61. 2; Jer. 31. 13; Matt. 5. 4; Luke 7. 13; John 16. 20, 33; 2 Cor. 1. 4; 7. 6; 1 Pet. 4. 13. object of, 1 Cor. 11. 32; 1 Pet. 5. 10. effects of, 2 Cor. 4. 17. proof of God's love, Prov. 3. 12; Heb. 12. 6; Rev. 3. 19. endurance of, 1 Sam. 3. 18; 2 Sam. 12. 16; Neh. 9. 3; Job 1. 21; 2. 10; 5. 17; 13. 15; 34. 31; Ps. 13. 6; 27. 4; 39. 9; 50. 15; 55. 16, 22; 56. 3; 71. 14; Jer. 50. 4; Lam. 3. 39; Luke 21. 19; Rom. 12. 12; 2 Cor. 1. 9; 1 Thess. 4. 13; 2 Thess. 1. 4; Heb. 12. 1; James 1. 4; 5. 10; 1 Pet. 2. 20. supplication under, Judg. 4. 3; 1 Sam. 1. 10; 2 Sam. 24. 10; 2 Kin. 19. 16; 20. 1, 2; 2 Chr. 14. 11; 20. 6; Ezra 9. 6; Neh. 9. 32; Job 10. 2; 13. 23; 33. 26; Ps. 66. 13; Jer. 17. 13; 31. 18; Lam. 5. 1; Dan. 9. 3; Hab. 3. 2; Matt. 26. 39; 2 Cor. 12. 8; James 5. 13. exhortation under, Deut. 8. 3; Neh. 1. 8; Prov. 3. 11; John 5. 14. confession of sin under, Num. 21. 7; Job 7. 20; Ps. 32. 5; Is. 64. 5, 6; Jer. 31. 18; Mic. 7. 9. repentance under, Job 34. 31; Ps. 78. 34; Hos. 6. 1; Luke 15. 17. support under, Deut. 4. 30, 31; 2 Chr. 7. 13, 14; Job 32. 26; Ps. 73. 26; Is. 10. 20. deliverances from, Ps. 34. 4, 19; 40. 2; 126. 2, 3; Prov. 12. 13; Is. 63. 9; Jonah 2. 1, 2; 2 Tim. 3. 11; 4. 17, 18. benefits of, Job 23. 10; 36. 8; Ps. 66. 10; 119. 67, 71; Eccles. 7. 2; Is. 1. 25; 26. 9; 48.10; Lam. 3. 19, 27, 39; Ezek. 14. 11; Hos. 2. 6; 5. 15; Mic. 6. 9; Zech. 13. 9; John 15. 2; Acts 14. 22; Rom. 5. 3; 2 Cor. 4. 8; 12. 7; Phil. 1. 12; Heb. 12. 10; 1 Pet. 2. 20. AGABUS, famine and Paul's sufferings foretold by, Acts 11. 28; 21. 10. AGAG, king of Amalek, spared by Saul, slain by Samuel, 1 Sam. 15. spoken of by Balaam, Num. 24. AGATE, Ex. 28. 19; Is. 54. 12. AGONY, Christ's, in the garden, Matt. 27. 36; Luke 22. 44, &c. AGRIPPA, Paul's defence before, Acts 25. 22; 26. almost persuaded, Acts 26. 28. AGUR'S prophecy, Prov. 30. AHAB, king of Israel, 1 Kin. 16. 29. marries Jezebel; his idolatry, 1 Kin. 16. 31. meets Elijah, 1 Kin. 18. 17. defeats the Syrians, 1 Kin. 20. punished for sparing Ben-hadad, 1 Kin. 20. 42. takes Naboth's vineyard, 1 Kin. 21. 17. his repentance, 1 Kin. 21. 27. trusts false prophets, and is mortally wounded at Ramoth-gilead, 1 Kin. 22. 6, 34; 2 Chr. 18. ---- (son of Kolaiah), and Zedekiah, lying prophets, Jer. 29. 21. AHASUERUS reigns from India to Ethiopia, Est. 1. 1. Vashti's disobedience to, and divorce, Est. 1. 12; 2. 4. makes Esther queen, Est. 2. 17. advances Haman, Est. 3. 1. his decree to destroy the Jews, Est. 3. 12. rewards Mordecai's loyalty, Est. 6. hangs Haman, Est. 7. 9; 8. 9. advances Mordecai, Est. 9. 4; 10. AHAZ, king of Judah, 2 Kin. 16. spoils the temple, 2 Kin. 16. 17. his idolatry, 2 Chr. 28. 2. afflicted by Syrians, 2 Chr. 28. 5. comforted by Isaiah, Is. 7. will not ask a sign, Is. 7. 12. AHAZIAH, king of Judah, his wicked reign, 2 Kin. 8. 25. goes with Joram to meet Jehu, 2 Kin. 9. 21. smitten by Jehu, 2 Kin. 9. 27; 2 Chr. 22. 9. AHAZIAH, king of Israel, 1 Kin. 22. 40, 49. his sickness and idolatry, 2 Kin. 1. his judgment by Elijah, 2 Kin. 1. AHIJAH prophesies to Jeroboam against Solomon, 1 Kin. 11. 31. against Jeroboam, and foretells his son's death, 1 Kin. 14. 7. AHIKAM, 2 Kin. 22. 12. protects Jeremiah, Jer. 26. 24. AHIMAAZ, son of Zadok, serves David, 2 Sam. 15. 27; 17. 17; 18. 19. AHIMELECH slain by Saul's order, for assisting David, 1 Sam. 21. 22. AHITHOPHEL'S treachery, 2 Sam. 15. 31; 16. 20; disgrace, and suicide, 2 Sam. 17. 1, 23. See Ps. 41. 9; 55. 12; 109. AHOLAH (Samaria), and AHOLIBAH (Jerusalem), their adulteries, Ezek. 23. 4. AHOLIAB inspired to construct the tabernacle, Ex. 35. 34; 36, &c. AI, men of, contend with Israel, Josh. 7. 5. ALARM, how sounded, Num. 10. 5. ALEXANDER (and Rufus), Mark 15. 21. ALEXANDER a member of the council, Acts 4. 6 ALEXANDER an Ephesian Jew, Acts 19. 33. ALEXANDER the coppersmith, 1 Tim. 1. 20; 2 Tim. 4. 14. ALLEGORY, Gal. 4. 24. ALLELUIA. See Hallelujah. ALLON-BACHUTH, oak of weeping, Gen. 35. 8; 1 Kin. 13. 14. ALL THINGS lawful, but not expedient, 1 Cor. 6. 12. ALMIGHTY (God), Gen. 17. 1; Ex. 6. 3; Num. 24. 4; Ruth 1. 20; Job 5. 17; Is. 13. 6; Ezek. 1. 24; Rev. 1. 8. See GOD. ALMONDS, Aaron's rod brings forth, Num. 17. 8. See Jer. 1. 11. ALMSGIVING, Matt. 6. 1; Luke 11. 41; 12. 33. examples of, Acts 3. 2; 10. 2; 24. 17. ALOES, Ps. 45. 8; Cant. 4. 14; John 19. 39. ALPHA, Rev. 1. 8, 11; 21. 6; 22. 13. ALTAR built by Noah, Gen. 8. 20. Abram, Gen. 12. 7, 8; 13. 4, 18; 22. 9. Isaac, Gen. 26. 25. Jacob, Gen. 33. 20; 35. 7. Moses, Ex. 17. 15. Balaam, Num. 23. 1. Reubenites, &c. Josh. 22. 10. Saul, 1 Sam. 14. 35. Elijah, 1 Kin. 18. 30, 32. Solomon, 2 Chr. 4. 1. of Damascus, 2 Kin. 16. 10. commanded, Gen. 35. 1. how built, of earth, Ex. 20. 24. of stone, Ex. 20. 25. of wood, Ex. 27. 1. of incense, Ex. 30. 1; 37. 25. golden, Rev. 8. 3; 9. 13. gift brought to, Matt. 5. 23. we have an, Heb. 13. 10. AMALEK, Gen. 36. 12. fights with Israel in Rephidim, and is defeated, Ex. 17. 8, 13. perpetual war declared against, Ex. 17.16; Deut. 25.17. smitten by Gideon, Judg. 7. 12. by Saul, 1 Sam. 14. 48; 15. 8. by David, 1 Sam. 27. 9; 30. 17. AMALEKITE, self-accused of killing Saul, slain by David, 2 Sam. 1. 10, 15. AMASA, captain of the host of Absalom, 2 Sam. 17. 25. slain by Joab, 2 Sam. 20. 9, 10; 1 Kin. 2. 5. AMAZIAH, king of Judah, his good reign, 2 Kin. 14. 1; 2 Chr. 25. 1. defeats Edom, 2 Chr. 25. 11. defeated by Joash king of Israel, 2 Chr. 25. 21. slain at Lachish, 2 Kin. 14. 19. AMAZIAH, priest of Beth-el, Amos 7. 10. AMBASSADORS, 2 Chr. 32. 31. for Christ, 2 Cor. 5. 20. AMBER, Ezek. 1. 4, 27; 8. 2. AMBITION reproved, Matt. 18. 1; 20. 25; 23. 8; Luke 22. 24. punishment of, Prov. 17. 19; Is. 14. 12; Ezek. 31. 10. of Babel, Gen. 11. 4. Aaron and Miriam, Num. 12. 10. Korah, Dathan, and Abirarn, Num. 16. 3. Absalom, 2 Sam. 18. 9. Adonijah, 1 Kin. 1. 5. Babylon, Jer. 51. 53. James and John, Matt. 20. 21. Man of sin, 2 Thess. 2. 4. Diotrephes, 3 John 9. AMBUSH, Josh. 8. 4; Judg. 20. 29; 2 Chr. 13. 13; 20. 22. AMEN, true; tantamount to an oath, Num. 5. 22; Deut. 27. 15, 26; Is. 65. 16; 1 Cor. 14. 16; 2 Cor. 1. 20. Christ so called, Rev. 3. 14. AMMON, children of, Gen. 19. 38. not to be meddled with, Deut. 2. 19. not to enter the congregation, Deut. 23. 3. make war on Israel, and are conquered by Jephthah, Judg. 11. 4, 33. slain by Saul, 1 Sam. 11. 11. outrage David's servants, 2 Sam. 10. tortured by David, 2 Sam. 12. 26. prophecies concerning, Jer. 25. 21; 49. 1; Ezek. 21. 28; 25. 2, 3; Amos 1. 13; Zeph. 2. 8. AMNON, son of David, 2 Sam. 3. 2. outrages Tamar, 2 Sam. 13. slain by Absalom, 2 Sam. 13. 28. AMON, king of Judah, 2 Kin. 21. 19; 2 Chr. 33. 20. his idolatry, 2 Kin. 21. 21; 2 Chr. 33. 23. killed by his servants, 2 Kin. 21. 23. AMORITES, their iniquities, Gen. 15.16; Deut. 20. 17; Josh. 3. 10. AMOS declares God's judgment upon the nations, Amos 1. 1, 2. and upon Israel, Amos 3. 1, &c. his call, Amos 7.14,15. foretells Israel's restoration, Amos 9.11. ANAKIM (giants), Num. 13. 33; Deut. 9. 2. cut off by Joshua, Josh. 11. 21. ANANIAS (and Sapphira), their lie and death, Acts 5.1. ----(disciple), sent to Paul at Damascus, Acts 9.10:22.12. ----(high priest), Paul brought before, Acts 22.30. Paul smitten by order of, Acts 23. 2. rebuked by Paul, Acts 23. 3. ANATHEMA MARAN-ATHA, 1 Cor. 16. 22. ANATHOTH, men of, condemned for persecuting Jeremiah, Jer. 11. 21. See 1 Kin. 2. 26. ANCHOR of the soul, Heb. 6. 19. ANCIENT of DAYS, Dan. 7. 22. ANDREW, the Apostle, Matt. 4.18; Mark 13. 3; John 1. 40; 6. 8; 12. 22; Acts 1.13. ANDRONICUS, disciple at Rome, Rom. 16. 7. ANGELS, nature, office, duties, and characteristics of, 2 Sam. 14. 20; 1 Kin. 19. 5; Neh. 9. 6; Job 25. 3; 38. 7; Ps. 68. 17; 91.11; 103. 20; 104. 4; 148. 2; Is. 6. 2; Dan. 6. 22; Matt. 13. 39; 16. 27; 18.10; 24. 31; 25. 31; Mark 8. 38; Luke 15. 7; 16. 22; Acts 7. 53; 12. 7; 27. 23; Eph. 1. 21; Phil. 2. 9; Col. 1.16; 2.10; 1 Thess. 4.16; 2 Thess. 1. 7; 1 Tim. 3.16; 5. 21; Heb. 1. 6; 2. 2; 12. 22; 1 Pet. 1. 12; 3. 22; 2 Pet. 2.11; Jude 9; Rev. 5. 2; 7; 11; 12. 7; 14. 6; 17. announce the nativity, Luke 2.13. minister to Christ, Matt. 4.11; 26. 53; Luke 22. 43; John 1.51. saints shall judge, 1 Cor. 6. 3. not to be worshipped, Col. 2.18; Rev. 19.10; 22. 9. -------rebellious, 2 Pet. 2. 4; Jude 6. Angel of the Lord appears to Hagar, Gen. 16. 7; 21. 17. Abraham, Gen. 18, &c. Lot, Gen. 19. Balaam, Num. 22. 23. Israelites, Judg. 2. Gideon, Judg. 6. 11. Manoah's wife, Judg. 13. 3. David, 2 Sam. 24.16; 1 Chr. 21.16. Elijah, 1 Kin. 19. 7. Daniel, Dan. 8. 16; 9. 21; 10.11; 12. Joseph, Matt. 1. 20. Mary Magdalene, Matt. 28. 2, 7. Zacharias, Luke 1.11. Mary, Luke 1.26. The Shepherds, Luke 2. 8--12. Peter, Acts 5.19; 12. 7. Philip, Acts 8. 26. Cornelius, Acts 10.3. Paul, Acts 27. 23. See Ps. 34. 7 ; 35. 5; Zech. 1.11. ANGELS of the Churches, Rev. 1.20; 2; 3, &c. ANGER, nature and effects of, Gen. 27.45; 44.18; 49. 7: Ex. 32. 19; Ps. 37. 8; 69. 24; Prov. 15.18; 16. 32; 19.11; 21.19; 29. 22; Eccles. 7. 9; Is. 13. 9; 30. 27; Jer. 44. 6; Matt. 5. 22; Tit. 1. 7. See Wrath. remedy for, Prov. 15.1; 21.14. to be put away, Eph. 4. 26, 31; Col. 3. 8. ANGER (Divine), Gen. 3.14; 4; Deut. 29. 20; 32. 19; Josh. 23.16; 2 Kin. 22. 13; Ezra 8. 22; Job 9.13; Ps. 7.11; 21. 8; 78. 21, 58; 89. 30; 90. 7; 99. 8; 106. 40; Prov. 1. 30; Is. 1; 3. 8; 9. 13; 13. 9; 47. 6; Jer. 3. 5; 7.19; 44. 3; Nah. 1. 2; Mark 3. 5; 10.14; John 3. 36; Rom. 1.18; 3. 5; 1 Cor. 10. 22; Eph. 5. 6: Col. 3. 6; 1 Thess. 2.16; Heb. 3.18; 10.26; Rev. 21. 8; 22. kindled, Ex. 4.14; Num. 11.1; 12. 9, &c. Josh. 7. 1; 2 Sam. 6. 7; 24. 1; 2 Kin. 13. 3; Jer. 17. 4; Hos. 8. 5; Zech. 10. 3. slow, Ps. 103. 8; Jonah 4. 2; Nah. 1. 3. deferred, Ps. 38; 103. 9; Is. 48. 9; Jer. 2. 35; 3.12; Hos. 14. 4; Jonah 3. 9,10; Col. 3. 8. instances of, Gen. 19; Ex. 14. 24; Job 9.13; 14.13; Ps. 76. 6; 78. 49; 90. 7; Is. 9.19; Jer. 7. 20; 10.10; Lam. 1; Ezek. 7; 9; Nah. 1. treasured up for the wicked, Rom. 2. 5; 2 Pet. 3.7. to be prayed against, Ex. 32. 11; 2 Sam. 24. 17; Ps. 2.12; 6; 27.9; 30.8; 38; 39.10; 74; 76.7; 79. 5; 80. 4; 85. 4; 90.11; Is. 64. 9; Jer. 4. 8; Lam. 3. 39; Dan. 9.16; Mic. 7. 9; Hab. 3. 2; Zeph. 2. 2; 3. 8; Matt. 10. 28; Luke 18.13. propitiation of, by Christ, Rom. 3. 25; 5. 9; 2 Cor 5.18; Eph. 2.14; Col. 1. 20; 1 Thess. 1.10; 1 John 2. 2. turned away by repentance, 1 Kin. 21. 29; Job 33. 27, 28; Ps. 106. 45; 107. 13, 19; Jer. 3.12; 18. 7; 31.18; Joel 2. 14; Luke 15.18. ANNA, prophetess, Luke 2. 36. ANNAS, high priest, Luke 3. 2. Christ brought to, John 18.13, 24. Peter and John before, Acts 4. 6. ANOINTED, the (Christ), Is. 61. 1; Luke 4. 18; Acts 4. 27; 10. 38. -------the Lord's, 1 Sam. 24.10; 28. 9. -------mine, 1 Sam. 2. 35; 1 Chr. 16.22; Ps. 132.10. ANOINTING of Aaron and his sons as priests, Lev. 6. 20; 8.10; 10. 7. Saul as king, 1 Sam. 10.1. David, 1 Sam. 16. 13. Solomon, 1 Kin. 1. 39. Elisha, 1 Kin. 19. 16. Jehu, 2 Kin. 9. Joash, 2 Kin. 11.12. Christ by Mary, Matt. 26. 6; Mark 14. 3; John 12.3; by a woman that was a sinner. Luke 7. 37. of the Spirit, 2 Cor. 1. 21; 1 John 2. 20. ANOINTING OIL, directions for making, Ex. 30. 22 ? 37 29 ANTICHRIST, 1 John 2. 18, 22; 2 John 7. See 2 Thess. 2. 9; 1 Tim. 4.1. ANTIOCH (Syria), disciples first called Christians at, Acts 11. 26. Barnabas and Saul called to apostleship at, Acts 13.1. Paul withstands Peter at, Gal. 2.11. ANTIOCH (Pisidia), Paul's first address at, Acts 13.16. Paul and Barnabas persecuted at, Acts 13. 50. ANTIPAS, martyr, Rev. 2. 13. APELLES, saluted by Paul, Rom. 16.10. APHEK, defeat of Saul at, 1 Sam. 29.1. See Josh. 13. 4; 1 Sam. 4.1; 1 Kin. 20. 26. APOLLOS, eloquent and mighty in the Scriptures, Acts 18. 24; 19.1; 1 Cor. 1.12; 3. 4. APOLLYON (destroyer), Rev. 9.11. APOSTATES, Deut. 13. 13; Matt. 24.10; Luke 8. 13; John 6. 66; Heb. 3. 12; 6. 4; 2 Pet. 3. 17; 1 John 2. their doom, Zeph. 1. 4; 2 Thess. 2.8; 1 Tim. 4.1; Heb. 10. 25; 2 Pet. 2.17. APOSTLES, calling of the, Matt. 4. 18, 21; 9. 9; Mark 1.16; Luke 5.10; John 1. 38. their appointment and powers, Matt. 10; 16.19; 18. 18; 28. 19; Mark 3. 13; 16. 15; Luke 6. 13; 9; 12.11; 24. 47; John 20. 23; Acts 9.15, 27; 20. 24; 1 Cor. 5. 3; 2 Thess. 3. 6; 2 Tim. 1.11. witnesses of Christ, Luke 1. 2; 24. 33, 48; Acts 1. 2, 22; 10. 41; 1 Cor. 9. 1; 15. 5; 2 Pet. 1. 16; 1 John 1.1. their sufferings, Matt. 10.16; Luke 21.16; John 15. 20; 16. 2, 33; Acts 4, &c. 1 Cor. 4. 9; 2 Cor. 1. 4; 4. 8; 11. 23, &c.; Rev. 1. 9, &c. their names written in heaven, Rev. 21.14. false, condemned, 2 Cor. 11.13. APPAREL, exhortations concerning, Deut. 22. 5; 1 Tim. 2. 9; 1 Pet. 3. 3. of Jewish women described, Is. 3.16. APPEAL, of Paul to Caesar, Acts 25.11. APPII FORUM, Acts 28.15. APPLE of the eye, Deut. 32. 10; Ps. 17. 8; Prov. 7.2,- Lam. 2.18; Zech.2. 8. AQUILA (and Priscilla) go with Paul from Corinth to Ephesus, Acts 18. 2,19. their constancy, Rom. 16. 3; 1 Cor. 16.19. Apollos instructed by, Acts 18.26. ARABIA, Ps. 72.10,15. kings of, pay tribute, 2 Chr. 9.14; 17.11; 26. 7. ARABIANS, Is. 13. 20; 21. 13; Jer. 25. 24;-Acts 2. 11. ARARAT, ark rested on, Gen. 8. 4. See Jer. 51. 27. ARAUNAH (Oman), Jebusite, sells to David site for temple, 2 Sam. 24.16; 1 Chr. 21.15,18; 22.1. ARCHANGEL. See Michael. ARCHELAUS, king of Judea, feared by Joseph, Matt. 2. 22. ARCHERS, Gen. 21. 20; 49.23; 1 Sam. 31. 3; Job 16.13, &c. Ahab and Josiah killed by, 1 Kin. 22. 34; 2 Chr. 35.22. ARCTURUS, Job 9. 9; 38. 32. AREOPAGUS, Mars' hill, at Athens, Paul preaches on, Acts 17.19. ARISTARCHUS, fellow-prisoner of Paul, Acts 19. 29; 20. 4; 27. 2; Col. 4.10; Philem. 24. ARISTOBULUS, his household greeted by Paul, Rom. 16.10. ARK of the Lord, of the Covenant, directions for making, Ex. 25.10; 37.1. passes Jordan, Josh. 3.15; 4.11. compasses Jericho, Josh. 6.11. captured by Philistines, 1 Sam. 4. 5. restored, 1 Sam. 6. taken to Jerusalem, 2 Sam. 6; 15. 24; 1 Chr. 13; 15; 16. brought into the temple by Solomon, 1 Kin. 8. 3; 2 Chr. 5. See Heb. 9. 4. Ark in heaven, Rev. 11.19. Ark (of Noah) ordered, Gen. 6.14; 1 Pet. 3. 20. dimensions, &c. Gen. 6.1 &c. Noah's faith in making, Heb. 11. 7; 1 Pet. 3. 20. Ark of bulrushes, Ex. 2. 3. ARM of God, Ex. 15. 16; Deut. 33. 27; Job 40. 9; Ps. 77. 15; 89.13; 98. 1; Is. 33. 2; 51. 5; 52. 10; 53.1; Jer. 27.5; Luke 1. 51; Acts 13.17. ARMS, the everlasting, Deut. 33. 27. ARMAGEDDON, Rev. 16.16. ARMOUR, Goliath's, 1 Sam. 17. 5. of God, Rom. 13.12; 2 Cor. 6. 7; 10. 3; Eph. 6.13; 1 Thess 5. 8. AROER, built by children of Gad, Num. 32. 34. -------boundary of Reuben, Josh. 13.16. ARTAXERXES (king of Persia), oppresses the Jews, Ezra 4. -------(Longimanus), permits Ezra to restore the temple, Ezra 7; and Nehemiah to rebuild Jerusalem, Neh. 2. ARTIFICER, Tubal-Cain the first, Gen. 4. 22. ASA, his good reign, 1 Kin. 15. 8. wars with Baasha, 1 Kin. 15.16. his prayer against the Ethiopians, 2 Chr. 14. 11. his zeal, 2 Chr. 15. seeks aid of the Syrians, 2 Chr. 16. reproved by Hanani the seer, 2 Chr. 16. 7. reigns forty years, and dies much honoured, 2 Chr 16.10. ASAHEL, his rashness; slain by Abner in self-defence, 2 Sam. 2.18; 3. 27; 23. 24; 1 Chr. 11. 26. ASAPH, a Levite, musical composer, and leader of David's choir, 1 Chr. 6.39; 2 Chr. 5.12; 29.30; 35.15; Neh. 12.46; Psalms 50 and 73 to 83ascribed to him. ASCENSION of CHRIST (from Olivet), Luke 24. 50; John 14. 2; 16. 7 ; Acts 1. 9; 2. 33; Rom. 8. 34; Eph. 4. 8; 1 Pet. 3. 22. typified, Lev. 16.15; Heb. 6. 20; 9. 7--12. Enoch, Gen. 5. 24. Joseph, Gen. 41. 43. Moses, Ex. 19.3. Aaron. Lev. 16. 3. Elijah, 2 Kin. 2.11. ASENATH, wife of Joseph, Gen. 41; 46. ASHDOD, city of Philistines; the ark carried there; men of, smitten, 1 Sam. 5. reduced by Uzziah, 2 Chr. 26. 6. predictions concerning, Jer. 25. 20; Amos 1. 8; Zeph. 2. 4; Zech. 9. 6. ASHER, son of Jacob, Gen. 30.13. his descendants, Num. 1. 40; 26. 44; 1 Chr. 7. 30; their inheritance, Josh. 19. 24; Judg. 5.17. See Ezek. 48. 34; Rev. 7. 6. Anna, prophetess, descended from, Luke 2.36. ASHES, man likened to, Gen. 18. 27; Job 30.19. used in mourning, 2 Sam. 13.19; Est. 4.1; Job 2. 8; 42. 6; Is. 58. 5; Jonah 3. 6, &c. Matt. 11. ASHKELON (Askelon) taken, Judg. 1.18; 14.19; 1 Sam. 6.17 ; 2 Sam. 1. 20. prophecies concerning, Jer. 25. 20; 47. 5; Amos 1.8; Zeph. 2. 4; Zech. 9.5. ASHTAROTH, idolatrous worship of, by Israel, Judg. 2. 13; 1 Sam. 12.10; by Solomon, 1 Kin. 11.5,33. ASP, serpent, Deut. 32. 33; Job 20. 14; Is. 11. 8; Rom. 3.13. ASS, Balaam rebuked by, Num. 22.28; 2 Pet. 2.16. laws concerning, Ex. 13.13; 23. 4; Deut. 22.10. Christ rides on one (Zech. 9. 9), Matt. 21; John 12.14, &c. -------(wild) described, Job 39. 5; Hos. 8. 9. ASSEMBLING for worship, Lev. 23: Deut. 16. 8; Heb. 10. 25; David's love for, Ps. 27. 4; 42; 43; 65; 84; 87; 118. 26; 122; 134; 135. See Is. 4. 5; Mai. 3.16; Matt. 18. 20. instances of. 1 Kin. 8.; 2 Chr. 5; 29; 30; Neh. 8; Luke 4.16; John 20.19; Acts 1.13; 2.1; 3.1; 13.2; 16.13; 20.7. ASSHUR. See Assykia. ASSURANCE of faith and hope, Is. 32.17; Col. 2. 2; 1 Thess. 1. 5; 2 Tim. 1.12; Heb. 6.11; 10. 22. confirmed by love, 1 John 3.14,19; 4.18. ASSYRIA, Israel carried captive to, 2 Kin. 15. 29; 17. army of, miraculously destroyed, 2 Kin. 19. 35; Is. 37. 36. prophecies concerning, Is. 8; 10. 5; 14. 24; 30. 31; 31. 8; Mic. 5. 6; Zeph. 2.13. its glory, Ezek. 31. 3. ASTROLOGERS (Chaldean), their inability, Is. 47.13--15; Dan. 2; 4.7; 5.7. ASYNCRITUS, disciple, Rom. 16.14. ATHALIAH, daughter of Ahab, mother of Aha-ziah, 2 Kin. 8. 26. slays the seed royal, Joask only saved, 2 Kin. 11. 1; 2 Chr. 22.10. slain by order of Jehoiada, 2 Kin. 11.16; 2 Chr. 23. ATHENS, Paul preaches to the philosophers at, Acts 17.15; 1 Thess. 3.1. men of, described, Acts 17. 21. ATONEMENT under the law, Ex, 29. 29; 30; Lev. 1, &c. annual day of, Lev. 16; 23. 26. made by Aaron for the plague, Num. 16. 46. made by Christ, Rom. 3. 24; 5. 6; 2 Cor, 5. 18; GaL 1.4; 3.13; Tit. 2.14; Heb. 9. 28; 1 Pet. 1.19; 2. U; 3.18; 1 John 2. 2; Rev. 1. 5; 13. 8, &c. prophecies concerning, Is. 53; Dan. 9. 24; Zech. 13.1, 7 ; John 11. 50. commemorated in the Lord's supper, Matt. 26.26; 1 Cor 11. 23. ATTALIA, sea-port, Acts 14. 25. AVENGER of blood, deliverance from, Num. 35. 12; Deut. 19. 6; Josh. 20. AZARIAH (Uzziah), king of Judah, his gocd reign, 2 Kin 14. 21; 2 Chr. 26. * his wars, 2 Chr. 26. invades the priest's office, 2 Chr. 26.16. struck with leprosy, 2 Kin. 15. 5; 2 Chr. 26.20. -------prophet, exhorts Asa, 2 Chr. 15. AZOTUS (Ashdod), Acts 8. 40. __________________________________________________________________ BAAL worshipped, Num. 22.41; Judg. 2.13; 8. 33; 1 Kin 16. 32; 18. 26; 2 Kin. 17. 16; 19.18; 21. 3; Jer. 2. 8; 7. 9; 12.16; 19. 5; 23.13; Hos. 2. 8; 13.1, &c. his altars and priests destroyed by Gideon, Judg. 6. 25; by Elijah, 1 Kin. 18. 40; by Jehu, 2 Kin. 10. 18; by Jehoiada, 2 Kin. 11. 18; by Josiah, 2 Kin 23. 4; 2 Chr. 34. 4. BAALIM, 2 Chr. 28. BAAL-PEOR, the trespass of Israel concerning, Num. 25; Deut, 4. 3; Ps. 106. 28; Hos. 9.10. BAAL-PERAZIM, David's victory over Philistines at, 2 Sam. 5. 20. BAAL-ZEBUB, false god of Ekron, Ahaziah rebuked for sending to enquire of, 2 Kin. 1. 2. BAANAH and Rechab, for murdering Ishbosheth, slain by David, 2 Sam. 4. BAASHA, king of Israel, destroys the house of Jeroboam, 1 Kin. 15. 16, 27; Jehu's prophecy concerning him, 1 Kin. 16.1 BABEL, Nimrod king of, Gen. 10.10. confusion of tongues at the building of, Gen. 11. BABES (as newborn), 1 Pet. 2. 2. slain at Bethlehem, Matt. 2.16. BABYLON, Gen. 10. 10; 2 Kin. 17. 30. ambassadors from, to Hezekiah, 2 Kin. 20. 12; 2 Chr. 32. 31; Is. 39. Jewish captivity there, 2 Kin. 25; 2 Chr. 36; Jer. 39; 52. return from, Ezra 1; Neh. 2. greatness of, Dan. 4. 30. taken by the Medes, Dan. 5. 30. fall of, Is. 13.14; 21.2; 47; 48; Jer. 25.12; 50; 51. church in, 1 Pet. 5.13. -------the Great, Rev. 14. 8; 17; 18. BACA, valley of misery, Ps. 84. 6. BACKBITING forbidden, Ps. 15. 3; Prov. 25. 23; Rom. 1. 30; 2 Cor. 12. 20. BACKSLIDING (turning from God), 1 Kin. 11. 9; Matt. 18. 6; 2 Cor. 11. 3; Gal. 3.1; 5. 4. Israel, Ex. 32; Jer. 2. 19; 3. 6, 11; 12: 14; 22; Is. 1; Hos. 4. 16; 11. 7. Saul, 1 Sam. 15.11. Solomon, 1 Kin. 11.3,4. Peter, Matt. 26. 70-74; Gal. 2.14. God's displeasure at, Ps. 78. 57--59. punishment of, Prov. 14.14; Jer. 2.19. pardon for, promised, 2 Chr. 7. 14; Jer. 3.12; 31. 20; 36. 3, &c.; Hos. 14. 4. restoration from, Ps. 80. 3; 85. 4; Lam. 5. 21. healing of, Jer. 3. 22; Hos. 14. 4; 5.15. BADGERS' SKINS used in the tabernacle, Ex. 25. 5; 26.14. BALAAM, requested by Balak to curse Israel, is forbidden, Num. 22.13. his anger, Num. 22. 27. blesses Israel, E um. 23.19; 24. his prophecies, Num. 23. 9, 24; 24.17. his wicked counsel, Num. 31. 16; Deut. 23. 4. See Josh. 24. 9; Judg. 11. 25; Mic. 6. 5; 2 Pet. 2. 15; Jude 11: Rev. 2.14. slain, Num. 31. 8; Josh. 13. 22. BALAK, king of Moab. See Balaam. BALANCES and measures to be just, Lev. 19. 35; Prov. 16.11. false, condemned, Prov. 11.1; Hos. 12. 7; Amos 8. 5; Mic. 6.11. BALM of Gilead, Gen. 37. 25; used figuratively, Jer. 8. 22; 46.11, &c. BANNER, figuratively mentioned, Ps. 60.4; Cant. 2.4; 6.4. BANQUET, royal, Est. 5; 7; Dan. 5. BAPTISM, of John, Matt. 3. 6; Mark 1.4; Luke 3; Johnl. 19; Acts 19. by disciples, not by Christ, Matt. 4. 2. form of, Matt. 28. i9. Pharisees' answer concerning, Matt. 21. 25; Mark 11.29; Luke 20. 4. appointed by Christ, Matt. 28. 19; Mark 16. 15; John 3. 22; 4.1. its signification, Acts 2. 38; 19. 4; 22. 16; Rom. 6. 3; 1 Cor. 10. 2; 12.13; 15. 29; Gal. 3. 27; Col. 2. 12; Tit. 3. 5; 1 Pet. 3. 21. instances of, Acts 8.12, 38; 9.18; 10. 48; 16.15, 33; ICor. 1. 16. Crispus and Gaius baptized by Paul, 1 Cor. 1.14. One bantism, Eph. 4. 5. BARABBAS, a robber, released instead of Jesus, Matt. 27.16; Mark 15. 6; Luke 23.18; John 18. 40. BARAK delivers Israel from Sisera, Judg. 4. 5; Heb. 11. 32. BARBARIANS (foreigners), Rom. 1.14; 1 Cor. 14. Paul kindly treated by, Acts 28. BAR-JESUS (Elymas) smitten with blindness by Paul, Acts 13. 6. BAR-JONA (Simon), Matt. 16.17. BARLEY mentioned, Ex. 9. 31; Ruth 1. 22, &c.; John 6. 9; Rev. 6. 6. BARNABAS, Levite of Cyprus, sells his lands, Acts 4. 36. preaches at Antioch, Acts 11. 22. accompanies Paul, Acts 11. 30; 12. 25; 13; 14; , 15; ICor. 9. 6. his contention, Acts 15. 36. his error, Gal. 2.13. BARRENNESS, of Sarah, Gen. 11. 30; 16.1; 18.1; 21. Rebekah, 25. 21. Rachel, 29. 31; 30. 1. Ma- noah's wife, Judg. 13> Hannah, 1 Sam. 1. Shu- nammite, 2 Kin. 4.14. Elisabeth, Luke 1. See Ps. 113. 9; Is. 54.1; Gal. 4. 27. BARTHOLOMEW, the Apostle, Matt. 10. 3; Mark 3.18; Luke 6. 14; Acts 1. 13. BARTIMIEUS blindness cured near Jericho, Mark 10. 46. BARUCH, receives Jeremiah's evidence, Jer. 32. 13; 36. discredited by Azariah, and carried into Egypt, Jer. 43. 6. God's message to, Jer. 45. BARZILLAI'S loyalty to David, 2 Sam. 17. 27. David's recognition of, 2 Sam. 19. 31; 1 Kin. 2. 7. BASHAN conquered, Num. 21. 33; Deut. 3.1; Ps. 68. 15, 22; 135. 10; 136. 20. BASTARDS to the tenth generation, not to enter the congregation, Deut. 23. 2. BATH, a measure, 1 Kin. 7. 26; 2 Chr. 2.10; Ezra 7. 22; Is. 5.10, &c. BATH-SHEBA, wife of Uriah, taken by David, 2 Sam. 11; 12. appeals to David for Solomon against Adonijah, 1 Kin 1.15. intercedes with Solomon for Adonijah, 1 Kin. 2. 19. BATTLE, directions about, Deut. 20.1. exemptions from, Deut. 20. 5--7. of srreat day of God, Rev. 16.14. BATTLES of Israelites, &c. Gen. 14; Ex.17: Num. 31; Josh.8; 10; Judg.4; 7; 8;" 11; 20; lSam.4; 11; 14; 17; 31; 2Sam.2; 10; 18; 21.15; IKin. 20; 22; 2 Kin. 3; 1 Chr. 18-20; 2 Chr. 13; 14. 9; 20; 25. BATTLEMENTS, Deut 22. 8. BEARD, laws concerning, Lev. 19. 27; 2L 5. See 2 Sam 10. 4; Jer. 41. 5; Ezek. 5.1. BEASTS, creation of, Gen. 1. 24. power over, given to man. Gen. 1. 26,28; Ps. 8.7, named by Adam, Gen. 2. 20. saved from the flood, Gen. 7. 2. ordinance concerning, Ex. 22.19. clean and unclean, Lev. 11; Deut. 14. 4; Acts 10.12. set apart for God, Ex. 13.12; Lev. 27. 9. subjects of God's care, Ps. 36. 6; 104.10,1L Daniel's vision of, Dan. 7. John's vision, Rev. 4. 7; 13, &c. BEAUTIFUL gate of temple, Acts 3. 2. BEAUTIFUL WOMEN, instances: Rachel,Gen. 29. 17. Abigail, 1 Sam. 25.3. Bath-sheba, 2 Sam. 11.3. Esther, Est. 2. 7. BEAUTY, vanity of, Ps. 39.11; Prov. 6. 25; 31.30; Is. 3. 24. danger of, Gen. 12. 11; 26. 7; 34; 2 Sam. 11; 13, &c. consumeth away, Ps. 39.11; 49.14. BEAUTY AND BANDS, the two staves so called, Zech. 11. 7. BEAUTY OF HOLINESS, 1 Chr. 16. 29; 2 Chr. 20. 21; Ps. 110. 3. BEDSTEAD of Og, king of Bashan, Deut. 3.11. BEELZEBUB, prince of devils, Matt. 12.24; Mark 3.22; Luke 11. 15. Christ's miracles ascribed to, Matt. 12. 24, &c. BEER-SHEBA, Abraham dwells at, Gen. 21. 31; 22.19: 28. la Hagar relieved at, Gen. 21.14. Jacob comforted at, Gen. 46.1. Elijah flees to, 1 Kin. 19. 3. BEGINNING, the, a name of Christ, Rev. 1. 8; 3.14. of time, Gen. 1.1; John 1.1. of miracles, John 2.11. BEHEMOTH, Jot) 40.15. BEL, an idol, Is. 46.1; Jer. 50. 2. BELIAL, men of. wicked men so called, Deut. 13.13; Judg. 19. 22. sons of, 1 Sam. 10. 27. BELLS upon the priest's ephod, Ex. 28. 33; 39. 25. See Zech. 14. 20. BELSHAZZAR'S profane feast, warning, and death, Dan. 5. BELTESHAZZAR, Daniel so named, Dan. 1. 7; 4. 8, &c. BENAIAH, valiant acts of, 2 Sam. 23. 20; 1 Chr. 11. 22; 27.5. proclaims Solomon king, 1 Kin. 1. 32. slays Adonijah, Joab, and Shimei, 1 Kin."2. 25-- 46. BEN-HADAD, king of Syria, his league with Asa against Baasha, 1 Kin. 15.18. -------wars with Ahab, 1 Kin. 20. baffled by Elisha, 2 Kin. 6. 8. besieges Samaria, 2 Kin. 6. 24; 7. slain by Hazael, 2 Kin. 8. 7. -------son of Hazael, wars with Israel, 2 Kin. 13. 3, 25. See Jer. 49. 27; Amos 1. 4. BENJAMIN (first named Ben-oni, "son of my sorrow"), Patriarch, youngest son of Jacob, his birth at Beth-lehem, Gen. 35.16. goes into Egypt, Gen. 43.15. Joseph's stratagem to detain, Gen. 44. Jacob's prophecy concerning, Gen. 49. 27. His descendants, Gen. 46. 21; 1 Chr. 7. 6. twice numbered, Num. 1. 36; 26. 38. blessed by Moses, Deut. 33.12. their inheritance, Josh. 18.11. their wickedness chastised, Judg. 20; 21. the first king chosen from, 1 Sam. 9; 10. support the house of Saul, 2 Sam. 2. afterwards adhere to that of David, 1 Kin. 12. 21; 1 Chr 11. the tribe of Paul, Phil. 3. 5. See Ps. 68.27; Ezek. 48.32; Rev. 7. 8. BERACHAH (blessing), valley of, why so named, 2 Chr 20. 26. BEREA, city of Macedonia, Paul preaches at, Acts 17.10. people "more noble," Acts 17.11. BETHABARA, place where John baptized, John 1 28 BETHANY visited by Christ, Matt. 21.17; 26. 6; Mark 11.1; Luke 19.29; John 12.1. raising of Lazarus at, John 11. 18. ascension of Christ at, Luke 24. 50. BETH-EL (Luz), city of Palestine, named Bethel by Jacob, Gen. 28.19; 31.13. altar built by Jacob at, Gen. 35.1. occupied by the house of Joseph, Judg. 1. 22. sons of prophets resident there, 2 Kin. 2. 2, 3; 17. 28. the king's chapel, Amos 7.13. idolatry of Jeroboam at, 1 Kin. 12.28; 13.1. reformation by Josiah at, 2 Kin. 23.15. BETHESDA, pool of, at Jerusalem, miracles wrought at, John 5. 2. BETH-HORON, Josh. 10.10. BETH-LEHEM (originally Ephratah), Naomi and Ruth return to, Ruth 1--4. David anointed at, 1 Sam. 16.13; 20. 6. well of, 2 Sam. 23.15; 1 Chr. 11.17. Christ's birth at, Matt. 2. 1; Luke 2. 4; John 7.42; predicted, Mic. 5. 2 (Ps. 132.5, 6). babes of, slain, Matt. 2.16. BETHSAIDA of Galilee, native place of Philip, Peter, and Andrew, Mark 6. 45; John 1. 44; 12. 21. blind man cured at, Mark 8. 22. condemned for unbelief, Matt. 11. 21. Christ feeds the five thousand at, Luke 9. 10 -17. BETH-SHEMESH, men of, punished for looking into the ark, 1 Sam. 6.19. great battle at, 2 Kin. 14.1L BETROTHAL, laws concerning, Ex. 21. 8; Lev. 19.20; Deut. 20. 7. BEZALEEL constructs the tabernacle, Ex. 31. 2; 35. 30; 36--38. BIGTHAN and Teresh, their conspiracy against Ahasuerus, Est. 2. 21. BILDAD'S answers to Job, Job 8; 18; 25. BILHAH, Jacob's children by, Gen. 30. 5. BIRDS (see Fowls), Ps. 104. 17; Matt. 8. 20. mentioned, Prov. 1. 17; 6. 5, &c. Jer. 12. 9; Amos 3. 5; Rev. 18. 2. what to be used in sacrifices, Gen. 15. 9; Lev. 14. 4; Luke 2. 24. what are abomination, Lev. 11.13; Deut. 14.12. nests of, Deut. 22. 6.*. BIRTHDAYS celebrated:-- of Pharaoh, Gen. 40. 20. of Herod, Matt. 14. 6; Mark 6. 21. BIRTHRIGHT, law concerning, Deut. 21.15. despised by Esau, and obtained by Jacob, Gen. 25.31; Heb. 12.16. lost by Reuben, 1 Chr. 5.1. BIRTHS foretold:-- of Ishmael, Gen. 16.11. of Isaac, Gen. 18.10. of Samson, Judg. 13. 3. of Samuel, 1 Sam. 1.11,17. of Josiah, 1 Kin. 13. 2. of Shunammite's son, 2 Kin. 4.16. of John the Baptist, Luke 1.13. of Messias, Gen. 3. 15; Is. 7. 14; Mic. 5; Luke I. 31. BISHOP, qualifications of, 1 Tim. 3. of souls (Christ), 1 Pet. 2. 25. BISHOPS saluted, Phil. 1.1. BITTER herbs eaten with the passover, Ex. 12. 8. water healed, Ex. 15. 23. BLASPHEMY, Ex. 20.7; Ps. 74.18; Is. 52.5; Ezek. 20. 27: Matt. 15.19; Luke 22.65; Col. 3. 8; Rev. 2.9; 13.5,6; 16.9. punishment of, death, Lev. 24.16; 1 Kin. 21.10. mercy for, 1 Tim. 1.13. Christ accused of, Matt. 9. 3; 26. 65; Mark 2. 7; Luke 5. 21; John 10. 33. others falsely accused of, and stoned: Naboth, 1 Kin. 21.13. Stephen, Acts 6.13; 7. 54. occasion to blaspheme given by David, 2 Sam. 12.14. See also 1 Tim. 5.14; 6.1. against Holy Ghost, Matt. 12. 31; Mark 3. 28; Luke 12.10; 1 John 5.16. BLEMISH, priests to be without, Lev. 21.16. offerings free from, Ex. 12. 5, &c.; Lev. 1. 3, &c.; Deut. 17.1, &c. the church to be without, Eph. 5. 27. -------Lamb without, Christ compared to, 1 Pet. 1.19. BLESSED, Gen. 12. 3; Ps. 1.1; 65. 4; 84. 4, 5: 112. 1; Is. 30.18: Matt. 5. 4, 6; 25.34; Luke 6.21; 12. 37; 14. 15; Rom. 4. 6, 9. those chosen, called, chastened by God, Ps. 65.4; Eph. 1. 3, 4.--Is. 51. 2; Rev. 19. 9.--Ps. 94.12. who trust, fear, delight in God, Ps. 2.12; 34. 8; 40. 4; 84.12; Jer. 17.7.--Ps. 128.1.4.-Ps. 112.1. who hear and obey, Ps.119.2; Matt. 13.16; Luke II. 28; Jam. 1. 25; Rev.l. 3; 22. 7,14. who know, believe, and suffer for Christ, Matt. 16. 16, 17.--Matt. 11. 6; Luke 1. 45; Gal. 3. 9.-- Luke 6. 22. who endure temptation, Jam. 1.12; watch against sin, Rev. 16. 15; rebuke sinners, Prov. 24. 25; die in the Lord, Rev. 14.13. the undefiled, pure, just, children of the just, righteous, upright, faithful, poor in spirit, meek, merciful, peacemakers, Ps. 119.1.--Matt. 5. 8.-- Ps. 106. 3; Prov. 10. 6--Prov. 20. 7.--Ps. 5.12.-- Ps. 112. 2.--Prov. 28. 20.--Matt. 5. 3.--Matt. 5. 5. --Matt. 5.7.--Matt. 5. 9. the bountiful, Deut. 15.10; Ps. 41.1; Prov. 22. 9; Luke 14.13,14. sins forgiven, Ps. 32.1, 2; Rom. 4. 7. persons blessed: Jacob by Isaac, Gen. 27. 27. Jacob by God, Gen. 48. 3. Joseph and his sons by Jacob, Gen. 48. 9, 14; the twelve tribes, by Moses, Deut. 33. BLESSING and cursing the people, form of, Num. 6. 22; Deut. 11. 26; 27.15. &c. and glory, Rev. 5.12,13; 7.12. BLIND, laws concerning the, Lev. 19. 14; Deut. 27 18 BLINDNESS inflicted on the men of Sodom, Gen. 19.11; on the Syrian army, 2 Kin. 6.18. on Saul of Tarsus, Acts 9. 8; on Elymas at Paphos, Acts 13.11. healed by Christ, Matt. 9. 27; 12.22; 20. 30; Mark 8. 22; 10. 46; Luke 7. 21; John 9 (Is. 35. 5). SPIRITUAL, Ps. 82. 5; Is. 56.10; 59. 9; Matt. 6. 23; 15.14; 23.16; John 1. 5; 3.19; 9. 39; 1 Cor. 2.14; 2. Pet. 1. 9; 1 John 2. 9; Rev. 3.17. judicially inflicted, Ps. 69. 23; Is. 6. 9: 44. 18; Matt. 13.13; John 12.40; Acts 28. 26; Rom. 11. 7; 2 Cor. 3.14; 4.4. prayer for deliverance from, Ps. 13. 3; 119.18. removed by Christ, Is. 9. 2; 42. 7; Luke 4. 18; John. 8. 12; 9. 39; 2 Cor. 3.14; 4. 6; Eph. 5. 8; Col. 1.13; 1 Thess. 5. 4; 1 Pet. 2. 9. BLOOD, eating of, forbidden to man after the flood, Gen. 9. 4. the Israelites under the law, Lev. 3.17; 17.10, 12,13; Deut. 12.16, 24; 1 Sam. 14. 32, 33. the Gentile Christians, Acts 15. 20, 29. water turned into, as a sign, Ex. 4. 30, with ver. 9; as a judgment, Ex. 7.17; Rev. 8. 8; 11. 6. law respecting, Lev. 7. 26; 19. 26; Deut. 12. 16; Ezek. 33. 25; Acts 15. 29; enforced by Saul, 1 Sam. 14. 32. shedding of human, forbidden, Gen. 9. 5,6; Deut. 21. 1--9; Ps. 106. 38; Prov. 6. 16, 17; Is. 59. 3; Jer. 22.17; Ezek. 22. 4; Matt. 27. 6. of legal sacrifices, Ex. 23. 18; 29. 12; 30. 10; 34. 25; Lev. 4. 7; 17.11; Heb. 9.13,19-22; 10. 4. -------(of the covenant), Ex. 24. 8; Zech. 9. 11; Heb. 10. 29; 13. 20. -------of Christ, 1 Cor. 10. 16; Eph. 2.13; Heb. 9.14; 1 Pet. 1.19; 1 John 1. 7. salvation by, Heb. 9. 12; 13.12; Rev. 1. 5. See Heb. 9. 22. in the Lord's Supper, Matt. 26. 28; Mark 14. 24; Luke 22. 20; 1 Cor. 11. 25. redemption by, Eph. 1. 7; Col. 1. 20; Heb. 10.19; 12. 24; 1 Pet. 1. 2; 1 John 1. 7; Rev. 1.5; 5. 9; 12.11. [v] typified,--under tlite law, Ex. 12. 13; 29. 16; 30. 10; Lev. 1. 5; 4; 16.15; Heb. 9. 7, &c. BOANERGES (sons of thunder), James and John surnamed by Christ, Mark 3.17. BOASTING, deprecated, 1 Kin. 20. 10; Ps. 49. 6; 52.1; 94. 4; Prov. 20. 14; 25. 14; 27. 1; Is. 10. 15; Rom. 1. 30; 11. 18; 2 Cor. 10; James 3. 5; 4. 16. of Paul, 2 Cor. 7.14; 8. 24; 9. 3, 4; 11.10. excluded under the gospel, Rom. 3.27; Eph. 2. 9. BOAZ, his conduct towards Ruth, Ruth 2; 3; 4. ancestor of David and Christ, Ruth 4. 17, 22; Matt. 1. 6,16; Luke 3. 23, 32. -------and Jachin (strength and stability), pillars of the temple, 2 Chr. 3.17. BOCHIM, Israel rebuked by an angel at, Judg. 2. Israel repent at, Judg. 2. 4, 5. BODY (human), not to be dishonoured, Lev. 19. 28; 21. 5; Deut. 14.1. to be pure, Rom. 12.1; 1 Cor. 6.13; 1 Thess. 4. 4. of a Christian, the temple of the Holy Ghost, 1 Cor. 3.16; 6.19; 2 Cor. 6.16. dead, laws concerning, Lev. 21.11 6; 19.11; Deut. 21. 23; Hag. 2.13. will be raised again, Matt. 22. 30; 1 Cor. 15.12; Phil. 3. 21. See Resurrection. Body of Christ, (Heb. 10.5); Luke 2.35; pierced by soldiers, John 19. 34; buried by Joseph, Matt. 27. 58; Mark 15.42; Luke 23. 50; John 19.38. the church so called, Rom. 12. 4; 1 Cor. 10. 17; Num.5.2; 9. 12.12; Eph. 1. 22; 4.12; 5. 23; CoL 1.18; 2.19; 3. 15. BOILS and blains, the plague of, Ex. 9.10; Rev. 16. 2. See 2 Kin. 20. 7; Job 2. 7. BOLDNESS through faith, Prov. 28. 1; Is. 50. 7; Acts 5. 29; Eph. 3.12; Heb. 10.19; 1 John 4.17. exhortations to, Josh. 1. 7; 2 Chr. 19. 11; Jer. 1.8; Ezek. 3. 9; Heb. 4.16. of Peter and John, Acts 4. 13; 5. 29. Stephen, Acts 7. 51. Paul, Acts 9. 27; 19. 8; 2 Cor. 7. 4; Gal. 2.11. Apollos, Acts 18.26. BOND, law of, Num. 30. of peace, Eph. 4. 3. BONDAGE of Israel in Egypt, Ex. 1--12; Ps. 105 25 * Acts 7 6 in Babylon, 2 Kin! 25; Ezral; 9.7; Neh.l; Est. 3; Dan. 1. spiritual, John 8. 34; Acts 8. 23; Rom. 6. 16; 7. 23; 8. 2; Gal. 2. 4; 4. 3; 1 Tim. 3. 7; 2 Tim. 2. 26; Heb. 2.14; 2 Pet. 2.19. deliverance by Christ, Is. 61.1; Luke 4.18; John 8. 36; Rom. 8. 2; Gal. 3.13. BONDMAID, laws concerning, Lev. 19.20; 25. 44. BONDMEN, laws concerning, Lev. 25. 39; Deut. 15.12. BONDWOMAN cast out, Gen. 21.10; Gal. 4.23. BONES (Gen. 2. 23). Joseph's, Gen. 50. 25; Ex. 13.19; Heb. 11. 22. scattered as a judgment, 2 Kin. 23.14; Ps. 53.5; 141.7; Jer. 8.1; Ezek. 6. 5. of the paschal lamb not broken, Ex. 12. 46; also Christ's, John 19. 36. vision of the dry bones, Ezek. 37. BONNETS of the priests, directions for making, Ex. 28.40; 29.9; 39.28; Ezek. 44.18. See Mitre. BOOK of Life, Ex. 32. 32; Ps. 69. 28; Dan. 12.1; Phil. 4. 3; Rev. 3. 5; 13. 8; 17. 8; 21. 27; 22.19; opened, Rev. 20.12. -- of the Law, Deut. 28. 61; 29. 27, &c.; Gal. 3.10; found and read, 2 Kin. 22. 8; 23.2; Neh. 8.8. -------of Jasher (the upright), Josh. 10.13; 2 Sam. 1.18. BOOKS, 1 Sam. 10. 25; Eccles. 12. 12; Dan. 9. 2; John 21. 25; 2 Tim. 4. 13. of various persons, 1 Chr. 29. 29; 2 Chr. 9. 29; 12.15; 20.34. of Solomon, 1 Kin. 4. 32; 11. 41. of judgment, Dan. 7.10; Rev. 20.12. burned at Ephesus, Acts 19.19. BOOTHS, Lev. 23. 42; Neh. 8. 14. BORDERS of the land determined, Num. 34; Josh. 1.4; Ezek. 47.13. BORING of the ear, Ex. 21. 6. BORN of GOD, Johna. 13; 3. 3; 1 Pet. 1. 23; 1 John 3. 9; 5.1. BORROWING, Ex. 22.14; Deut. 15.1, &c. its evils, 2 Kin. 6. 5; Prov. 22. 7. of Israel from the Egyptians, Ex. 3. 22; 12. 35. BOTTLE of water, Gen. 21.14. BOTTLES of wine, Josh. 9. 4, 13; 1 Sam. 25. 18; Hos. 7. 5. old and new, Job 32.19; Matt. 9.17; Mark 2. 22; Luke 5. 37, 38. BOTTOMLESS pit, Rev. 9.1; 11. 7; 17. 8. Satan bound there, Rev. 20.1, 2. BOUGHT with a price, 1 Cor. 6.10. BOW in the cloud, sign of God's mercy, Gen. 9.13, &c.; Ezek. 1. 28. (weapon), Gen. 48. 22; Josh. 24.12; 1 Sam. 18. 4; 2 Sam 1. 18, 22; 2 Kin. 9. 24; Ps. 44. 6; 78. 57; Jer. 49.35; Hos. 7.16; Rev. 6.2. BOWELS of mercies, Gen. 43. 30; Ps. 25. 6; Is. 63.15; Luke 1. 78; Phil. 1. 8; 2.1; Col. 3.12, &c. BOWLS, &c. offered by the princes, Num. 7. See Zech. 4. 2. BOZRAH, prophecies concerning, Is. 34. 6; 63.1; Jer. 48.24; 49.13; Amos 1.12. BRAMBLE (and other trees), Jotham's parable about, Judg. 9.14. BRANCH (of the Lord), prophecies concerning, Is. 4. 2; Jer. 23. 5; Zech. 3. 8; 6. 12; John 15. 5; Rom. 11. 16. BRAND, as a, plucked from the fire, Amos 4.11; Zech. 3. 2; Jude 23. BRASS used in the tabernacle and temple, Ex. 25. 3; 26. 11; 1 Kin. 7. 14. altar of, Ex. 39. 39; 2 Kin. 16.14. mentioned, Lev. 26. 19; Job 6. 12; 1 Cor. 13. 1; Rev. 1.15. BREAD, Adam's curse, Gen. 3.19. rained from heaven (manna), Ex. 16. 4. miraculously supplied, 2 Kin. 4. 42; Johfi*6, &c. a type of Christ, John 6. 31; 1 Cor. 10.115. offered before the Lord, Ex. 25. 30; Lev. 8. 26; 24. 5. hallowed, David obtains from Ahimelech, 1 Sam. 21.4. used in the Lord's Supper, Luke 22. 19; 24. 30; Acts 2. 42; 20. 7; 1 Cor. 10.16; 11. 23. unleavened, Gen. 19. 3; Ex. 12. 8; 1 Sam. 28. 24; 2 Kin. 23. 9. figuratively used, 1 Cor. 5. 8. BREASTPLATE of the high priest described, Ex. 28.15; 39. 8. of righteousness, Eph. 6.14. of faith and love, 1 Thess. 5. 8. BREATH (life) dependent upon God, Gen. 2. 7; 6. 17; Job 12.10; 33. 4; Ps. 104. 29; Ezek. 37. 5; Dan. 5. 23; Acts 17. 25. -------of God, its power, 2 Sam. 22.16; Job 4. 6; Ps. 33. 6; Is. 11. 4; 30.28. BRETHREN, duty of, towards each other, Gen. 13. 8; Deut, 15. 7; 24. 14; Ps. 133; Matt. 5. 22; 18.15, 21; 25. 40; John 13. 34; 15.12, &c.; Rom. 12. 10; 1 Cor. 6; 8. 13; Gal. 6. 1; 1 Thess. 4. 9; 2 Thess. 3. 15; Heb. 13. 1; 1 Pet. 1. 22; 3. 8; 2 Pet. 1. 7; 1 John 2. 9; 3.17. BRIBERY forbidden, Ex. 23. 2, 6; Deut. 16.19. denounced, Prov. 17. 23; 29. 4; Eccles. 7. 7; Is. 5. 23; 33.15; Ezek. 13.19; Amos 2. 6. of Delilah, Judg. 16. 5. of Samuel's sons, 1 Sam. 8. 3. of Judas, Matt. 26.14. of the soldiers, Matt. 28.12. punished, Job 15. 34. BRICKS made, Ex. 1.14; 5. BRIDE of Christ, the church, John 3. 29; Rev. 21. 2; 22.17. BRIDEGROOM, Christ the heavenly, Matt. 9.15; 25.1; John 3. 29. BRIMSTONE and fire, Sodom destroyed by, Gen. 19. 24. symbol of torment, Is. 30. 33; Rev. 9.17; 14.10; 19.20; 21.8. BROIDERED work, Ezek. 16.10. BROTHER, anger with, Matt. 5. 22. BROTHER'S widow, law concerning, Deut. 25. 5; Matt. 22 24. BRUISED (Christ), for us, Is. 53. 5. reed, Is. 42. 3: Matt. 12. 20; Egypt so called, 2 Kin. 18. 21; Ezek. 29. 6, 7. BUCKLER, the Divine, 2 Sam. 22. 31; Ps. 18. 2; 91. 4; Prov. 2. 7. BUDDING of Aaron's rod, Num. 17. BUILDING, the church compared to, 1 Cor. 3. 9; Eph. 2. 21; Col. 2. 7. BUNDLE of life, 1 Sam. 25. 29. BURDEN, signifying prophecy, 2 Kin. 9. 25; Is. 13; 15; 17; 19; 21; 22; 23; Nan. 1.1. cast on the Lord, Ps. 55. 22. of affliction, Is. 58. 6; 2 Cor. 5. 4. of iniquities, Ps. 38. 4. of Christ, light, Matt. 11. 30;--Acts 15. 28; Rev. 2.24. borne for others, Gal. 6. 2. BURIAL, want of, a calamity, Deut. 28. 26: Ps. 79. 2; Eccles. 6. 3; Is. 14. 19; Jer. 7. 33; 16. 4; 25.33; 34.20. of Sarah, Gen. 23.19. Abraham, Gen. 25.9. Isaac, Gen. 35.29. Jacob, Gen. 50. Abner, 2Sam. 3.31, 32. Christ, Matt. 27. 57; Luke 23. 50. Stephen, Acts 8. 2. BURNING BUSH, the Lord appears to Moses in, Ex. 3. 2: Mark 12. 26. Luke 20. 37; Acts 7. 35. BURNT OFFERINGS, law concerning, Lev. 1.1; 6.8. illustrations of, Gen. 8. 20; 22. 13; Ex. 18. 12; 1 Sam. 7. 9; Ezra 3. 4; Job 1. 5. See Ps. 40. 6; 51.19; Is. 40.16; Heb. 10. the continual, Ex. 29. 38; Num. 28. 3; 1 Chr. 16.40; 2 Chr. 13. 11. BURY, let the dead, Luke 9. 60. manner of Jews to, John 19. 40. BUSY-BODIES censured, Prov. 20. 3; 26. 17 ; 1 Thess. 4. 11; 2 Thess. 3. 11; 1 Tim. 5. 13 ; 1 Pet. 4.15. BUYER characterized, Prov. 20.14. __________________________________________________________________ CAESAR Augustus, Luke 2.1. Tiberius, Luke 3.1. Claudius, time of dearth, Acts 11. 28. Paul appeals to, Acts 25.11. household of, Phil. 4. 22. CAESAREA (Stratonis), Peter sent there, Acts 10. Paul visits, Acts 21. 8. Paul sent to Felix there, Acts 23. 23. -------Philippi, visited by Christ, Matt. 16. 13; Mark 8. 27. CAIAPHAS, high priest, prophesies concerning Christ, John 11. 49; his counsel, Matt. 26. 3; he condemns him, Matt. 26. 57; Mark 14. 53; Luke 22. 54, 66; John 18.12,19. CAIN, his anger. Gen. 4. 5. murders Abel, Gen. 4. 8; 1 John 3.12. his punishment, Gen. 4.11; Jude 11. CALEB, faith of, Num. 13. 30; 14. 6. permitted to enter Canaan, Num. 26. 65; 32.12; Deut. 1. 36. his request, Josh. 14. 6. his possessions, Josh. 15.13. gives his daughter to Othniel to wife, Judg.13. I. 13. CALF, golden, Aaron's transgression in making, Ex. 32; Acts 7. 40. of Samaria, Hos. 8. 5, 6. CALVES made by Jeroboam, 1 Kin. 12. 28. CALL of God to repentance and salvation, Ps. 49; 50, &c. Prov. 1. 20; 2-8; Is. 1; 45. 20; 55; Jer. 35. 15; Hos. 6; 14; Joel 2; Jonah 3; Matt. 3; II. 28; John 7. 37; 12. 44; Rom. 8. 28; 9; 10; 11; 2 Cor. 5. 20; Rev. 2. 5; 3. 3,19; 22.17. danger of rejecting, Ps. 50.17; Prov. 1. 24; 29.1; Is. 6. 9; 66. 4- Jer. 6. 19; 26. 4; 35. 17; Matt. 22. 3; John 12. 48; Acts 13. 46; 18. 6; 28. 24: 12. 25; Rom.' 11. 8; 2 Thess. 2. 10; Heb. 2. 1; Rev. 2. 5. call of Noah, Gen. 6. 13. Abraham, Gen. 12. Jacob, Gen. 28.12. Moses, Ex. 3. Gideon, Judg. 6. 11. Samuel, 1 Sam. 3. Elijah, 1 Kin. 17. Elisha, 1 Kin. 19.16,19. Isaiah, Is. 6. Jeremiah. Jer. 1. Ezekiel, Ezek. 1. Hosea, Hos. 1. of Amos, Amos 1; 7. 14. See Mio. 1. 1; Zepn. 1.1; Hag. 1.1; Zech. 1.1. of Jonah, Jonah 1. of Peter, &c. Matt. 4. 18; Markl. 16; Luke 5; John 1. 39. of Paul, Acts d; Rom. 1.1; Gal. 1.1,11; 1 Tim. 1. CALLING or Vocation of the gospel, Rom. 11. 29; 1 Cor. 1.26; Eph. 1.18; 4.1; Phil. 3.14; 2 Thess. 1. 11; 2 Tim. 1. 9; Heb. 3.1; 1 Pet. 2. 9; 2 Pet. 1.10; Rev. 19. 9. CALVARY, Luke 23. 33. CAMEL'S HAIR, raiment of, Matt. 3. 4. CAMELS, Gen. 12.16; 24. 19; Ex. 9. 3; 1 Chr. 5. 21; Job 1. 3, &c. See Matt. 19. 24. flesh of, unclean, Lev. 11. 4; Deut. 14. 7. CAMP of Israelites, Ex. 14. 19; Num. 1. 52; 2; 24.5. to be kept holy, Lev. 6. 11; 13. 4, 6; Num. 5.2; Deut. 23.10; Heb. 13.11, CANA, Christ turns water into wine at, John 2. nobleman visits Christ at, John 4. 47. CANAAN, land of, Ex. 23. 31; Josh. 1. 4; Zeph. 2. 5. promised to Abraham, Gen. 12. 7; 13.14; 17. 8. inhabitants of, Ex. 15. 15. their wickedness at Sodom and Gomorrah, Gen. 13. 13; 19; Israelites not to walk in the ways of, Lev. 18. 3, 24, 30; 20.23. daughters of, Gen. 28.1, 6, 8. language of, Is. 19. 18. kingdoms of, Ps. 135.11. king of, Judg. 4. 2, 23, 24; 5. 19. wars of, Judg. 3.1. dwelling of Abraham in, Gen. 12. 6. Isaac and Jacob, Gen. 28. Esau, Gen. 36. Joseph, Gen. 37. allotted to children of Israel, Josh. 14. the spies visit, and their report, Num. 13. Moses sees, from Pisgah, Num. 27.12; Deut. 3.27; 34. 1. -------a son of Ham, grandson of Noah, cursed on account of his father's mockery of Noah, Gen. 9. 25. CANDACE, queen of Ethiopia, Acts 8. 27. CANDLE, figurative, Job 18. 6; 21. 17; Ps. 18. 28; Prov. 20. 27. parable. Matt. 5.15; Luke 8. 16. CANDLESTICK in the tabernacle, Ex. 25. 31; 37. 17; Lev. 24. 4; Num. 8. 2--4. in visions, Zech. 4. 2; Rev. 1.12. CAPERNAUM, Christ dwells at, Matt. 4. 13; John 2. 12; preaches at, Matt. 4. 17; Mark 1. miracles at, Matt. 8. 5; 17. 24; John 4. 46; 6.17. parables at, Matt. 13.18, 24; Mark 4. condemned for impenitence, Matt. 11. 23; Luke 10. 15. CAPPADOCIA, Acts 2. 9; 1 Pet. 1. 1. CAPTIVITY of Israelites foretold, Lev. 26. 33; Deut. 28. 36. of ten tribes, Amos 3; 4; 7.11; fulfilled, 2 Kin. 17; 1 Chr. 5. 26. of Judah foretold, Is. 39. 6; Jer. 13. 19; 20. 4; 25. 11; 32. 28; fulfilled, 2 Kin. 25; 2 Chr. 36; Ps. 137; Est. 2; Jer. 39; 52; Dan. 1. return from, Ezra 1; Neh. 2; Ps. 126. CARE, worldly, deprecated, Matt. 6. 25; Luke 8. 14; 12. 22; John 6. 27; 1 Cor. 7. 32; Phil. 4. 6; 1 Tim. 6. 8; 2 Tim. 2. 4; Heb. 13. 5. Martha reproved for.Luke 10. 41. (loving), of the Samaritan, Luke 10. 34. of Christ for His mother, John 19. 26. of Paul for the Corinthians, 2 Cor. 7.12; 11. 28. of Titus for Corinthians, 2 Cor. 8.16. for Paul by Philippians, Phil. 4.10. to be cast on God, 1 Pet. 5. 7. of thoughts, Ps. 39. 1. CARMEL, Nabal's conduct to David at, 1 Sam. 25. mount, Elijah and the prophets of Baal, 1 Kin. 18. the Shunaminite woman goes to Elisha at, 2 Kin. 4. 25. her child restored to life by Elisha, 2 Kin. 4. 34. CARNAL mind condemned, Rom. 8. 7: 1 Cor. 3. 1; Col. 2. 18. CARPENTER'S SON, Christ reproached as, Matt. 13. 55; Mark 6. 3. CARPENTERS, vision of four, Zech. 1. 20. sent to David by Hiram, 2 Sam. 5.11. CASSIA, spice, Ex. 30. 24; Ps. 45. 8. CASTOR and Pollux, Paul's ship, Acts 28.11. CATTLE of Jacob increased, Gen. 30. 43. regulations respecting, Ex. 20. 10; 21. 28; 22.1; 23. 4; Deut. 5.14; 22.1; 25. 4 (1 Cor. 9.9; 1 Tim. 5.18). of Israelites in Egypt saved, Ex. 9. 4, an example of obedience, Is. 1. 3. referred to by Christ, Matt. 12.11; Luke 13.15; 14. 5. CAVES of refuge, 1 Sam. 13. 6; Heb. 11. 38. prophets concealed in, by Obadiah, 1 Kin. 18. 4. Elijah lodges in, 1 Kin. 19. 9. CEDAR, temple built of, 1 Kin. 5. 6; 6.15. Behemoth compared to, Job 40.17. CEDARS of Lebanon, Judg. 9. 15; Ps. 92. 12; 104. 16; 148. 9; Cant. 5. 15; Is. 2. 13; Ezek. 17. 3. CENCHREA, seaport of Corinth, church there, Rom. 16.1. Paul shaves his head at, Acts 18.18. CENSERS, brazen, Lev. 10.1; 16.12. golden, 1 Kin. 7. 50; Heb. 9. 4; Rev. 8. 3. of Korah, reserved for holy use, Num. 16. 36. CENTURION (Cornelius), Acts 10.1. -------in charge of Paul, Acts 27. 43. -------servant of, healed, Matt. 8; Luke 7. -------at crucifixion acknowledges Christ, Matt. 27. 54; Mark 15. 39; Luke 23. 47. CEPHAS (Peter), a stone, John 1. 42; 1 Cor. 1.12; 3. 22; 9. 5; 15. 5; Gal. 2. 9. See Peter. CHALCEDONY, foundation of the heavenly city, Rev. 21.19. CHALDEANS afflict Job, Job 1.17. besiege Jerusalem, 2 Kin. 24. 2; 25. 4; Jer. 37--39. wise men of, preserved by Daniel, Dan. 2. 24. prophecies concerning, Is. 23. 13; 43. 14; 47. 1; 48.14; Hab. 1. 5. CHAPEL, the king's, Amos 7.13. CHARGE of God to Moses and Aaron, Ex. 6.13. of Moses to Joshua, Deut. 31. 7. of David to Solomon, 1 Kin. 2.1; 1 Chr. 22. 6. of Jehoshaphat to the judges, 2 Chr. 19. 6. of Paul to the elders of the church at Ephesus, Acts 20.17. of Paul to Timothy, 1 Tim. 5. 21; 2 Tim. 4. of Peter to the elders, 1 Pet. 5. CHARIOT of fire, Elijah ascends to heaven in, 2 Kin. 2.11. CHARIOTS, war, Ex. 14. 7; 1 Sam. 13. 5; 2 Sam. 10.18; Ps. 20. 7; Nah. 3. 2. sent by the king of Syria to take Elisha, 2 Kin. 6.14. of fire sent to defend Elisha, 2 Kin. 6.17. -------of God, Ps. 68.17. CHARITY (love to our neighbour), Mark 12. 33; Rom. 13. 8, 9, 10; 1 Cor. 13. 4. 8; 1 Thess. 1. 3; 3. 6; 4. 9; 1 Tim. 1. 5; 4.12; 2 Tim. 3. 10; Heb. 6.10; James 2. 8; 1 Pet. 1. 22; 1 John 2.10; 3. 14; 4.11; Rev. 2.19. almsgiving, Prov. 19. 17; Matt. 19. 21; Luke 11. 41; 12.33; 18.22; Acts 10. 2,4; 2 Cor. 9; 3 John 6. commanded, Lev. 19.18; Deut. 10.19; Matt. 5.44; 22. 39; Gal. 5.14; 6.10; Eph. 4. 2; 1 John 3. 23; 4. 7, 21; 2 John 5. its signs and effects, 1 Cor. 8. 1; 13; Gal. 5. 6, 13, 22; Eph. 3.17; 4.16; 5. 2; Col. 3.14. evidences of, Lev. 19.11; 25. 35; Is. 58. 7; Matt. 18. 15; 25. 35; John 13. 35; Rom. 12.15; 1 Cor. 12. 26; Eph. 4. 32; 1 Thess. 5. 14; Heb. 6. 10; 1 Pet 4. 8; 1 John 3.10,14; 4. 20. exemplified by Christ, John 13. 34; 15.12; Eph. 5.2,25; Rev. 1.5. CHEBAR, the river, Ezekiel's visions at, Ezek. 1; 3.15; 10.15. CHEDORLAOMER, king of Elam, takes Lot prisoner, but subdued by Abram, Gen. 14. CHEMOSH, god of Moab, Num. 21. 29; Judg. 11. 24; Jer. 48. 7,13, 46. worshipped by Solomon, 1 Kin. 11. 7. CHERETHITES (and Pelethites), David's guard, 2 Sam 15.18. CHERUBIM in garden of Eden, Gen. 3. 24. for the mercy seat and the temple, Ex. 25. 18; 37. 7; 1 Kin. 6. 23; 2 Chr. 3.10; Ps. 80.1; Ezek. 41.18. Ezekiel's visions of, Ezek. 1; 10. CHIEF PRIESTS consulted by Herod, Mat. 2. 4. their persecution of Christ, Matt. 16. 21; Mark 14.1; 15. 31; John 7. 32. CHILDREN, the gift of God, Gen. 35. 5; Ps. 127; 128. a blessing, Prov. 10. 1; 15. 20; 17. 6; 23. 24; 27. 11; 29. 3. duty of, Ex. 20. 12; Lev. 19. 3, 32; Deut. 5. 16; 30. 2: Prov. 1. 8; 6. 20; 13.1; 15. 5; 19. 27; 23. 22: 24. 21; 28. 7, 24; Eccles. 12. 1; Epli. 6. 1; Col. 3. 20; 1 Tim. 5. 4; Heb. 12. 9; 1 Pet. 5. 5. slain by she-bears, 2 Kin. 2. 23. of Bethlehem slain by Herod, Matt. 2. 16 (Jer. 31.15). blessed by Christ, Matt. 19. 13; Mark 10. 13; Luke 18.15. of God, Heb. 12. 5; Eph. 5.1; 1 Pet. 1.14. of light, Luke 16. 8; John 12. 36; Eph. 5. 8; 1 Thess 5. 5. ' ?; ? -------OBEDIENT:-- Christ, Luke 2. 51. Isaac, Gen. 22. 6. Jephthah's daughter, Judg. 11. 36. Samuel. 1 Sam. 2. 26. -------WICKED, 1 Sam. 2. 12, 25; Prov. 15. 5; 17. 21; 19.13, 26; 28. 7, 24; 30.11; Is. 3. 5; Ezek. 22 7 their punishment, Ex. 21.15; Deut. 21.18; 27.16; 2 Kin 2. 23; Prov. 30.17; Mark 7.10. of the devil, Acts 13.10. CHITTIM, prophecies of, Num. 24. 24; Is. 23.1, 12; Dan. 11. 30. CHRIST, LORD JESUS, Matt. 1. 21; Luke 2.11; John 1. 41; 4. 42; Acts 5. 31; 11. 17; 13. 23; 15. 11; 16. 31; 20. 21; Rom. 5.1,11; 6. 23; 7. 25; 13. 14; 15. 6, 30; 16. 13; 1 Cor. 1. 2, 3, 7, 10; 5. 4; Eph. 5. 23; Phil. 3. 20; 1 Tim. 1. 1, 12; 3.13; 4. 6; 5. 21; 2 Tim. 1.10; Tit. 1. 4; 2.13; 3. 6; Phi. 4- lem. 3, 5, 25; Heb. 13. 8, 21; James 1.1; 1 Pet. 1. 3; 2 Pet. 1. 1, 11; 2. 20; 3. 2, 18; 1 John 4. 10; Jude 1, 4,17, 21; Rev. 22. 21. Son of God, Matt. 2. 15; 3. 17; 4. 3, 6; Luke 1. 32, 35; 3. 22; 4. 3, 9; 4. 34, 41; John 1. 34, 40; 3. 16, 18, 35, 36; 5. 22, 23; 6. 40, 69; 12. 26; 13. 3; 14. 13; 15. 23; 16. 27, 30; 17. 1; 19. 7; Rom. 1. 9; 5.10; 8. 3, 29, 32; 1 Cor. 1. 9; Gal. 1.16; 4. 4, 6; Col. 1.13; 1 Thess. 1.10; Heb. 1. 2, 5, 8; 3. 6; 4. 14: 5. 5, 8; 6. 6; 7. 3; 1 John 1.3,7; 3.23; 4.9,10; 5.9. Son of Man, Matt. 8. 20; 9. 6; 10." 23; 11. 19; 12. 8, 32, 40; 13. 37, 41; 16.13; 17. 9, 22; 24. 27, 30, 44; 25. 31; 26. 2, 24, 45; Mark 8. 38; 9. 12, 31; 13.14; Luke 5. 24; 6. 22; 9. 22, 26; 11. 30; 12.8; 17.22; 18.8; 19.10; 21.36; 22.48; John 1. 51; 3.13; 5. 27; 6. 27, 53, 62; 8. 28; 12. 23, 34; 13. 31; Acts 7. 56; Rev. 1.13. Emmariueiris. 7.14; 8. 8; Matt. 1. 23. the Word, John 1. 1, 14; Acts 10. 36; 1 John 5. 7; Rev. 19.13. the Lamb of God, John 1. 29, 36; Rev. 5. 6; 6. 1, 16; 12. 11; 13. 8; 15. 3; 19. 7; 22.1, 3. the Mediator, Gal. 3.19; 1 Tim. 2. 5; Heb. 2.17; 7. 25; 8. 6; 9.15; 10.10; 12. 2, 24; 13.15. the Lord our Righteousness, Jer. 23. 6; 33. 16; Mai. 4. 2; Acts 17. 31; Rom. 5.18; Phil. 1.11; Heb. 7. 2; 2 Pet. 1.1. the Lord of all, Acts 10. 3, 6. the Lord of glojry, 1 Cor. 2. 8; James 2.1. King of kings, and Lord of lords, Rev. 19.16. Prophet, Priest, and King, Deut. 18. 15; Is. 49; 50; 51; 52; Nah. 1.15; Matt. 2.2; 23.38; 24.4; 25. 34; Luke 4.1, 15, 16, 18, 24; 5. 3, 17, 32; 19. 41; 21.10,25; 22.34; 23. 2, 27; John 18. 37; 19. 14. 19; Acts 17. 7; 1 Tim. 1. 17; 6. 15; Heb. 1. 8; 2. 17; 3. 1; Rev. 1. 5; 11. 15; 15. 3; 17. 14; 19.16. Alpha and Omega, Rev. 21. 6; 22.13. CHRIST (the man Christ Jesus). -------LIFE ON EARTH:-- His miraculous conception and birth predicted, Is. 7.14; 11.1; Matt. 1.18; Luke 1. 31; accomplished at Bethlehem, Matt. 1. 25; Luke 2. 7; announced to shepherds by angels, Luke 2. 9-- 14. wise men of the East do homage to, Matt. 2.1. circumcision of, and presentation in temple, Luke 2.21,22. carried into Egypt, Matt. 2.13. first public appearance (doctors in temple), Luke 2.46. baptism by John, Matt. 3.13; Mark 1. 9; Luke 3.21; John 1.32; 3.24. selection of disciples, Matt. 4. 18; Mark 1. 16; Luke 4. 31; 5.10; John 1. 38. begins to preach and heal, Matt. 4.12; Mark 1. 14; Luke 4.16. opposition of the Pharisees begins, Matt. 9. 34. sufferings and death predicted, Matt. 16. 17, 20; Matt. 8. 9,10; Luke 9.18. transfiguration, Matt. 17; Mark 9. institutes the Lord'scupper, Matt. 26; Mark 14; Luke 22 (1 Cor. 11. 23). betrayed by Judas, Matt. 26; Mark 14; Luke 22; John 18; Acts 1. deserted by disciples, Matt. 26; John 18. taken before Annas and Caiaphas, and Pilate and Herod, Matt. 26. 57; 27; Mark 14. 54; 15; Luke 23; John 18.19. pronounced faultless by Pilate, yet delivered up to the Jews, Matt. 27; Mark 15: Luke 23; John 18.19. crucified, Matt. 27; Mark 15; Luke 23; John 19. His legs not broken, John 19. 33. His side pierced by soldier, John 19. 34. His garments divided amongst soldiers, Matt. 27. 35; Mark 15. 24; Luke 23. 34; John 19. 24. yields up the ghost, Matt. 27. 50. buried, Matt. 27; Mark 15; Luke 23; John 19; in a new sepulchre watched by soldiers and sealed, Matt. 27. 66. His descent into hell, Eph. 4. 9. rises from the tomb, Matt. 28; Mark 16; Luke 24; John 20. 21 (1 Cor. 15. 4). appears to Mary Magdalene and disciples, Matt. 28; Mark 16; Luke 24; John 20. shews Thomas His hands and feet, John 20. 27. charge to Peter to feed His lambs, John 21.15. ascends into heaven, Mark 16; Luke 24; Acts 1. 9,10. seen in heaven by Stephen, Acts 7. 55. appearances after ascension:-- to Paul, Acts 9. 4; 18. 9; 22. 8. to John, Rev. 1.13. -------WORK ON EARTH :-- questions the doctors, Luke 2. 46. is tempted, Matt. 4; Mark 1.12; Luke 4. sermon on the mount, Matt. 5. 6, 7. cleanses the temple, Ps. 69. 9; John 2.14. teaches Nicodemus, John 3. converses with woman of Samaria, John 4. the people attempt to make Him king, John 6.15. taunted by His brethren, John 7. 4. the people's testimony, Matt. 16.13; Mark 8. 27; Luke 9.18; John 7.12. message to John the Baptist, Luke 7. 22. anointed at Simon the Pharisee's house, Luke 7. 36. pays tribute at Capernaum, Matt. 17. 24. inculcates humility on apostles, Matt. 18; Mark 9.33; Luke 9. 49; 22.24. departs from Galilee into Judaea, Matt. 19.1. teaches respecting divorce, Matt. 19. 3; Luke 16. 18. reproves Herod ("that fox"), and Jerusalem, Luke 13. 32, 34. pardons woman taken in adultery, John 8. compares Martha and Mary (" that good part"), Luke 10. 38-42. suffers children to come to Him, Matt. 13. 19; Mark 10.13; Luke 18.15. Zacchseus the publican called by, Luke 19. 2. anointed by Mary at Bethany, Matt. 26. 6; Mark 14. 3; John 12. 3. His triumphant entry into Jerusalem, Matt. 21; Mark 11; Luke 19; John 12. drives moneychangers out of temple, Matt. 21. 12; Mark 11.15; Luke 19. 45. curses the fig tree, Matt. 21.19; Mark 11.12. Greeks would see Jesus, John 12. 20. His answer, John 12. 23. to the chief priests, Luke 20. 3. to the Pharisees, Matt. 22.15. to the Sadducees, Mark 12.18. glorified by the Father, John 12. 28. chief priests conspire to kill, Matt. 26. 3; Mark 14.1; covenant with Judas to betray, Matt. 26. 13; Mark 14.10; Luke 22. 3; John 13.18. gives directions for the passover, Matt. 26. 17; Mark 14.12; Luke 22. 7. foretells Peter's denial, Matt. 26. 34; Mark 14. 29; Luke 22. 31; John 13. 26. love to His own, John 13.1. washes His disciples' feet, John 13. 5. Peter's protest, John 13. 8. example to His disciples, John 13.15. comforts His disciples, John 14.1. promise to them, John 14.14. leaves His peace with them, John 14. 27. commands them to love one another, John 15. 12,17. promises the Comforter, John 15.26; 16. 7. predicts disciples' persecution, John 16. 2. "a little while," John 16.16. encourages prayer in His name, John 16. 23. prays for disciples, John 17. goes over the brook Cedron, John 18.1. ofttimes resorted to garden, John 18. 2. His agony, Matt. 26. 36; Luke 22. 44. betrayed by Judas, Matt. 26. 47; Mark 14. 43; Luke 22. 47; John 18. 3. seized by the officers, Matt. 26. 50; Mark 14. 46; Luke 22. 54; John 18.12. forbids use of sword. Matt. 26. 52; John 18.11. taken before the chief priests, Pilate, and Herod. See Life on Earth. tried, found innocent, delivered to the Jews, crucifixion. See Life on Earth. commends His mother to the beloved disciple, John 19. 25. prays for His executioners, Luke 23. 34. His promise to the penitent thief, Luke 23. 43. acknowledged by centurion to be Son of God, Matt. 27. 54; Mark 15. 39; to be righteous, Luke 23. 47. -------HIS TEACHING:- preaches repentance at Galilee, Matt. 4.17. at Nazareth, Luke 4.16. the gospel of the kingdom, Matt. 4. 23; Mark 1. 14. testimony concerning John the Baptist, Matt. 11.7; Luke 7. 24; 20.4. upbraids Chorazin, Bethsaida, Capernaum, Matt. 11.20; Luke 10.13. speaks to the Jews respecting the Father and the Son, John 5; 8. 18, 42; 10. 15; 12. 23; the bread of life, John 6. 26; seed of Abraham, John 8. 31; traditions of the elders, Matt. 15.1; Mark 7.1. answers Pharisees asking a sign, Matt. 12. 38; 16.1; Mark 8.11; Luke 11.16; 12. 54; John 2. 18. teaches His disciples on humility, John 13.14. teaches scribes and Pharisees, Matt. 23; Mark 12. 38; Luke 11. 37; 20. 45. prophesies destruction of Jerusalem, and the last times, Matt. 24; Mark 13; Luke 13. 34; 17.20; 19.41; 21. preaches daily in the temple, Luke 19. 47. His invitation to the weary and heavy laden, Matt. 11. 23. His discourses on suffering for the Gospel's sake, Luke 14. 26 (Matt. 10. 37). on marriage, Matt. 19; Mark 10. riches, Matt. 19. 16; Mark 10. 17; Luke 12. 13; 18.18. paying tribute, Matt. 22. 15; Mark 12. 13; Luke 20. 20. on the resurrection, Matt. 22. 23; Mark 12.18. the two great commandments, Matt. 22. 35; Mark 12 28 the Son of David, Matt. 22. 41; Mark 12. 35; Luke 20. 41. the widow's mite, Mark 12. 41; Luke 21.1. watchfulness, Matt. 24.42; Mark 13.33; Luke 21.34; 12.35. the last judgment, Matt. 25. 31. Sermon on the Mount:--who are the blessed, Matt. 5. 1; salt of the earth, 5. 13; light of the world, 5.14; the righteousness of scribes and Pharisees, 5. 20; anger with a brother (Raca), 5. 22; thou fool, 5. 22; reconciliation, 5. 24; adultery, 5. 27; right hand and right eye, 5. 29, 30; divorce, 5. 32, 33; oaths, 5. 33; eye for an eye, 5. 38; love to neighbour and enemy, 5. 43; be perfect, 5. 48; almsgiving, Matt. 6. 1; prayer, 6. 5; no vain repetitions, 6. 7; Lord's Prayer, 6. 9; Luke 11. 2; fasting. Matt. 6. 16; treasure upon earth, 6. 19; evil eye, 6. 23; two masters, 6. 24; God and mammon, 6. 24; no thought for life, 6. 25; fowls of the air, 6. 26; taking thought, raiment, lilies of the field, 6. 27; seek kingdom of God, 6. 33; judge not, Matt. 7. 1; beam in eye, 7. 3; holy things not to be cast to dogs, 7. 6; ask, seek, find, 7. 7; Luke 11. 9; bread, stone, fish, serpent, Matt. 7. 9, 10; Luke 11. 11; strait gate, Matt. 7.13; false prophets, 7.15; grapes, thorns, figs, thistles, 7. 16; the good and corrupt tree, 7. 17; not to be hearers but doers, 7. 23, 24; house on rock, 7. 24; on sand, 7. 27; taught as having authority, 7. 29. *Sermon to disciples and multitudes on the plain:--the blessed, Luke 6. 20, 21, 22; woe to the rich, 6. 24; to the full, 6. 25; to those men speak well of, 6. 2fi; love to enemies, 6. 27, 35; submission under injury, 6. 29; giving, 6. 30, 38; doing as we would be done to, 6. 31; be merciful, 6. 36; judge not, 6. 37; hearers and doers, 6. 46. epistles to the seven churches in Asia, Rev. 1; 2 ? 3 Discourses :-- on faith, the centurion's, Matt. 8. 8. to those who would follow Him, Luke 9. 23, 57. on fasting, Matt. 9.14; Mark 2.18; Luke 5. 33. on blasphemy, Matt. 12. 31; Mark 3. 28; Luke 11.15. who are His brethren, Matt. 12. 46; Mark 3. 31; Luke 8.19. -------HIS PARABLES:- wise and foolish builders, Matt. 7. 24--27. children of the bridechamber, Matt. 9.15; Luke 5. 34, 35. new cloth and old garment, Matt. 9. 16; Luke 5. 36. new wine and old bottles, Matt. 9.17. unclean spirit, Matt. 12. 43. sower, Matt. 13. 3,18; Luke 8. 5,11. tares, Matt. 13. 24--30, 36--43. mustard seed, Matt. 13. 31, 32; Luke 13.19. leaven, Matt. 13. 33. treasure hid in a field, Matt. 13. 44. pearl of great price, Matt. 13. 45, 46. net cast into the sea, Matt. 13. 47--50. meats defiling not, Matt. 15.10--15. unmerciful servant, Matt. 18. 23--35. labourers hired, Matt. 20.1--16.* two sons, Matt. 21. 28--32. wicked husbandmen, Matt. 21. 33--45. marriage of king's son, Matt. 22. 2--14. fig tree leafing, Matt. 24. 32--34. man of the house watching, Matt. 24. 43. *It is the opinion of some eminent commentators that the sermons on the mount and on the plain were one and the same. faithful and evil servants, Matt. 24. 45--51. ten virgins, Matt. 25.1--13. talents, Matt. 25.14--30. kingdom divided against itself, Mark 3. 24. house divided against itself, Mark 3. 25. strong man armed, Mark 3. 27; Luke 11. 21. seed growing secretly, Mark 4. 26--29. lighted candle, Mark 4. 21; Luke 11. 33-36. man taking a far journey, Mark 13. 34--37. "blind leading the blind, Luke 6. 39. beam and mote, Luke 6. 41, 42. .* tree and its fruit, Luke 6. 43--45. ' t creditor and debtors, Luke 7. 41--47. '^k good Samaritan, Luke 10. 30--37. friend at midnight, Luke 11. 5--9. rich fool, Luke 12.16--21. cloud and wind, Luke 12. 54--57. barren fig tree, Luke 13. 6--9. chief seats in a feast, Luke 14. 7--11. builder of a tower, Luke 14. 28--30, 33. king going to war, Luke 14. 31--33. savour of salt, Luke 14. 34, 35. lost sheep, Luke 15. 3--7. lost piece of silver, Luke 15. 8--10. prodigal son, Luke 15.11--32, unjust steward, Luke 16.1--8. rich man and Lazarus, Luke 16.19--31. unprofitable servant, Luke 17. 7. importunate widow, Luke 18.1--8. Pharisee and Publican, Luke 18. 9--14, pounds, Luke 19.12--27. Bread of Life, John 6. 47. Good Shepherd, John 10.1--6. Vine and branches, John 15.1--5. -------HIS MIRACLES:-- * water turned into wine, John 2. 6--10. nobleman's son healed, John 4. 46--53. centurion's servant healed, Matt. 8. 5--13. draughts of fishes, Luke 5. 4--6; John 21. 6. devils cast out, Matt. 8. 28--32; 9. 32, 33; 15. 22 --28; 17.14-18; Markl. 23-27. Peter's wife's mother healed, Matt. 8.14,15. lepers cleansed, Matt. 8. 3; Luke 17714. paralytic healed, Mark 2. 3--12. withered hand restored, Matt. 12.10--13. impotent man healed, John 5. 5--9. the dead raised to life, Matt. 9. 18, 19, 23--25; Luke 7.12-15; John 11.11-44. issue of blood stopped, Matt. 9. 20--22. the blind restored to sight, Matt. 9.27--30; Mark 8.22-25; John 9.1-7. the deaf and dumb cured, Mark 7. 32--35. the multitude fed, Matt. 14.15--21; 15. 32--38. His walking on the sea, Matt. 14. 25--27. the tribute-money, Matt. 17. 27. tempest stilled, Matt. 8. 23-26; Mark 4. 37; Luke 8. 23. sudden arrival of the ship, John 6. 21. woman healed of infirmity, Luke 13.11--13. dropsy cured, Luke 14. 2--4. fig tree blighted, Matt. 21. 19. Malchus healed, Luke 22. 50, 51. miracles performed before the messengers of John, Luke 7. 21, 22. many and divers diseases healed, Matt. 4. 23, 24; 14.14; 15. 30; Mark 1. 34; Luke 6.17--19. His transfiguration, Matt. 17. 1--8. His resurrection, Luke 24. 6, with John 10.18. His appearance to His disciples, the doors being shut, John 20.19. His ascension, Acts 1. 9. -------CHARACTER OF:-- holy, Luke 1. 35; Acts 4. 27; Rev. 3. 7. righteous, Is. 53.11; Heb. 1. 9. good, Matt. 19.16. faithful, Is. 11. 5; 1 Thess. 5. 24. true, John 1.14; 7.18; 1 John 5. 20. just, Zech. 9. 9; John 5. 30; Acts 22.14. guileless, Is. 53. 9; 1 Pet. 2. 22. sinless, John 8. 46; 2 Cor. 5. 21. spotless, 1 Pet. 1.19. innocent, Matt. 27. 4. harmless, Heb. 7. 26. resisting temptation, Matt. 4.1--10. obedient to God the Father, Ps. 40. 8; John 4. 34; 15.10. subject to His parents, Luke 2. 51. zealous, Luke 2. 49; John 2.17; 8. 29. meek, Is. 53. 7; Zech. 9. 9; Matt. 11. 29. lowly in heart, Matt. 11. 29. merciful, Heb. 2.17. patient, Is. 53. 7; Matt. 27.14. long-suffering, 1 Tim. 1. 16. compassionate, Is. 40. 11; Matt. 15. 32; Luke 7. 13; 19.41. benevolent, Matt. 4. 23, 24; 9.35; Acts 10. 38. loving, John 13.1; 15.13. self-denying, Matt. 8. 20; 2 Cor. 8. 9. humble, Luke 22. 27; Phil. 2. 8. resigned, Luke 22. 42. forgiving, Luke 23. 34. saints to be conformed to, Rom. 8. 29. -------COMPASSION OF :-- necessary to His priestly office, Heb. 5. 2, with verse 7. Manifested fob the weary and heavy-laden, Matt. 11. 28--30. weak in faith, Is. 40. 11; 42. 3, with Matt. 12. 20. tempted, Heb. 2.18. afflicted, Luke 7.13; John 11. 33. diseased, Matt. 14.14; Mark 1. 41. poor, Mark 8. 2. perishing sinners, Matt. 9. 36; Luke 12. 41; John 3.16. an encouragement to prayer, Heb. 4.15. -------GLORY OF:- as divine, John 1.1--5; Phil. 2. 6, 9,10. God the Son, Matt. 3.17; Heb. 1. 6, 8. equal to the Father, John 10. 30, 38. the Firstborn, Col. 1. 5,18. the Firstbegotten, Heb. 1. 6. Lord of lords, &c. Rev. 17.14. the image of God, Col, 1.15; Heb. 1. 3. Creator, John 1. 3; Col. 1.16; Heb. 1. 2. the Blessed of God, Ps. 45. 2. Mediator, 1 Tim. 2. 5; Heb. 8. 6. Prophet, Deut. 18.15,16, with Acts 3. 22. Priest, Ps. 110. 4; Heb. 4.15. King, Is. 6.1--5, with John 12. 41. Judge, Matt. 16. 27; 25. 31, 33. Shepherd, Is. 40. 10, 11; Ezek. 34; John 10; 11; 14. Head of the Church, Eph. 1. 22. the true Light, Luke 1. 78, 79; John 1. 4, 9. the foundation of the Church, Is. 28.16. the Way, John 14. 6; Heb. 10.19, 20. the Truth, 1 John 5. 20; Rev. 3. 7. the Life, John 11.25; Col. 3.4; 1 John 5.11. Incarnate, John 1.14. in His words, Luke 4. 22; John 7. 46. His works, Matt. 13. 54; John 2. 11. His sinless perfection, Heb. 7. 26--28. the fulness of His grace and truth, Ps. 45. 2, with John 1.14. His transfiguration, Matt. 17. 2, with 2 Pet. 1.16-18. His exaltation, Acts 7. 55, 56; Eph. 1. 21. celebrated by the redeemed, Rev. 5. 8--14; 7. 9 --12. revealed in the gospel, Is. 40. 5. saints shall rejoice at the revelation of, 1 Pet. 4.13. saints shall behold, in heaven, John 17. 24. -------DIVINE NATURE OF:- as Jehovah, Col. 1.16; Is. 6. 1--3, with John 12. 41; Is. 8. 13, 14, with 1 Pet. 2. 8; Is. 40. 3, with Matt. 3. 3; Is. 40. 11; 44. 6, with Rev. 1. 17; Is. 48. 12--16, with Rev. 22. 13; Jer. 23. 5, 6, with 1 Cor. 1. 30; Joel 2. 32, with Acts 2. 21, and 1 Cor. 1. 2; Mai. 3. 1, with Mark 1. 2, and Luke 2.27; Heb. 13. 20; James. 20 2t. 1. the Eternal God and Creator, Judge and Saviour, Ps. 45. 6, 7; 102. 24-27, with Heb. 1. 8, 10--12; Is. 9. 6; Eccles. 12.14, with 1 Cor. 4. 5; Jer. 10.10, with John 15. 20; Hos. 1. 7, with Tit. 2.13; John 1.1; Rom. 9. 5; 2 Cor. 5.10; 2 Tim. 4.1. fellow and equal to God, Zech. 13. 7; John 5. 17, 23; 16. 15; Phil. 2. 6; 1 Thess. 3. 11; 2 Thess. 2.16,17. the Lord from heaven, Lord of the sabbath, and Lord of all, Gen. 2. 3, with Matt. 12. 8; Acts 10. 36; Rom. 10.11-13; 1 Cor. 15. 47. as Son of God, Matt. 26. 63--67; John 1.14, 18; 3.16,18; 1 John 4. 9. one with the Father, John 10. 30, 38; 12. 45; 14. 7--10; 17.10. sending the Spirit, equally with the Father, John 14.16, with John 15. 26. Creator, Supporter, and Preserver of all things, John 1. 3; Col. 1.16,17; Heb. 1. 2, 3. possessed of the fulness of the Godhead, Col. 2.9; Heb. 1.3. raising the dead, John 5. 21; 6. 40, 54. raising Himself from the dead, John 2.19, 21; 10.18. Eternal, Omnipresent, Omnipotent, and Omniscient, Ps. 45. 3; Is. 9. 6; Mic. 5. 2; Matt. 18. 20; 28. 20; John 1.1; 3. 13; 16. 30; 21. 17; Phil. 3. 21; Col. 1. 17; Heb. 1. 8-10; Rev. 1. 8. God, He redeems, purifies, and presents the Church unto Himself, Eph. 5. 27, with Jude 24, 25; Rev. 5. 9, with Tit, 2.14. acknowledged by voice from heaven, Matt. 3.17; 17. 5; John 12. 28. His blood the blood of God, Acts 20. 28. object of divine worship, Acts 7. 59; 2 Cor. 12. 8, 9; Heb. 1. 6; Rev. 5.12. object of faith, Ps. 2. 12, with 1 Pet. 2. 6; Jer. 17. 5, 7, with John 14.1. saints live unto Him as God, Rom. 6. 11, and Gal. 2. 19, with 2 Cor. 5.15. acknowledged by Thomas, John 20. 28. -------HUMAN NATURE OF:-- Peoved by His conception, Matt. 1.18; Luke 1. 31. birth, Matt. L16, 25; 2. 2; Luke 2. 7,11. partaking of our flesh and blood, John 1. 14; Heb. 2.14. having a human soul, Matt. 26. 38; Luke 23. 46; Acts 2. 31. circumcision, Luke 2. 21. increase in wisdom and stature, Luke 2. 52. weeping, Luke 19. 41; John 11. 35. hungering, Matt. 4. 2; 21.18. thirsting, John 4. 7 ; 19. 28. sleeping, Matt. 8. 24; Mark 4. 38. weariness, John 4. 6. man of sorrows, Is. 53. 3, 4; Luke 22. 44; John 11 33 * 12 27 buffeted, Matt! 26. 67; Luke 22. 64. enduring indignities, Luke 23.11. scourged, Matt. 27. 26; John 19.1. nailed to the cross, Luke 23. 33, with Ps. 22.16. death, John 19. 30. pierced side, John 19. 34. burial, Matt. 27. 59, 60; Mark 15. 46. resurrection, Acts 3.15; 2 Tim. 2. 8. being called like us in all things except sin, Acts 3. 22; Phil. 2. 7, 8; Heb. 2.17; without sin, John 8. 46; 18. 38; Heb. 4.15; 7. 26, 28; IPet. 2. 22; 1 John 3. 5. evidence of the senses appealed to, John 20. 27; 1 John 1.1, 2. necessary to His mediatorial office, Rom. 6. 15, 19; 1 Cor. 15. 21; Gal. 4. 4, 5; 1 Tim. 2. 5; Heb. 2.17. Was or the seed of the woman, Gen. 3. 15; Is. 7. 4; Jer. 31. 22; Luke 1. 31; Gal. 4. 4. Abraham, Gen. 22. 18, with Gal. 3. 16; Heb. 2.16. David, 2 Sam. 7.12,16; Ps. 89. 35, 36; Jer. 23. 5; Matt. 22. 42; Mark 10. 47; Acts 2. 30; 13. 23; Rom. 1. 3. genealogies of, Matt. 1.1; Luke 3. 23. attested by Himself, Matt. 8. 20; 16.13. confession of, a test of belonging to God, 1 John 4. 2. acknowledged by men, Mark 6. 3; John 7. 27; 19.5; Acts 2. 22. denied by Antichrist, 1 John 4. 3; 2 John 7. -------TITLES OF :-- Adam, the Second, 1 Cor. 15. 45. Advocate, 1 John 2.1. Alpha and Omega, Rev. 1. 8; 22.13. Amen, Rev. 3.14. Apostle of our Profession, Heb. 3.1. Author and Finisher of our faith, Heb. 12. 2. Beginning of the creation of God, Rev. 3.14. Blessed and only Potentate, 1 Tim. 6. 15. Captain of Salvation, Heb. 2.10. Chief Corner Stone, Eph. 2. 20; 1 Pet. 2. 6. Chief Shepherd, 1 Pet. 5. 4. Dayspring, Luke 1. 78. Desire of all nations, Hag. 2. 7. Emmanuel, Matt. 1. 23, with Is. 7.14; 8. 8. Everlasting Father, Is. 9. 6. Faithful Witness, Rev. 1. 5; 3.14. First and Last, Rev. 1.17; 2. 8. God, John 20. 28; 1 John 5. 20. Good Shepherd, John 10.14. Governor, Matt. 2. 6. Great High Priest, Heb. 3.1; 4.14. Head of the Church, Eph. 5. 23; Col. 1.18. Heir of all things, Heb. 1. 2. Holy One, Ps. 16.10, with Acts 2. 27, 31; Is. 41. 14; Mark 1.24. Horn of Salvation, Luke 1. 69. I AM, John 8. 58 (cf. Ex. 3.14). Jesus, Matt. 1. 21; 1 Thess. 1.10. Just One, Acts 7. 52. King, Matt. 2. 2; 21. 5, with Zech. 9. 9; John 1. 49; 1 Tim. 6.15; Rev. 15. 3; 17. 14. Lamb, John 1. 29, 36; Rev. 5. 6, 12; 13. 8; 21. 22; 22. 3. Lamb of God. See Lamb. Lion of tribe of Judah, Rev. 5. 5. See Gen. 49. 9. Lord of All, Acts 10. 36. Lord of Glory, 1 Cor. 2. 8. Lord God Almighty, Rev. 15. 3; 22. 6. Lord oub Righteousness, Jer. 23. 6. Mediator, 1 Tim. 2. 5. Messenger of the Covenant, Mai. 3.1. Messiah, Dan. 9. 25; John 1. 41. Mighty One of Jacob, Is. 60.16. Morning Star, Rev. 22.16. Nazarene, Matt. 2. 23. Prince of Life, Acts 3.15. Prince of Peace, Is. 9. 6. Prince of the kings of the earth, Rev. 1.5. Prophet, Luke 24.19; John 7. 40. Redeemer, Job 19. 25; Is. 59. 20; 60.16. , Resurrection and Life, John 11. 25. Root of David, Rev. 22.16. Root of Jesse, Is. 11.10. same yesterday, to day, and for ever, Heb. 13.8. Saviour, 2 Pet. 2. 20; 3. 18. Shepherd and Bishop of Souls, 1 Pet. 2.25. Son of David, Matt. 9. 27. Son of God, Luke 1. 35; John 1. 49. Son of Man, John 5. 27; 6. 27. Son of the Blessed, Mark 14. 61. Son of the Highest, Luke 1. 32. Sun of Righteousness, Mai. 4. 2. Way, Truth, and Life, John 14. 6. Wonderful, Counsellor, Mighty God, Is. 9. 6. Word, John 1.1; 1 John 5. 7. Word of God, Rev. 19. 13. Word of Life, 1 John 1.1. .-------THE HEAD OF THE CHURCH:- appointed by God, Eph. 1. 22. declared by Himself head of the corner, Matt. 21. 42. declared by St. Paul, Eph. 4.12,15; 5. 23. as such has preeminence in all things, 1 Cor. 11. 3; Eph. 1.22; Col. 1.18. commissioned His apostles, Matt. 10.1, 7; 28.19; John 20. 21. instituted the sacraments, Matt. 28.19; Luke 22. 19, 20. imparted gifts, Ps. .68.18, with Eph. 4. 8. saints complete in, Col. 2.10. -------TYPES OF:-- Aaron, Ex. 28.1; Lev. 16.15; Heb. 4.15; 12.24. Abel, Gen. 4. 8,10; Heb. 12. 24. Abraham, Gen. 17. 5; Eph. 3.15. Adam, Rom. 5.14; 1 Cor. 15. 45. David, 2 Sam. 8. 15; Ps. 89. 19; Ezek. 37. 24; Phil. 2.. 9. Eliakim, Is. 22. 20. Isaac, Gen. 22. 2: Heb. 11.17. Jacob, Gen. 32. 28; John 11. 42; Heb. 7. 25. Jonah, Jonah 1.17; Matt. 12. 40. Joseph, Gen. 50.19, 20; Heb. 7. 25. Joshua, Josh. 1. 5; 11. 23; Acts 20.32: Heb. 4. 8. Melchizedek, Gen. 14.18, 20; Heb. 7.1. Moses, Num. 12. 7; Deut. 18.15; Acts 3. 22; 7. 37; Heb. 3. 2. Noah, Gen. 5. 29; 2 Cor. 1. 5. Samson, Judg. 16. 30; Col. 2. 14,15. Solomon, 2 Sam. 7.12; Luke 1. 32. Zerubbabel, Zech. 4. 7, 9; Heb. 12. 2, 3. ark, Gen. 7. 16; Ex. 25. 16; Ps. 40. 8; Is. 42. 6; 1 Pet. 3. 20, 21. Jacob's ladder, Gen. 28.12; John 1. 51. passover, Ex. 12; 1 Cor. 5. 7. lamb, Ex. 12. 3; Is. 53. 7; John 1. 29; Acts 8. 32; 1 Pet. 1.19; Rev. 5. 6; 6. 1; 7. 9; 12.11; 13. 8; 14. 1; 15. 3; 17. 14; 19. 7; 21. 9; 22.1. manna, Ex. 16.11; John 6. 32; Rev. 2.17. rock, Ex. 17. 6; 1 Cor. 10. 4. firstfruits, Ex. 22. 29; 1 Cor. 15. 20. golden candlestick, Ex. 25. 31; John 8.12. altar, brazen, Ex. 27.1, 2; Heb. 13. 10. laver, Ex. 30.18; Zech. 13.1; Eph. 5. 26. burnt offering, Lev. 1. 2; Heb. 10.10. peace offering, Lev. 3; Eph. 2.14. sin offering, Lev. 4. 2; Heb. 13.11. atonement, sacrifices upon day of, Lev. 16. 15; Heb. 9.12. scapegoat, Lev. 16. 20; Is. 53r 6. * brazen serpent, Num. 21. 9; John 3.14. cities of refuge, Num. 35. 6; Heb. 6.18. temple, 1 Kin. 6.1, 38: John 2. 21. tabernacle, Heb. 9. 8,11. veil, Heb. 10. 20. CHRISTS, false, and prophets, warnings against, Matt. 7. 15; 24. 4, 5, 11, 24; Mark 13. 22; Acts 20. 29; 2 Thess. 2. 8; 1 Tim. 4. 1; 2 Pet. 2. 1; Rev. 13. CHRISTIAN, none to be ashamed to suffer as, 1 Pet. 4.16. CHRISTIANS, disciples first called, at Antioch, Acts 11. 26. CHRYSOLITE and Chrysoprasus, Rev. 21. 20. CHURCH of God, Acts 20. 28; 1 Cor. 1. 2; 10. 32; 11. 22; 15. 9; Gal. 1.13; 1 Tim. 3. 5. foundation and increase of, Matt. 16. 18; Acts 2. 47; Col. 1.18. authority and teaching of, Matt. 18.17; Acts 11. 26, 27; ICor. 5. 4; 12/28. organization of, Acts 14. 23; 1 Cor. 4.17; 14. 4, 5. persecuted, Acts 8. 3; 12. 1; 15. 9; Gal. 1. 13; Phil. 3. 6. saluted, Acts 18. 22; Rom. 16. 5; 10. 16; 1 Cor. 16.19. loved of Christ, Eph. 5. 25, 29. edification of, 1 Cor. 14.4,19, 28, 34. CHURCHES, the seven, in Asia, Rev. 1. 4,11, 20; 2. 7, 11, 17, 29; 3. 6, 13, 22. CHURLISH, Nabal, 1 Sam. 25. 3. CHUSHAN-RISHATHAIM, oppresses Israel, Judg. 3. 8, 9, 10. CILICIA, disciples there, Acts 15. 23, 41. the country of Paul, Acts 21.39; Gal. 1. 21. Paul born at Tarsus in, Acts 22. 3. CIRCUMCISION, the covenant of, Gen. 17.10, 23, 24, 25. Shechemites submit to, Gen. 34. 24. Zipporah resents it, E*. 4. 25. incumbent on strangers sojourning, Ex. 12. 48. renewed by Joshua, Josh. 5. 2. of John, Luke 1. 59. of Jesus, Luke 2. 21. of Timothy, Acts 16. 3. superseded by the Gospel, Acts 15; Gal. 5. 2. of heart, Deut. 10.16; 30. 6. spiritual, Phil. 3. 3; Col. 2.11. when profitable, and how, Rom. 2. 25: 3. 30; 4.9; 1 Cor. 7.19; Gal. 5. 6; 6. 15. CIRCUMSPECTION, exhortations to, Ex. 23. 13; Eph. 5.15. CITIES, spared or besieged, Deut. 20.10. to be destroyed, Deut. 20.16. of refuge, Num. 35. 6; Deut. 19; Josh. 20. CLAUDIA, 2 Tim. 4. 21. CLAUDIUS. See CAESAR. CLAUDIUS LYSIAS, chief captain, rescues Paul, Acts 21. 31; 22. 24; 23.10; sends him to Felix, Acts 23. 26. CLEMENT, fellow labourer of Paul, Phil. 4. 3. CLEOPAS, a disciple, Luke 24.18. See Emmaus. CLOTHING, coats of skins the first, Gen. 3. 21. rending of, Gen. 37. 29, 34; Num. 14. 6; Judg. 11. 35; Acts 14.14. washing of, ordered, Ex. 19. 10; Lev. 11. 25; Num. 19. 7. CLOUD, pillar of, children of Israel guided by, , Ex. 13. 21; 14. 19; Neb, 9. 19; Ps. 78. 14; 105. (39; ICor. 10.1. appearance of the Lord in, Ex. 24.15; 34. 5; Lev. 16. 2; Num. 11. 25: 12. 5; 1 Kin. 8. 10; Ezek. 10. 4; Matt. 17. 5; Luke 21. 27; Rev. 14.14. COLLECTION for the saints, Acts 11. 29; Rom. 15.26; ICor. 16. 1. COLOSSE, brethren at, encouraged and warned, Col. 1; 2; exhorted to holiness, Col. 3; 4. COMFORT (one another), 1 Thess. 4. 18; 5. 11; Phil. 2.1. COMFORTER, the Spirit of Truth, John 14. 26; 15.26; 16.7. COMMAND of God to Adam, Gen. 2.16. to Moses, Ex. 3.14. to Joshua, Josh. 1. 9. of Moses to the sons of Levi, Deut. 31.10. of Christ to the twelve, Matt. 10. 5; Mark 16.15. to Peter, John 21.15. COMMANDMENTS (TEN) delivered, Ex. 20; 31. 18: Deut. 5. 6. two tables of, broken, Ex. 32.19. renewed, Ex. 34.1; Deut. 10.1. fulfilled by Christ, Matt. 5. 17; 19. 17; 22. 35; Mark 10.17; Luke 10. 25; 18.18. COMMUNION of the Body and Blood of Christ, 1 Cor. 10. 16. Lord's Supper instituted, Matt. 26. 26; Mark 14. 22; Luke 22. 19; 1 Cor. 11. 23. self-examination for, Acts 2. 42; 20. 7; 1 Cor. 10. 21; 11.28. unworthily partaken, 1 Cor. 11. 27. COMMUNION of Saints. See Fellowship. COMPANY, evil, to be avoided, Ps. 1. 1; 26. 4; Prov. 1. 10; 2. 12; 4. 14; 12. 11; 13. 20; 14. 7; 22. 24; 24. 19; 29. 3, 24; Rom. 1. 32; 1 Cor. 5. 9; 15. 33; Eph. 5. 7. COMPASSION, Job 6. 14; Ps. 35. 13; Zech. 7. 9; Rom. 12.15; 2 Cor. 11. 29; Gal. 6. 2; Col. 3.12; Heb. 13. 3; James 1. 27; 1 Pet. 3. 8. Christ's, Matt. 15. 32; 20. 34; Luke 7.13,21; Heb. 2.17; 4.15; 5.2. CONCEIT (pride), reproved, Prov. 3. 7; 12.15; 18. 11; 26. 5; 28.11; Is. 5. 21; Rom. 11. 25; 12.16. CONCUPISCENCE to be mortified, Col. 3. 5; 1 Thess. 4. 5. CONDEMNATION for sin, universal, Ps. 14. 3; 53. 3; Rom. 3. 12, 19; 5. 12; 6. 23. for unbelief, John 3. 18. by the law, 2 Cor. 3. 6, 9. by impenitence and hypocrisy, Matt. 11.20; 23.14. according to our deeds, 2 Cor. 11. 11. of false teachers, 2 Pet. 2.1: Jude 4. deliverance from, by Christ, John 3. 18; 5. 24; Rom. 8. 1, 33. final, Matt. 25. 46; Rev. 20.15. CONFESSION of Christ unto salvation, Matt. 10. 32; Mark 8. 35; John 12. 42; Rom. 10. 9; 2 Tim. 2. 12; 1 John 2. 23; 4.2. of sin, Lev. 5.5; Josh. 7.19; Dan. 9.20; 1 John 1.9. examples of, Num. 12. 11; 21. 7; Josh. 7. 20; 1 Sam 7; 15. 24; Ezra 9. 6; Nell. 1. 6; 9; Ps. 51; Dan. 9. 4; Luke 23. 41. at the offering of firstfruits, Deut. 26.1. "one to another," James 5.16. CONFIDENCE, through faith, Prov. 3. 26; 14. 26; Eph. 3. 12; Heb. 3. 6, 14; 10. 35; 1 John 2. 28; 3. 21; 5. 14. none in the flesh, Phil. 3. 3. CONGREGATION (of Israel), all to keep the pass-over, Ex. 12, &c. sin offering for, Lev. 4.13; 16. 17. to stone offenders, Lev. 24.14; Num. 14.10; 15. 35. who not to enter, Deut. 23.1. CONIES described, Ps. 104. 18; Prov. 30. 26. pronounced unclean, Lev. 11. 5; Deut. 14. 7. CONSCIENCE convicts of sin, Gen. 3. 10; 4. 13; 42. 21; 1 Sam. 24. 5; Prov. 20. 27; Matt. 27. 3; Luke 9. 7; John 8. 9; Rom. 2.15. purified bj faith, 1 Tim. 1.19; 3. 9; 2 Tim. 1. 3. purified by blood of Christ, Heb. 9.14; 10. 2, 22. a good, Heb. 13. 18; 1 Pet. 3. 16. effects of a good, Acts 24.16; Rom. 13. 5; 14. 22; 2 Cor 1. 12; 1 Pet. 2.19. of others to be respected, Rom. 14. 21; 1 Cor. 8; 10. 28. seared, 1 Tim. 4. 2; defiled, Tit. 1.15. ignorant, Acts 26. 9; Rom. 10. 2. CONSECRATION of priests, Ex. 29; Lev. 8. of the Levites, Num. 8. 5. of Christ, Heb. 7; 8; 10. 20. CONSIDERATION, exhortations to, Deut. 4. 39; 32. 29; Job 23.15; 37.14; Ps. 8. 3; 50. 22; Prov. 6. 6; Eccles. 4. 1; 5. 1; 7. 13; Hag. 1. 5; Matt. 6. 28; 2 Tim. 2. 7; Heb. 3. 1; 7. 4; 10. 24; 12. 3. CONSOLATION under affliction, Deut. 33. 27; Job 19. 25; Ps. 10. 14; 23; 34. 6; 41. 3; 42. 5; 51. 17; 55. 22; 69. 29; 71. 9, 18; 73. 26; 94. 19; 119. 50; 126; Eccles. 7. 3; Is. 1. 18; 12. 1; Lam. 3. 22; Ezek. 14. 22; Hos. 2. 14; Mic. 7. 18; Zech. 1.17; Matt. 11. 28; Luke 4.18; 15; John 14; 15; 16; Rom. 15. 4; 16. 20; 1 Cor. 10. 13; 14. 3; 2 Cor. 1. 3; 5. 1; 7. 6; 12. 9; Col. 1. 11; 1 Thess. 4. 14; 5. 11; 2 Thess. 2.16; Heb. 4. 9; 6. 18; 12; James 1. 12: 4. 7; 2 Pet. 2. 9; Rev. 2.10; 7. 14; 14.13. CONSPIRACY against Christ, Matt. 26. 3; Mark 3. 6; 14.1; Luke 22. 2; John 11. 55; 13.18. against Paul, Acts 23. 12. CONSTANCY, Rom. 16. 4. of Ruth, Ruth 1.14. CONTENTMENT, godliness with, great gain, Ps. 37. 16; Prov. 30. 8; 1 Tim. 6. 6. exhortations to, Ps. 37.1; Luke 3.14; ICor. 7. 20; 1 Tim. 6. 8; Heb. 13. 5. CONTRIBUTION for saints, Acts 20. 35; Rom. 15. 26; 2 Cor. 8. CONTRITE heart not despised by God, Ps. 34,18; 51.17; Is. 57.15; 66.2. CONTROVERSIES, Deut. 17. 8; 19. 16; 21. 5. CONVERSATION (conduct), upright, Ps. 37. 14; 50. 23; Phil. 3. 20; 1 Tim. 4. 12; Heb. 13. 5: James 3. 13; 1 Pet. 2.12; 2 Pet. 3.11. as becometh the gospel, 2 Cor. 1. 12; Gal. 1.13; Eph. 4. 1; Phil. 1. 27; 1 Pet. 1.15; 2. 12. (speech). Of the Lord with Moses, Ex. 33.9. Jesus with Nicodemus, John 3; with the woman of Samaria, John 4. 7--27. On the walk to Em-maus, Luke 24. 13. Of Peter with Cornelius, Acts 10. 27. Of Festus and Agrippa, Acts 26. 31. See Col. 4. 6. CONVERSION of sinners proceeds from God, 1 Kin. 18. 37; Ps. 19. 7; 78. 34; Prov. 1. 23; Jer. 31. 18; John 6. 44; Acts 3. 26; 11. 21. See Ps. 51.13; Is. 1. 16; 6. 10; Ezek. 18. 23; 36. 25; Joel 2.13; 2 Cor. 5.17; 1 Thess. 1. 9. call to, Is. 1.16; Matt. 3. 2; 4. 17; 10. 7; Acts 2. 38; 17. 30; James 4. 8. prayer for, Ps. 80. 7; 85. 4; Lam. 5. 21. instruments of, blessed, Dan. 12. 3; 1 Tim. 4.16; James 5. 19. of the Jews, Acts 2. 41; 4. 32; 6. 7. of Paul, Acts 9; 22; 26. of the Gentiles, foretold, Is. 2. 2; 11.10; 60. 5; 66. 12; fulfilled, Acts 8. 26; 10; 15. 3; Rom. 10; 11; 1 Cor. 1; Eph. 2; 3; 1 Thess. 1. COOS, Paul sails to, Acts 21.1. COPY of the law to be written by the king, Deut. 17. 18. CORBAN, a gift, Mark 7.11. CORINTH, Paul and Apollos at, Acts 18; 19.1. CORINTHIANS, their divisions, &c. censured, ICor. 1; 5; 11.18. their faith and graces, 2 Cor. 3. instructed concerning spiritual gifts, 1 Cor. 14; and the resurrection, 1 Cor. 15. exhorted to charity, &c. 1 Cor. 13; 14.1; 2 Cor. 8; 9. their false teachers exposed, 2 Cor. 11. 3, 4,13. Paul commends himself to, 2 Cor. 11; 12. CORNELIUS, devout centurion, his prayer answered, Acts 10. 3; sends for Peter, 10. 9; baptized, 10. 48. CORRECTION by God, Job 5.17; Prov. 3.12. COUNCIL of the Jews, Matt. 26. 3, 59; Mark 15.1. the apostles arraigned before, Acts 4; 5. 29. Paul's discourse before, Acts 23. COUNSEL, advantage of good, Prov, 12. 15; 13. 10; 20.18; 27.9. OF God, asked by Israel, Judg. 20.18. by Saul, 1 Sam. 14. 37. by David, 1 Sam. 23. 2, 10: 30. 8; 1 Chr. 14.10. See Ps. 16. 7; 33.11; 73. 24; Prov. 8.14; Rev. 3. 18. danger of rejecting, 2 Chr. 25.16; Prov. 1.25, 26; Jer. 23. 18--22; Luke 7. 30. of the wicked, condemned, Job 5.13; 10. 3; 21. 16; Ps. 1.1; 5. 10; 33. 10; 64. 2-7; 81. 12; 106. 43: Is. 7. 5; Hos. 11. 6; Mic. 6.16. COUNSELLORS, safety in multitude of, Prov. 11. 14; 15. 22; 24. 6. COURAGE, exhortations to. Num. 13. 20; Deut. 31. 6: Josh. 1. 6; 10. 25; 2 Sam. 10. 12; 2 Chr. 19. 11; Ezra 10. 4; Ps. 27.14; 31. 24; Is. 41. 6; 1 Cor. 16.13; Eph. 6. 10. through faith: Abraham, Heb. 11. 8, 17. Moses, Heb. 11. 25. Israelites, Heb. 11. 29. Barak, Judg. 4.16. Gideon, Judg. 7.1. Jephthah, Judg. 11. 29. Samson, Judg. 16. 28. Jonathan, 1 Sain. 14. 6. Daniel, Dan. 6.10, 23. Jonah, Jonah 3. 3. See Boldness, Confidence. COURSES of the Levites established by David, IChr. 23; 24. See Luke 1. 5. of the singers, 1 Chr. 25. of the porters, 1 Chr. 26. of the captains, 1 Chr. 27. COURT of the tabernacle described, Ex. 27. 9; 38. 9. COURTESY, exhortation to, Col. 4. 6; James 3.17; 1 Pet. 3. 8. examples of, Acts 27. 3; 28. 7. COVENANT of GOD:-- with Noah, Gea 6.18; 9. 8. with Abraham, Gen. 15. 7,18; 17. 2 (Luke 1. 72; Acts 3. 25; Gal. 3.16, 17). with Isaac, Gen. 17.19; 26. 3. with Jacob, Gen. 28. 13 (Ex. 2. 24; 6. 4; 1 Chr. 16.16). with the Israelites, Ex. 6. 4; 19. 5; 24; 34. 27; Lev. 26. 9; Deut. 5. 2; 9. 9; 26.16; 29; Judg. 2. 1; Jer. 11; 31. 33; Acts 3. 25. ? [f]. with Phinehas, Num. 25.13. with David, 2 Sam. 23. 5; Ps. 89. 3, 28, 34. See Ps. 25. 14. God mindful of, Deut. 7. 9; 1 Kin. 8. 23; Ps. 105.8; 111. 5, &c. danger of despising, Deut. 28.15; Jer. 11.2; Heb. 10. 29. COVENANT, signs of:--salt, Lev. 2.13; Num. 18. 19; 2 Chr. 13. 5; the sabbath, Ex. 31.12. book of the, Ex. 24. 7; 2 Kin. 23. 2; Heb. 9.19. -------between Abraham and Abimelech, Gen. 21. 27. Joshua and Israelites, Josh. 24. 25. David and Jonathan, 1 Sam. 18. 3; 20.16; 23.18. New Covenant, Jer. 31. 31; Rom. 11.27; Heb. 8. 8. ratified by Christ (Mai. 3. 1), Luke 1. 68--80; Gal. 3. 17; Heb. 8. 6; 9.15; 12. 24. a covenant of peace, Is. 54.10; Ezek. 34.25; 37.26. unchangeable, Ps. 89. 34; Is. 54.10; 59. 21. everlasting, Gen. 9.16; 17.13; Lev. 24. 8; Is. 55. 3; 61. 8; Ezek. 16. 60, 62; 37. 26; Heb. 13. 20. COVETOUSNESS described, Ps. 10. 3: Prov. 21. 26; Eccles. 4. 8; 5. 10; Ezek. 33. 31; Hab. 2; Mark 7. 22; Eph. 5.5; 1 Tim. 6.10; 2 Pet. 2.14. forbidden, Ex. 20.17; Luke 12.15; Rom. 13. 9. its evil consequences, Prov. 1.18; 15. 27; 28. 20; Ezek. 22.13; 1 Tim. 6. 9. its punishment, Job 20. 15; Is. 5. 8; 57.17; Jer. 6. 12; 22. 17; Mic. 2. 1; Hab. 2. 9; 1 Cor. 5.10; 6. 10; Eph. 5. 5; Col. 3. 5. of Laban, Gen. 31. 41. of Balaam, Num. 22. 21 (2 Pet. 2.15; Jude 11). of Achan, Josh. 7. 21. of Saul, 1 Sam. 15. 9. of Ahab, 1 Kin. 21. of Gehazi, 2 Kin. 5. 20. of Judas, Matt. 26.14. of Ananias and Sapphira, Acts 5. of Felix, Acts 24. 26. COZBI slain by Phinehas, Num. 25.15. CREATION of the world, Gen. 1; 2. the new, Rev. 22. CREATURE, a new, 2 Cor. 5.17; Gal. 6.15; Bph. 2.10; 4.24. See Rom. 8.19. CREATURES, the four living, vision of, Ezek. 1. 5. CREDITOR, parable of the, Luke 7. 41; of two creditors, Matt. 18. 23. CRESCENS goes to Dalmatia, 2 Tim. 4.10. CRETE visited by Paul, Acts 27. 7. CRETIANS, their character, Tit. 1.12. CRIPPLE healed at Lystra, Acts 14. 8. CRISPUS baptized by Paul, Acts 18.8; 1 Cor. 1.14. CROSS, Christ dies upon the, Matt. 27. 32; Phil. 2. 8; Heb. 12. 2. preaching of, 1 Cor. 1.18. to be taken up, self-denial, Matt. 10. 38; 16. 24; offence of the, Gal. 5.11; persecution for, Gal. 6.12. CROWN (and mitre), high priest's, Ex. 29. 6; 39. 30; Lev. 8. 9. of thorns, John 19. 5. of righteousness, 2 Tim. 4. 8. of life, James 1.12; Rev. 2.10. of glory, 1 Pet. 5. 4. incorruptible, 1 Cor. 9. 25. See Rev. 4. 4; 9. 7; 12 3 * 13 1 * 19 12 CRUELTY condemned, Ex. 23. 5; Ps. 27.12; Prov. 11.17; 12.10; Ezek. 18.18. 49.5. of Simeon and Levi, Gen. 34. 25; of Pharaoh, Ex. 1. 8. of Adoni-bezek, Judg. 1. 7. of Herod, Matt. 2. 16 (Judg. 9. 5; 2 Kin, 3. 27; 10; 15.16). CURSE upon the earth in consequence of the fall, Gen. 3.17. upon Cain, Gen. 4.11. on Canaan, Gen. 9. 25. by Job on his birth, Job 3.1. also by Jeremiah, Jer. 20.14. Deut. Prov. upon the breakers of the law, Lev. 26.14; 11. 26; 27.13; 28.15; 29.19; Josh. 8. 34; 3. 33. Christ redeems from, Rom. 3; Gal. 3.1. CURSED, who so called, Deut. 27. 15; Prov. 11. 26; 27.14; Jer. 11.3; 17.5; Lam. 3.65; Zech. 5. 3; Mal. 1.14; Matt. 25. 41; Gal. 3.10; 2 Pet. 2.14. of God to be cut off, Ps. 37. 22. CURSING forbidden, Ex. 21.17; Ps. 109.17; Prov. 30. 11; James & 10. to return blessing for, Matt. 5. 44; Rom. 12.14. CURTAINS of the tabernacle described, Ex. 26; 3a CUSHI announces Absalom's death, 2 Sam. 18. 21. CUTTING the flesh forbidden, Lev. 19. 28; Deut. 14.1; practised by prophets of Baal, 1 Kin. 18.28. CYMBALS used in worship, 2 Sam. 6.5; 1 Chr. 15. 16; 16.5; Ps. 150. 5. tinkling, 1 Cor. 13.1. CYPRUS, disciples there, Acts 11.19. Paul and Barnabas preach there, Acts 13. 4.^y Barnabas and Mark go there, Acts 15. 39. CYRENE, disciples of, Acts 11. 20; 13. 1. Simon of, Mark 15. 21. CYRENIUS, governor of Syria, Luke 2. 2. CYRUS, king of Persia, prophecies concerning, Is. 44. 28; 45.1. See Dan. 6. 28; 10.1. his proclamation for rebuilding the temple, 2 Chr. 36. 22; Ezra 1. __________________________________________________________________ DAGON, national idol-god of the Philistines, sacrificed to, Judg. 16. 23. smitten down in temple at Ashdod, 1 Sam. 5. 3, 4. Saul's heacLfastened in house of, 1 Chr. 10.10. DAMARIS cleaves to Paul, Acts 17. 34. DAMASCUS mentioned, Gen. 15. 2. subjugated by David, 2 Sam. 8. 6; 1 Chr. 18. 6. Elisha's prophecy there, 2 Kin. 8.. 7. taken by Tiglath-pileser, king of Assyria, 2 Kin. 16.9. restored to Israel by Jeroboam, 2 Kin. 14.28. king Ahaz copies an altar there, 2 Kin. 16.10. Paul's journey to, Acts 9; 22. ft. Paul restored to sight, and baptized there, Acts 9.17,18. prophecies concerning, Is. 7. 8; 8. 4; 17.1; Jer. 49. 23; Amosl. 3. DAMNATION, Matt. 23. 14; Mark 16. 16; John 5. 29; Rom. 3. 8; 13. 2; 2 Thess. 2.12; 1 Tim. 5. 12; 2 Pet. 2. a DAN, son of Jacob, by Rachel's handmaid, Gen. 30.6. -------Tkibe of, numbered. Num. 1. 38; 26. 42. their inheritance, Josh. 19. 40. blessed by Jacob, Gen. 49.16. blessed by Moses, Deut. 33. 22. win Laish, and call it Dan, Judg. 18. 29. set up idolatry, Judg. 18. 30; 1 Kin. 12. 29. DANCING, as a mark of rejoicing, Ex. 15. 20; 32. 19; Judg. 11. 34; 1 Sam. 21. 11; 2 Sam. 6. 14; Eccles. 3. 4. of Herodias's daughter pleases Herod, Matt. 14. 6; Mark 6. 22. DANIEL (Belteshazzar), with other captives, taken from Jerusalem to Babylon, Dan. 1. 3. taught the learning of the Chaldeans, Dan. 1.4. will not take the king's meat or drink, Dan. 1. 8. has understanding in dreams, Dan. 1.17. interprets the royal dreams, Dan. 2; 4; and handwriting on wall, Dan. 5.17. made chief president by Darius, Dan. 6. 2. conspired against by the princes, Dan. 6. 4. idolatrous decree against, issued, Dan. 6. 9; breach thereof, Dan. 6. 10. cast into the lions' den, Dan. 6.16; preservation in, Dan. 6. 22. his vision of the four beasts, Dan. 7. 12; ram and he-goat, Dan. 8. 3. his prayer, Dan. 9. 3. promise of return from captivity, Dan. 9. 20; 10.10; 12.13. name mentioned, Ezek. 14.14, 20: 28. 3. DARIUS (the Median) takes Babylon, Dan. 5. 31; his decree to fear the God of Daniel, Dan. 6. 25. *-------(another), decree concerning the rebuilding of the temple, Ezra 6. DARKNESS divided from light, Gen. 1.18. created by God, Is. 45. 7. supernatural, Gen. 15.12; Ex. 10. 21; 14. 20; Josh. 24. 7; Rev. 8. 12; 9. 2; 16. 10. at the crucifixion, Matt. 27. 45; Mark 15. 33; Luke 23. 44. figurative of punishment. Matt. 8.12; 22.13; 2 Pet 2. 4, 17; Jude 6. of the mind, Job 37. 19; Prov. 2. 13; Eccles. 2. 14; Is. 9.2; 42.7; John 1.5; 3.19; 8.12; 12.35; Rom. 13. 12; 1 Cor. 4. 5; 2 Cor. 4. 6; 6. 14; Eph. 5. 8; 1 Thess. 5. 4; 1 Pet. 2. 9; 1 John 1. 5; 2. 9. powers of, Luke 22. 53; Eph. 6.12; Col. 1.13. DATHAN. £see ABIRAM. DAUGHTERS, their inheritance determined, Num. 27. 6; 36. DAVID, King, son of Jesse, Ruth 4. 22; 1 Chr. 2; Matt. 1. anointed by Samuel, 1 Sam. 16. 8. plays the harp before Saul, 1 Sam. 16.19. his zeal and faith, 1 Sam. 17. 26, 34. kills Goliath of Gath, 1 Sam. 17. 40. at first honoured by Saul, 1 Sam. 18. Saul jealous of, tries to kill, 1 Sam. 18.8,12. afterwards persecuted by him, 1 Sam. 19; 20. loved by Jonathan, 1 Sam. 18. 1; 19. 2; 20; 23. 16; and by Michal, 1 Sam. 18. 28; 19.11; Ps. 5. 9. overcomes the Philistines, 1 Sam. 18.27; 19. 8. flees to Naioth, 1 Sam. 19. 18. eats of the shewbread, 1 Sam. 21; Ps. 52; Matt. 12. 4. flees to Gath, and feigns madness, 1 Sam. 21.10, 13; Ps. 34; 56. dwells in the cave of Adullam, 1 Sam. 22; Ps. 63; 142. escapes Saul's pursuit, 1 Sam. 23; Ps. 57. twice spares Saul's life, 1 Sam. 24. 4; 26. 5. his wrath against Nabal appeased by Abigail, 1 Sam. 25. 23. dwells at Ziklag, 1 Sam. 27. dismissed from the army by Achish, 1 Sam. 29. 9. chastises the Amalekites, and rescues the captives, 1 Sam. 30.16. kills messenger who brings news of Saul's death, 2 Sam. 1.15. laments the death of Saul and Jonathan, 2 Sam. 1.17. becomes king of Judah, 2 Sam. 2. 4. forms a league with Abner, 2 Sam. 3.13. laments Abner's death, 2 Sam. 3. 31. avenges the murder of Ish-bosheth, 2 Sam. 4. 9. becomes king of all Israel, 2 Sam. 5. 3; 1 Chr. 11. his victories, 2 Sam. 5; 6; 8; 10; 12. 29; 21.15; 1 Chr 18-20; Ps. 60. brings the ark to Zion, 2 Sam. 6; 1 Chr. 13; 15. his psalms of thanksgiving, 2 Sam. 22; 1 Chr. 16.7; Ps. 18; 103; 105. Michal despises him for dancing before the ark, 2 Sam 6. 20; he reproves her, 2 Sam. 6. 21. desires to build God a house, 2 Sam. 7. 2; and is forbidden by Nathan, 1 Chr. 17. 4. God's promises to him, 2 Sam. 7.11; 1 Chr. 17.10. his prayer and thanksgiving, 2 Sam. 7.18; 1 Chr. 17.16. his consideration for Mephibosheth, 2 Sam. 9. his sin concerning Bath-sheba and Uriah, 2 Sam. 11; 12. repents at Nathan's parable of the ewe lamb, 2 Sam. 12; Ps. 51. Absalom conspires against, 2 Sam. 15; Ps. 3. Ahithophel's treachery against, 1 Sam. 15. 31: 16; 17. Shimei curses, 2 Sam. 16. 5; Ps. 7. Barzillai's loyalty, 2 Sam. 17. 27. grieves over Absalom's death, 2 Sam. 18. 33; 19.1. returns to Jerusalem, 2 Sam. 19.15. pardons Shimei, 2 Satn. 19.16. Sheba's conspiracy against, 2 Sam. 20. atones for the Gibeonites, 2 Sam. 21. his mighty men, 2 Sam. 23. 8; 1 Chr. 11.10. tempted by Satan, numbers the people, 2 Sam. 24;1 Chr. 21. regulates the service of the tabernacle, 1 Chr. 23-26. exhorts the congregation to fear God, 1 Chr. 28. appoints Solomon his successor, 1 Kin. 1; Ps. 72. his charge to Solomon, 1 Kin. 2; 1 Chr. 28. 9; to build a house for the sanctuary, 1 Chr. 22. 6; 28. 10. his last words, 2 Sam. 23. his death, 1 Kin. 2; 1 Chr. 29. 26. the progenitor of Christ, Matt. 1.1; 9. 27; 21. 9; comp. Ps. 110, with Matt. 22. 41; Luke 1. 32; John 7. 42; Acts 2. 25; 13. 22; 15.15; Rom. 1. 3; 2 Tim. 2. 8; Rev. 5. 5; 22.16. prophecies concerning, Ps. 89; 132; Is. 9. 7; 22. 22; 55. 3; Jer. 30. 9; Hos. 3.5; Amos 9.11. DAY, the last, Job 19. 25; Joel 2.11; Zeph. 1.14; John 6. 39; 11. 24; 12. 48; Rom. 2. 5; 1 Cor. 3. 13; Rev. 6.17; 16.14; 20. DAYS, last, mentioned, Is. 2. 2; Mic. 4.1; Acts 2.17; 2 Tim. 3.1; Heb. 1. 2; James 5. 3; 2 Pet. 3 3 DAYSPRING, from on high, Luke 1. 78. DAY STAR, in the heart, 2 Pet. 1.19. DEACONS appointed, Acts 6; Phil. 1.1. their qualifications, Acts 6. 3; 1 Tim. 3. 8. DEAD, the, Job 3.18; 14.12; Ps. 6. 5; 88.10; 115. 17; 146. 4; Eccles. 9. 5; 12. 7 ; Is. 38.18. resurrection of, Job 19. 26; Ps. 49. 15; Is. 26.19; Dan. 12.2,13; John 5.25; 1 Cor. 15.12. raised by Elijah, 1 Kin. 17.17; by Elisha, 2 Kin. 4. 32; 13. 21; by Christ, Matt. 9. 24; Mark 5. 41; Luke 7.12; 8. 54; John 11; by Peter, Acts 9. 40; by Paul, Acts 20.10. sleep in Jesus, 1 Thess. 4.13. DEAF, cursing the, forbidden, Lev. 19.14. healed by Christ, Mark 7. 32; 9. 25. DEAL, a measure, Ex. 29. 40; Lev. 14.10. DEATH, the consequence of Adam's sin, Gen. 2. 17; 3.19; Rom. 5.12; 6. 23; 1 Cor. 15. 21. universal, Job 1. 21; 3.17; 14.1; 21. 13; Ps. 49. 19; 89. 48; Eccles. 5. 15; 8. 8; 9. 5, 10; 11. 8; Heb. 9. 27. threatened, Rom. 1. 32. characterized, Gen. 3. 19; Deut. 31. 16 (John 11. 11); Job 1. 21; 3.13; 10. 21; 12. 22; 14. 2; 16. 22 ; 24. 17; Ps. 16. 10; 23. 4; 104. 29; Eccles. 9. 10; Hab. 2. 5; Luke 12. 20; 2 Cor. 5.1, 8; Phil. 1.23; 1 Tim. 6. 7; 2 Pet. 1.14. as a punishment, Gen. 9. 6; Ex. 21. 12; 22. 18; 31. 14; 35. 2; Lev. 20. 2; 21. 9; 1 Kin. 21. 10; Matt. 15. 4. vanquished by Christ, Rom. 6. 9; 1 Cor. 15. 26 (Hos. 13.14); 2 Tim. 1.10; Heb. 2.15; Rev. 1.18. prayers and exhortations concerning, 2 Kin. 20. 1; Ps. 39; 90; Eccles. 9. 10; John 9. 4; 1 Pet. 1.24. unknown in heaven, Luke 20. 36; Rev. 21. 4. persons exempted from:--Enoch, Gen. 5. 24; Heb. 11. 5; Elijah. 2 Kin. 2. 11. See 1 Cor. 15. 51; 1 Thess. 4.17. spiritual, Is. 9. 2; Matt. 4.16; 8.22; Luke 1.79; John 6. 53; Rom. 5. 15; 6.13; 8. 6; Eph. 2.1; 4. 18; Col. 2. 13; 1 Tim. 5. 6; Heb. 6.1; 9.14; 1 John 3.14; Rev. 3.1. deliverance from, by Christ, John 5. 24; Rom. 6. 11; Eph. 2. 5; 5.14; 1 John 5.12. eternal, Prov. 14. 12; Dan. 12. 2; Matt. 7. 13; 10. 28; 23. 33: 25. 30, 41; Mark 9. 44; John 5. 29; Rom. 1. 32; 2. 8; 6. 23; 9. 22; 2 Thess. 1. 7; James 4.12; 2 Pet. 2.17. (the second death), Rev. 2.11; 19. 20; 20.14; 21.8. salvation from, by Christ, John 3.16; 8. 51. by conversion from sin, James 5. 20. of Christ, foretold, Is. 53; Dan. 9.26; Zecl^'13. 7. See Matt. 27. 29 (Deut. 21. 23; Gal. 3.13),% Heb. 2. 9; 12. 2; 1 Pet. 1.11. voluntary, Luke 12. 50; John 10. 11, 18; Heb. 10. 7. its object, Is. 53; Dan. 9. 26; Matt. 20. 28; 1 Cor. 5. 7; 1 Tim. 2. 6; Tit. 2.14; Heb. 9. 26; 1 Pet. 1.18; Rev. 1. 5. of Saints, Num. 23. 10; 2 Kin. 22. 20; Ps. 23. 4; 48. 14; 116. 15; Prov. 14. 32; Is. 26. 19; 57. 1; Dan. 12. 2; Luke 16. 25; John 11.11; 2 Cor. 5. 8; Phil. 1. 21; 2 Tim. 4. 8; Heb. 11.13; Rev. 2. 10. of Abraham, Gen. 25. 8. Isaac, Gen. 35. 29. Jacob, Gen. 49. Aaron, Num. 20. 23. Moses, Deut. 34. 5. Joshua, Josh. 24. 29. David, 1 Kin. 2. Elisha, 2 Kin 13.14. Stephen, Acts 7. 51 Dorcas, Acts 9.37. of the Wicked, Job 18. 11; 21. 13; 27. 19; Ps. 34.16; 49. 14; 73.19; Prov. 10. 7; 11. 7; 14. 32; 29.1; Is. 14. 9; Ezek. 3.19; 18. 23; Dan. 12. 2; Luke 12. 20; 16. 22; John 8. 21; Acts 1. 25. of Nadab and Abihu, Lev. 10. 1, 2; Num. 3. 4. Korah, &c. Num. 16. 32. Hophni and Phinehas, 1 Sam. 4. 11. Absalom, 2 Sam. 18. 9. Ahab, 1 Kin. 22. 34. Jezebel, 2 Kin. 9. 33. Athaliah, 2 Chr. 23.1§. Haman, Est. 7.10. Judas, Matt. 27. 5; Acts 1. 18. Ananias, &c. Acts 5. 5. Herod, Acts 12. 23. DEBORAH the prophetess judges and delivers Israel, Judg. 4. her song, Judg. 5. -------Rebekah's nurse, death of, Gen. 35. 8. DEBT censured, Ps. 37. 21; Prov. 3. 27; Luke. 16. 5; Rom. 13. 8. DEBTORS, parables of, Matt. 18. 21; Luke 7. 41; 16. See Matt. 6.12. DECEIT proceeds from the heart, Jer. 17. 9. by false prophets, 1 Kin. 22. (and lying), work of the devil, John 8. 44; Acts. 44 "5. 3. Some Memorable Instances of:-- the serpent and Eve, Gen. 3. Abram and his wife, Gen. 12.14. Isaac and his wife, Gen. 26.10. Jacob and Esau, Gen. 27. Jael and Sisera, Judg. 4. 20. the old prophet, 1 Kin. 13.18. Rahab and spies at Jericho, Josh. 2.1, 4, 5. Gehazi and Naaman, 2 Kin. 5. 20. Herod and the wise men, Matt. 2.16. Ananias and Sapphira, Acts 5.1. See Lying. DECISION, how manifested, Ex. 32. 26; Num. 14. 24; Deut. 6. 5; Josh. 1. 7; 24. 15; 1 Kin. 18. 21; 2 Chr. 15. 12; Is. 56. 6; Luke 9. 62; 1 Cor. 15. 58; Heb. 3. 6,14; James 1. 8; 4. 7. opposed to wavering, Deut. 5. 32; 1 Kin. 18. 21; Ps. 78. 8; Matt. 6. 24; James 1. 8. of Moses, Ex. 32. 26. of Caleb, Num. 13. 30. of Joshua, Josh. 24.15. of Ruth, Ruth 1.16. of Paul, Acts 21.13; Gal. 1.16. DEDICATION of tabernacle, Ex. 40; Lev. 8; 9; Num. 7. of temple, 1 Kin. 8; 2 Chr. 5. 6. of wall of Jerusalem, Neh. 12. 27. DEEDS of the body mortified, Rom. 8.13; 13.14; 1 Cor. 9.27; denounced, 2 Pet. 2.10. DEFENCE, God is, to His people, Job 22. 25; Ps. 5.11; 7.10; 31. 2; 59. 9; 89.18. -------of Paul before the Jews, the council, Felix, Festus, and Agrippa, Acts 22--26. DELILAH betrays Samson, Judg. 16. DELIVERANCES: Lot, Gen. 14; 19. Moses, Ex. 2. Israel, Ex. 14; Judg. 4; 7; 15; 1 Sam. 7; 14; 17; 2 Kin. 19; 2 Chr. 14; 20. Daniel, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego, Dan. 3.19; 6. 22. The Apostles, Acts 5.19; 12. 7; 16. 26; 28.1; 2 Tim. 4.17. DEMETRIUS, disciple, 3 John 12. -------silversmith, Acts 19. 24. DENIAL of CHRIST, deprecated, 2 Tim. 1.8; Tit. 1.16; 2 Pet. 2.1; Jude 4. its punishment, Matt. 10. 33; 2 Tim. 2.12; 2 Pet. 2.1; Jude 4,15. by Peter, Matt. 26. 69. by the Jews, John 18. 40; 19.15; Acts 3.13. DENIER OF CHRIST, liar and antichrist, 1 John 2. 22 * 4 3. will b'e denied by Him, Matt. 10. 33; Mark 8. 38; 2 Tim. 2.12. brought to swift destruction, 2 Pet. 2. 1; Jude 4,15. DESPAIR, deprecated, Deut. 20. 3; Ps. 27.13; 31. 24; 37.1; 42.11; Prov. 24.10; Is. 40. 30; Luke 18.1; 2 Cor. 4. 8; Gal. 6. 9; 2 Thess. 3.13; Heb, 12.3. DEVIL (Abaddon, Apollyon, Beelzebub, Belial, Satan), the adversary of God and man, 1 Pet. 5. 8. prince of the devils, Matt. 12. 24. of powers of the air, Eph. 2. 2. of this world, John 14. 30. sinner from the beginning, 1 John 3. 8. cast out of heaven, Luke 10.18. cast down to hell, 2 Pet. 2. 4; Jude 6. as serpent, causes the fall of man, Gen. 3.1. lies to Eve, Gen. 3. 4. cursed by God, Gen. 3.14. appears before God, Job 1. 6; 2.1. called Abaddon and Apollyon, Rev. 9.11. Beelzebub, Matt. 12. 24. Belial, 2 Cor. 6.15. Satan, Luke 10. 18. tempted Christ, Matt. 4.3--10; Mark 1.13; Luke 4. 2. Eve, Gen. 3. David, 1 Chr. 21.1. Job, Job 2. 7. desired to have the apostles, Luke 22. 31. resists Joshua (figuratively), Zech. 3. repulsed by Christ, Matt. 4.10; Luke 4. 8,12. enters into Judas Iscariot, Luke 22.3; John 13.3. into Ananias, Acts 5. 3. As Prince and God of this World, he perverts the scriptures, Matt. 4. 6. opposes God's work. Zech. 3.1; 1 Thess. 2.18. hinders the gospel, Matt. 13.19; 2 Cor. 4. 4. works lying wonders, 2 Thess. 2. 9; Rev. 16.14. appears as an angel of light, 2 Cor. 11.14. is the father of lies, John 8.44; 1 Kia 22.22. Vanquished by Christ :-- by resisting him, Matt. 4.11. by casting out devils, Matt. 4. 24; 8. 31; Mark 1. 23; 5. 2; Luke 9. 42; 11. 20; 13. 32. by giving power to exorcise, Matt. 10.1; Mark 16.17; Luke 9.1; Acts 16.18; 19.12. by destroying the works of, 1 John 3.8. in His death, Col. 2.15; Heb. 2.14. by believers to be resisted, Rom. 16. 20; 2 Cor. 2.11; 11. 3; Eph. 4.27; 6.16; 2Tim. 2.26; James 4. 7; 1 Pet. 5. 9; 1 John 2.13; Rev. 12.11. Character of:-- presumptuous, Job 1. 6; Matt. 4. 5, 6. proud, 1 Tim. 3. 6. powerful, Eph. 2. 2; 6.12. wicked, 1 John 2.13. malignant, Job 1. 9; 2. 4. subtle, Gen. 3.1, with 2 Cor. 11. 3. Character of:-- deceitful, 2 Cor. 11.14; Eph. 6.11. fierce and cruel, Luke 8. 29; 9. 39, 42; 1 Pet. 5.8. Apostasy is of the, 2 Thess. 2.9; 1 Tim. 4.1. shall be condemned at the judgment, Jude 6; Rev. 20.10. everlasting fire is prepared for, Matt. 25. 41. Compared to: a fowler, Ps. 91. 3; fowls, Matt. 13. 4; a sower of tares, Matt. 13. 25, 28; a wolf, John 10.12; a roaring lion, 1 Pet. 5. 8; a serpent, Rev. 12. 9; 20. 2. The "Wicked :-- are the children of, Matt. 13. 38; Acts 13. 10; 1 John 3.10. turn aside after, 1 Tim. 5.15. do the lusts of, John 8. 44. are possessed by, Luke 22. 3; Acts 5. 3; Eph. 2 2 blinded by, 2 Cor. 4. 4. deceived by, 1 Kin. 22.21, 22; Rev. 20. 7, 8. ensnared by, 1 Tim. 3. 7; 2 Tim. 2. 26. troubled by, 1 Sam. 16.14. punished together with, Matt. 25, 41. DEVILS, sacrifices offered to, Lev. 17. 7; Deut. 32. 17; 2 Chr. 11. 15; Ps. 106. 37; 1 Cor. 10. 20; Rev. 9. 20. confess Jesus to be Christ, Matt. 8. 29; Mark 1. 24; 3.11; 5. 7 ; Luke 4.1, 34; Acts 19.15. believe and tremble, James 2. 19. DEVOUT, persons so called: Simeon, Luke 2. 25; Cornelius, Acts 10. 2; Ananias, Acts 22.12. DEW, a blessing, Gen. 27. 28; Deut. 33.13. a sign, Judg. 6. 37. figurative, Deut. 32. 2; Ps. 110. 3; 133. 3; Prov. 19.12; Is. 26. 19, &c. DIAL of Ahaz, 2 Kin. 20.11; Is. 38. 8. DIAMOND in high priest's breastplate, Ex. 28.18; 39. 11. DIANA of Ephesians, tumult concerning, Acts 19. 24. DIDYMUS (Thomas), John 20. 24. DILIGENCE, exhortations to, in the service of God, &c. Ex. 15. 26; Deut. 4. 9; 6. 7; 13. 14; 24. 8; Josh. 1. 7; Ezra 7. 23; Ps. 37. 10; 112.1; Prov. 2; 3; 4; 7; 8; Is. 55. 2; Jer. 12.16; Zech. 6. 15; Luke 12. 58; Rom. 12. 8; 2 Cor. 8. 7; 1 Tim. 5.10; Heb. 6.11; 11. 6; 12.15; 1 Pet. 1. 5, 10; 2 Pet. 3.14. in worldly business, Prov. 10. 4; 12. 24; 13. 4; 21. 5; 22. 29; 27. 23; Rom. 12.11; 2 Thess. 3.11. DINAH, Jacob's daughter, Gen. 30. 21; outraged by Shechem, Gen. 34. 2; avenged by Simeon and Levi, Gen. 34. 25. DIONYSIUS, the Areopagite, believes, Acts 17. 34. DIOTREPHES loveth preeminence, 3 John 9. DISCIPLES of Cheist :-- the seventy sent out to work miracles and preach, Luke 10. names written in heaven, Luke 10. 20. three thousand added to the church, Acts 2.41. five thousand believers, Acts 4. 4. called Christians at Antioch, Acts 11. 26. of John enquire of Christ, Matt. 9.14; 11.2. follow Christ, John 1. 37. dispute about purifying, John 3. 25. baptized by Paul, and receive the Holy Ghost, Acts 19. 1. DISCORD censured, Prov. 6.14,19; 16. 29; 17. 9; IS. 8; 26. 20; Rom. 1.29; 2 Cor. 12. 20. DISCRETION commended, Ps. 34.12; Prov. 1. 4; 2.11; 3.21; 5.2; 19.11. DISEASES sent by God, Ex. 9; 15. 26; Num. 12. 10; Deut. 28. 60; 2 Kin. 1. 4; 5. 27; 2 Chr. 21. 18; 26.21; Job 2. 6, 7. cured by Christ, Matt. 4. 23; 9. 20; John 5. 8. power given to His disciples to cure, Luke 9.1; Acts 28. 8; exercised, Acts 3.1; 9. 34; 28. 8. DISGUISES resorted to, 1 Sam. 28. 8; 1 Kin. 14. 2; 20.38; 22. 30; 2 Chr. 18. 29; 35.22. disfiguring of face for the dead forbidden, Lev. 19. 28; Deut. 14.1. DISOBEDIENCE, and its results, Lev. 26. 14; Deut. 8. 11; 27; 28.15; Josh. 5. 6; 1 Sam. 2. 30 12. 15; Ps. 78.10; Is. 3. 8; 42. 24: Jer. 9. 13: 18. 10; 22. 21; 35. 14; Eph. 5. 6; Tit. 1. 16; 1 3; Heb. 2. 2. See Adam and Eve, Gen. 3. Pharaoh, Ex. 5. 2. Achan, Josh. 7. Saul, 1 Sam. 13. 9; 15. Man of God, 1 Kin. 13.21. Jonah, Jonah 1; 2. DISPENSATION of the gospel, 1 Cor. 9.17; Eph. 1.10; 3.2; Col. 1. 25. DISPERSED of Israel, Est. 3. 8; Is. 11.12; John 7. 35. prophecies concerning, Jer. 25. 34; Ezek. 36.19; Zeph. 3. 10. DISPUTING, with God, forbidden, Rom. 9. 20; 1 Cor. 1. 20. with men, Mark 9. 33; Rom. 14. 1; Phil. 2.14; 1 Tim. 1. 4; 4. 7; 6. 20; 2 Tim. 2.14; Tit. 3. 9. DISSENSION concerning circumcision, Acts 15.1. DIVIDING the hoof, unclean beasts, Lev. 11. 4; Deut. 14. 7. DIVINATION, Lev. 19. 26; Deut. 18.10; 1 Sam. 28. 7; 2 Kin. 17. 17; Jer. 27. 9; 29. 8; Ezek. 21. 21. See Enchantments. DIVISIONS (kingdom and house), Matt. 12. 25. in the church to be avoided, Rom. 16.17; 1 Cor. 1.10; 3.3; 11.18; 12.20. Christ's prayer against. John 17. 21. DIVORCE, when permitted, Deut. 24.1; Matt. 5. 32. condemned by Christ, Mark 10. 4. DOCTOR of the law, Gamaliel, Acts 5. 34. DOCTORS, Christ questions, Luke 2. 46. of the law, Luke 5.17. DOCTRINE of Cheist, Matt. 7. 28, 29; Mark 4. 2; John 7.16; Acts 2. 42; 1 Tim. 3.16: 6. 3; 2 Tim. 3.16; Tit. 1. 1; Heb. 6.1; 2 John 9> obedience to, Rom. 6.17. not to be blasphemed, 1 Tim. 6. 1, 3; Tit. 2. 7, 10; 2 John 10. no other to be taught, 1 Tim. 1. 3; 4. 6,13. DOCTRINES, false, Jer. 10. 8; Matt. 15. 9; 16.12; Eph. 4.14; 2 Thess. 2. 11; 1 Tim. 4. 1; 2 Tim. 4.3; Heb. 13.9; Rev. 2.14. to be avoided, Jer. 23.16; 29. 8; Col. 2. 8; 1 Tim. 1.4; 6. 20. DOEG the Edomite slays the priests, 1 Sam. 22. 9. DOGS, abomination, Deut. 23.18. a term of reproach, 2 Sam. 9. 8; Rev. 22.15. figurative of enemies, Ps. 22.16; of impenitence, Prov. 26.11; 2 Pet. 2. 22. false teachers so called, Is. 56.10. beware of, Phil. 3. 2. DOMINION of God, Ps. 103. 22; Dan. 4. 3, 34; 7. 27; Col. 1.16; 1 Pet. 4.11; Jude 25. given to Adam, Gen. 1. 26; Ps. 8. 6. DOOR of the sheep, Christ the, John 10. 9. DORCAS (Tabitha), raised from death by Peter, Acts 9. 40. DOUBTFULNESS rebuked, Matt. 14. 31; 21. 21; Luke 12. 29; Acts 10. 20; 1 Tim. 2. 8. DOUGH. Num. 15.20; Neh. 10. 37; Ezek. 44. 30. DOVE, Noah's, Gen. 8. 8. sacrificial, Gen. 15. 9; Lev. 12. 6; 14. 22. figurative, Ps. 68.13; 74.19; Cant. 1.15; 2.14. Holy Spirit in form of, Matt. 3.16; Mark 1.10; Luke 3. 22; John 1. 32. DRAGONS, Job 30. 29; Ps. 74.13; Is. 13.22; 27.1; Rev. 12. 3; 13.2; 16.13. poison of, Deut. 32. 33. DRAUGHTS of fishes, miraculous, Luke 5.4,5,6; John 21. 6,11. DREAMS, vanity of, Job 20. 8; Ps. 73. 20; Is. 29. 8; Jer. 23. 28; 27. 9; Zech. 10. 2. from God, Job 33.15; Joel 2. 28. of Abimelech, Gen. 20. 3. Jacob, Gen. 28.12; 31. 10. Laban, Gen. 31.24. Joseph, Gen. 37.5. Pharaoh's servants, Gen. 40. 5. Pharaoh, Gen. 41. Midianite, Judg. 7. 13. Solomon, 1 Kin. 3. 5. Nebuchadnezzar, Dan. 2; 4. Joseph, Matt. 1. 20; 2.13. Wise men, Matt. 2.12. Pilate's wife, Matt. 27.19. DRINK, strong, forbidden, Lev. 10. 9; Num. 6. 3; Judg. 13.14; Luke 1.15. use of, Prov. 31. 6; 1 Tim. 5. 23. abuse of, Is. 5.11, 22. strong, raging, Prov. 20.1. DRINK OFFERINGS, Ex. 29. 40; Lev. 23. 13; Num. 6. 17; 15. 5 (Gen. 35.14). to idols, Is. 57. 6; Jer. 7.18; 44.17; Ezek. 20.28. DROMEDARIES, 1 Kin. 4. 28; Est. 8. 10:1s. 60. 6; Jer. 2. 23. DROPSY, Christ heals, Luke 14. 2. DROSS, wicked compared to, Ps. 119. 119; Is. 1. 25; Ezek. 22.18. DROUGHT, Deut. 28. 24; 1 Kin. 17; Hag. 1.11. DRUNKARDS, woe to, Is. 5.11; 28.1; Joel 1. 5; Luke 21. 34; Rom. 13. 13; 1 Cor. 5.11; Gal. 5. 21. See also 1 Thess. 5. 7; 1 Pet. 4. 3. See Wine. punished, Deut. 21. 20; Amos 6. 7; Nah. 1. 10; Matt. 24. 49; Luke 12. 45; 1 Cor. 6. 10; Gal. 5. 21. DRUNKENNESS, of Noa,h, Gen. 9. 21. Lot, Gen. 19. 33. Nabal, 1 Sam. 25. 36. Elah, 1 Kin. 16. 9. Ben-hadad, 1 Kin. 20.16. Belshazzar, Dan. 5. 4. The Corinthians, 1 Cor. 11. 21. DUMB healed by Christ, Matt. 9. 32; 12. 22. not to be oppressed, Prov. 31. 8. DUMBNESS of Zacharias, Luke 1. 20. DUNGEON, Joseph cast into, Gen. 39; 40.15; also Jeremiah, Jer. 37.16; 38. 6. DURA, plain of, golden image set up, Dan. 3.1. DUST, of the earth, man formed of, Gen. 2. 7; 3. 19; 18. 27; Job 10. 9; 34.15; Ps. 103.14; 104. 29; Eccles. 12. 7. mark of grief, Josh. 7. 6; Job 2.12; Lam. 2.10. DUTY of man, the whole, Eccles. 12. 13; Luke 17.10. DWARFS not to minister, Lev. 21. 20. __________________________________________________________________ EAGLE mentioned, Job 9. 26; 39. 26; Ezek. 17. 3; Obad. 4. one of the four living creatures, in the vision of heaven, Ezek. 1.10; Rev. 4. 7. EAR, the, 2 Sam. 7. 22; Ps. 45. 10; 78. 1; 94. 9; Prov. 15. 31; 20.12; 22.17; Is. 50. 4; 55. 3; Matt. 10. 27. EARS, he that hath, to hear, Matt. 11.15; 13.16; Mark 4. 9, 23; 7.16. have, but hear not, Ps. 115. 6; Is. 42. 20; Ezek. 12. 2; Matt. 13.12; Mark 8.18; Rom. 11. 8. the Lord's, open to prayer, 2 Sam. 22. 7; Ps. 18. 6; 34.15; James 5. 4; 1 Pet. 3.12. opened by God, Job 33.16; 36.15; Ps. 40. 6; Mark 7 35 EARLY RISING, Gen. 19.27; 26. 31; 28.18; Josh. 3. 1: Judg. 6. 38; 1 Sam. 9. 26; 15. 12; 17. 20; Mark 1. 35; 16. 2; John 8. 2; 20.1; Acts 5. 21. EARNEST of the Spirit, 2 Cor. 1. 22; 5. 5; Eph. 1.14. EARTH created, Gen. 1. 1; made fruitful, Gen. 1.11; cursed, Gen. 3.17; flood upon, Gen. 7.10. destruction by fire, Mic. 1. 4; Zeph. 3. 8; 2 Pet. 3. 7; Rev. 20.9. a new (and heaven), 2 Pet. 3.13; Rev. 21.1. EARTHQUAKES, 1 Kin. 19.11; Is. 29. 6; Amos 1.1; Matt. 27. 54; Acts 16. 26; Rev. 6.12; 8. 5; 11.13; 16.18. EASE, Is. 32. 9; Amos 6.1; Luke 12.19. EAST, wise men come from the, to worship Christ, Matt. 2.1. glory of God proceeding from, Ezek. 43.2. holy rivers flow toward, Ezek. 47.1, 8. EASTER, Peter imprisoned till after, Acts 12. 4. EBAL, mount, curses delivered from, Deut. 27. 13; Josh. 8. 33. EBED-MELECH, Ethiopian eunuch, intercedes with king Zedekiah for Jeremiah, Jer. 38. 7; 39.16. EBEN-EZER, Israelites smitten by Philistines at, 1 Sam. 4.1. ' hitherto hath the Lord helped us," (stone raised by Samuel in memory of defeat of the Philistines), 1 Sam. 7.12. EDEN, Gen. 2. 8; Adam driven from, Gen. 3. 24; mentioned, Is. 51. 3; Ezek. 28.13; 31. 9; 36. 35; Joel 2. 3. EDIFICATION, Rom. 14.19; 15. 2; 1 Cor. 8.1; 10. 33; 14. 5; 2 Cor. 12. 19; 13. 10; Eph. 4. 12, 29; 1 Thess. 5.11. EDOM (Idumea), the land of Esau, Gen. 32. 3; Is. 60.1. prophecies concerning, Jer. 25. 21; 49. 7; Ezek. 25.13; 35; Amos 1. il; Obad. 1. EDOMITES, the descendants of Esau, Gen. 36. deny Moses passage through Edom, Num. 20. 18. their possessions, Deut. 2.5; Josh. 24.4. not to be abhorred, Deut. 23. 7. subdued by David, 2 Sam. 8.14. revolt, 2 Kin. 8. 20; 2 Chr. 21. 8. subdued by Amaziah, 2 Kin. 14.7; 2 Chr. 25.11. EGLON oppresses Israel, Judg. 3. 14: slain by Ehud, Judg. 3. 21. EGYPT, Abram goes down into, Gen. 12.10. Joseph sold into, Gen. 37. 36; his advancement, fall, imprisonment, and restoration there, Gen. 39-41. Jacob's sons go to buy) corn in, Gen. 42. Jacob and all his seediso there, Gen. 46. 6. children of Israel wax mighty there, Ex. 1. 7; afflicted, and build treasure cities, Ex. 1.11. plagued on account of Israelites, Ex. 7--11. children of Israel depart from, Ex. 13.17. army of, pursue and perish in the Red sea, Ex. 14. kings of, harass Judah, 1 Kin. 14. 25; 2 Kin. 23. 29; 2 Chr. 12. 2; 35. 20; 36. 3; Jer. 37. 5. the "remnant of Judah" go there, Jer. 43. 7. Jesus taken to, Matt. 2.13. prophecies concerning, Gen. 15. 13; Is. 11. 11; 19; 20; 27.12; 30.1; Jer. 9. 26; 25.19; 43. 8; 44. 28; 46; Ezek. 29--32; Dan. 11. 8; Hos. 9. 3; 11; * Joel 3.19; Zech. 10.10; 14.18. EHUD, judge, delivers Israel, Judg. 3.15. EKRON taken, Judg. 1.18. men of, smitten with emerods, 1 Sam. 5.12; their trespass offering for recovery, 1 Sam. 6.17. prophecies concerning, Amos 1. 8; Zeph. 2. 4; Zech. 9. 5. ELAH, king of Israel, 1 Kin. 16. 8,10. ------- valley of, Saul sets the battle in array against the Philistines, 1 Sam. 17. 2; David slays Goliath there, 1 Sam. 17. 49. ELAM, son of Shem, Gen. 10. 22. -------Chedorlaomer, king of, Gen. 14. ELAMITES, Acts 2.9. ELDAD and Medad, Num. 11. 26. ELDERS, seventy, Ex. 24.1; Num. 11.16. of Israel, Gen. 50. 8. See also Lev. 4.15; Deut. 21.19; 1 Sam. 16. 4; Ezra 5. 5; Ps. 107. 32; Ezek. 8. 1. of Egypt, Gen. 50. 7. of the Chuech, Acts 14. 23; 15.4, 6, 23; 16. 4; 20. 17; Tit. 1. 5; James 5.14; 1 Pet. 5.1. Paul's charge to, Acts 20.17. Peter's charge to, 1 Pet. 5. the Twenty-four, Rev. 4. 4; 7.11; 14. 3. ELEAZAR, son of Aaron, and chief priest, Ex. 6. 23; 28; 29; Lev. 8; Num. 3. 2; 4.16; 16. 36; 20. 26, 28; 27. 22; 31.13; 34.17; Josh. 17. 4; 24. 33. -------son of Abinadab, keeps the ark, 1 Sam. 7.1. -------one of David's captains, 2 Sam. 23.9; 1 Chr. 11.12. ELECT, Christ, Is. 42.1; 1 Pet. 2. 6. God's chosen, Is. 45.1; 65. 9. under the gospel, Matt. 24.22; Mark 13.20: Luke 18. 7 ; Rom. 8. 33; 11. 5; Col. 3. 12; 2 Tim. 2. 10; Tit. 1.1; 1 Pet. 1. 2; 2 John 1.13. ELECTION, of God, 1 Thess. 1. 4. its privileges and duties, Mark 13. 20; Luke 18. 7; Rom. 8. 29; 1 Cor. 1. 27; 2 Pet. 1.10. ELECT LADY, Epistle to, 2 John. EL-ELOHE-ISRAEL, the altar erected by Jacob at Shalem, Gen. 33. 20. ELHANAN, one of David's warriors, 2 Sam. 21. 19; 23.24; 1 Chr. 11. 26; 20.5. ELI, high priest and judge, blesses Hannah, who bears Samuel, 1 Sam. 1. 17, 20. Samuel brought to, 1 Sam. 1. 25. wickedness of his sons, 1 Sam. 2. 22. rebuked by man of God, 1 Sam. 2. 27. ruin of his house shewed to Samuel by God, 1 Sam. 3.11. his sons slain, 1 Sam. 4.10. his death, 1 Sam. 4.18. ELI, Eli, lama sabachthani? Matt. 27. 46; Mark 15. 34. ELIAKIM, chief minister of Hezekiah; his conference with Rabshakeh's ambassadors; mission to Isaiah, 2 Kin. 18; 19. prefigures kingdom of Christ, Is. 22.20--25. -------son of Josiah, made king by Pharaoh, and named Jehoiakim, 2 Kin. 23. 34; 2 Chr. 36. 4. ELIAS, Matt. 27. 47, 49; Mark 15. 35, 36. See Elijah. ELIASHIB, high priest, builds the wall, Neh. 3.1. allied unto Tobiah, Neh. 13. 4. ELIEZER, Abraham's steward, Gen. 15. 2. -------son of Moses, Ex. 18. 4; 1 Chr. 23.15. -------prophet, 2 Chr. 20. 37. ELIHLT reproves Job's friends, Job 32; and Job's impatience, Job 33. 8; and self-righteousness, Job 34. 5. declares God's justice, Job 33.12; 34.10; 35.13; 36; power, Job 33--37; and mercy, Job 33. 23; 34.28. ELIJAH the Tishbite, prophet, predicts great drought, 1 Kin. 17.1; Luke 4. 25; James 5.17. hides at brook Cherith, and is fed by ravens, 1 Kin. 17. 5 (19. 5). raises the widow's son, 1 Kin. 17. 21. his sacrifice at Carmel, 1 Kin. 18. 38. slays the prophets of Baal at the brook Kishon, 1 Kin 18. 40. flees from Jezebel into the wilderness of Beer- sheba, 1 Kin. 19; Rom. 11. 2. anoints Elisha, 1 Kin. 19.19. by God's command denounces Ahab in Naboth's vineyard, 1 Kin. 21.17. his prediction fulfilled, 2 Kin. 9. 36; 10.10. condemns Ahaziah for enquiring of Baal-zebub, 2 Kin 1. 3,16. two companies sent to take him burnt with fire from heaven, 2 Kin. 1.10; Luke 9. 54. divides Jordan, 2 Kin. 2. 8. taken up by chariot of fire, 2 Kin. 2. 11. ' his mantle taken by Elisha, 2 Kin. 2.13. appears at Christ's transfiguration, Matt. 17. 3; Mark 9. 4; Luke 9. 30. precursor of John the Baptist, Mai. 4. 5; Matt. 11.14; 16. 14; Luke 1.17; 9. 8,19: John 1.21. ELIPHAZ reproves Job, Job 4; 5; 15; 22. God's wrath against him, Job 42. 7; he offers a burnt offering, and Job prays for him, Job 42. 8. ELISABETH, cousin of Virgin Mary, and mother of John the Baptist, Luke 1. 5. angel promises her a son, Luke 1.13. her salutation to Mary, Luke 1. 42. ELISHA (Eliseus), succeeds Elijah, 1 Kin. 19.16. receives his mantle, and divides Jordan, 2 Kin. 2.13. heals the waters with salt, 2 Kin. 2. 22. bears destroy the children who mock him, 2 Kin. 2.24. his miracles: water, 2 Kin. 3.16; oil, 4. 4; Shu- nammite's son, 4. 32; death in the pot, 4. 40; feeds a hundred men with twenty loaves, 4. 44; Naaman's leprosy, 5.14; iron swims, 6. 5; Syrians struck blind, 6.18. prophesies plenty in Samaria when besieged. 2 Kin. 7.1. sends to anoint Jehu, 2 Kin. 9.1. his death, 2 Kin. 13. 20. miracle wrought by his bones, 2 Kin. 13. 21, ELKANAH, Samuel's father, 1 Sam. 1. ELON judges Israel, Judg. 12.11. ELYMAS (Bar-jesus), Acts 15. 6. EMBALMING, of Jacob, Gen. 50. 2; of Joseph, Gen. 50. 26; of Christ, John 19. 39. EMERALDS, Ex. 28. 18; 39. 11; Rev. 4. 3; 21. EMERODS, Deut. 28. 27. Philistines smitten with, 1 Sam. 5. 6. EMIMS, giants, Gen. 14. 5; Deut. 2. 10. EMMANUEL (Immanuel), God with us, Is. 7.14; 8. 8; Matt. 1.23. EMMAUS, Christ talks with Cleopas and another on the way to, Luke 24.15. EMULATIONS censured, Gal. 5. 20. ENCHANTMENTS forbidden, Lev. 19. 26; Deut. 18. 9; Is. 47. 9. EN-DOR, witch of, 1 Sam. 28. 7. ENEMIES, treatment of, Ex. 23. 4; 1 Sam. 24.10; Job 31. 29; Prov. 24. 17; 25. 21; Matt. 5. 44; Luke 6. 35. David and Saul, 1 Sam. 24.10; 26. 9. God delivers out of the hand of, 1 Sam. 12. 11; Ezra 8. 31; Ps. 18. 48; 59; 61. 3. of God, their punishment, Ex. 15. 6; Deut. 32.41; Judg. 5. 31; Est. 7; 8; Ps. 68. 1; 92. 9; Is. 1. 24; 37. 36; 2 Thess. 1. 8; Rev. 21. 8. EN-GEDI, city of Judah, Josh. 15. 62. David dwells there, 1 Sam. 23. 29; 24.1. ENGINES of war, 2 Chr. 26.15; Ezek. 26. 9. ENGRAVING, Ex. 28.11; Zech. 3. 9. EN-HAKKORE, fountain, Judg. 15. 19. ENMITY between God and man, Rom. 8. 7; James 4. 4; how abolished, Eph. 2. 15; Col. 1. ENOCH, his faith, Heb. 11. 5; prophecy, Jude 14; translation, Gen. 5. 24. EN-ROGEL, fountain, Josh. 15. 7; 18.16; 1 Kin. 1.9. ENTICERS to idolatry to be stoned, Deut. 13.10. ENVY, Prov. 14. 30; 27. 4; Eccles. 4. 4; Matt. 27. 18; Acts 7. 9; Rom. 1. 29; 20; Gal. 5.21; 1 Tim. 6.4; ICor. 3. 3;'2 Cor. 12. Tit. 3. 3; James 4. 5. forbidden, Ps. 37.1; Prov. 3. 31; 24.1,19; Rom. 13.13; 1 Pet. 2.1. its evil consequences, Job 5. 2; Prov. 14. 30; Is. 26. 11; James 3.16. Joseph sold for, Acts 7. 9. EPAPHRAS commended, Col. 1. 7; 4.12. EPAPHRODITUS, Paul's joy at his recovery, Phil. 2.25; his kindness, Phil. 4.18. EPHAH, a measure, Ex. 16. 36; Lev. 19. 36; Ezek. 45.10; Zech. 5. 6. EPHESIANS, Paul's epistle to, Eph. 1; election, 1.4; adoption of grace, 1. 6; dead in sin quickened, 2.1, 5; Gentiles made nigh, 2.13; unity and kindness enjoined, 4--6. EPHESUS visited by Paul, Acts 18.19; 19.1. miracles there, Acts 19.11. tumult there, Acts 19. 24. Paul's address at Miletus to the elders of, Act3 20.17. Paul fights with beasts there, 1 Cor. 15. 32; tarries there, 1 Cor. 16. 8. EPHOD, Ex. 28.4; 39.2. Gideon's, Judg. 8. 27; Micah's, Judg. 17. 5. EPHPHATHA ("be opened"), Mark 7. 34. EPHRAIM, younger son of Joseph, Gen. 41.52. Jacob blesses Ephraim and Manasseh, Gen. 48.14. his descendants numbered, Num. 1.10,32; 2.18: 26. 35; 1 Chr. 7. 20. their possessions, Josh. 16. 5; 17.14; Judg. 1.29. chastise the Midianites, Judg. 7. 24. quarrel with Gideon, Judg. 8. 1; and Jephthah, Judg. 12. revolt from the house of David, 1 Kin. 12. 25. chastise Ahaz and Judah, 2 Chr. 28. 6, 7. release their prisoners, 2 Chr. 28.12. carried into captivity, 2 Kin. 17. 5; Ps. 78* 9, 67; Jer. 7.15. repenting, called God's son, Jer. 31. 20. prophecies concerning, Is. 7; 9. 9; 11.13; 28.1; Hos. 5--14; Zech. 9.10; 10. 7. EPHRATAH (Beth-lehem), Gen. 35.16; Ps. 132. 6; Mic. 5. 2. EPHRON, the Hittite, sells Machpelah to.Abra- ham, Gen. 23.10. , ^: EPICUREANS, philosophers, encounter Paul at Athens, Acts 17.18. ERASTUS ministers to Paul, Acts 19. 22; Rom. 16. 23; 2 Tim. 4. 20. ESAR-HADDON, powerful king of Assyria, 2 Kin. 19. 37; Ezra 4. 2; Is. 37. 38. ESAU, son of Isaac, Gen. 25. 25 (Mai. 1. 2; Rom. 9.10). sells his birthright, Gen. 25.29 (Heb. 12.16). deprived of the blessing. Gen. 27. 38. his anger against Jacob, Gen. 27. 41; and reconciliation. Gen. 33. his riches and descendants, Gen, 36; 1 Chr. 1. 35. ESHCOL, grapes of, Num. 13. 23. ESTHER (Hadassah), made queen in the place of Vashti, Est. 2.17. pleads for her people, Est. 7. 34. ETHIOPIANS, invading Judah, subdued by Asa, 2 Chr. 14. 9. See Num. 12.1; 2 Kin. 19. 9; Est. 1. 1; Job 28.19. prophecies concerning, Ps. 68. 31; 87. 4; Is. 18; 20; 43. 3; 45. 14; Jer. 46. 9; Ezek. 30. 4; 38. 5; Nah. 3. 9; Zeph. 3.10. EUNICE commended (Acts 16.1), 2 Tim. 1. 5. EUNUCH, an Ethiopian, of great authority, baptized by Philip, Acts 8. 27. EUNUCHS, promise to those who please God, Is. 56.3. Christ's declaration concerning, Matt. 19.12. EUPHRATES, river, Gen. 2.14; 15.18; Deut. 11. 24; Josh. 1. 4; 2 Sam. 8. 3; Jer. 13. 4; 46. 2; 51. 63. typical, Rev. 9.14; 16.12. EUROCLYDON, a Wind, Acts 27.14. EUTYCHUS restored, Acts 20. 7. EVANGELIST, Philip the, receives Paul's company, Acts 21. 8. work of, Eph. 4.11; 2 Tim. 4. 5. EVE created, Gen. 1. 27; 2.18. her fall and fate, Gen. 3. See Adam. EVIL-MERODACH, king of Babylon, restores Jehoiachin, 2 Kin. 25. 27; Jer. 52. 31. EXACTION (usury, &c., forbidden, Lev. 25. 35; Deut. 15. 2; Prov. 28. 8; Ezek. 22. 12; 45. 9; Luke 3.13; 1 Cor. 5.10. disclaimed, Neh. 5.1; 10. 31. EXAMPLE of Christ, Matt. 11. 29; John 13.15; Rom. 15. 5; Phil. 2. 5; 1 Pet. 2. 21. prophets, Heb. 6.12; James 5.10. apostles, 1 Cor. 4. 16; 11. 1; Phil. 3. 17; 4. 9; 1 Thess. 1. 6. EXCESS, Eph. 5. 18: 1 Pet. 4. 3. EXHORTATION, 1 Thess. 4.18; 5.11; Hebj 3.13; 10. 25. EXPERIENCE worketh hope, Rom. 5. 4. EYE-SERVICE, Eph. 6. 6; Col. 3. 22. EYES, of the Lord, Deut. 11. 12; 2 Chr. 16. 9; Prov. 15. 3; upon the righteous, Ezra 5. 5: Ps. 32.8; 33.18; 34.15; 1 Pet. 3.12. (blind), can a devil open, John 10. 21. EZEKIEL sent to house of Israel, Ezek. 2; 3; 33. 7. visions of God's glory. Ezek. 1; 8; 10; 11. 22; of the Jews' abominations, &c. Ezek. 8.5; their punishment, Ezek. 9; 11. vision of resurrection of dry bones, Ezek. 37. measuring the temple, Ezek. 40. his dumbness, Ezek. 3. 26; 24. 26; 33. 22. intercedes for Israel, Ezek. 9. 8; 11.13. exhorts Israel against idols. Ezek. 14. 1; 20. 1; 33. 30. his parables, Ezek. 15; 16; 17 ; 19; 23; 24. rehearses Israel's rebellions, Ezek. 20; and the sins of the rulers and people of Jerusalem, Ezek. 22; 23; 24. predicts Israel's and the nations' doom, Ezek. 21; 25. EZION-GABER, on the Red Sea, Num. 33. 35; 1 Kin. 9. 26. EZRA, scribe, goes up from Babylon to Jerusalem, Ezra 7.1; 8.1. his commission from Artaierxes to rebuild the temple, Ezra 7.11. fast ordered by, Ezra 8. 21; reproves the people, Ezra 10. 9. reforms corruptions, Ezra 10; Neh. 13. __________________________________________________________________ FABLES (and genealogies), unedifying, 1 Tim. 1. 4; 4. 7; 2 Tim. 4. 4; Tit. 1.14. FACE of God hidden from them that do evil, Ps. 34. 16; Is. 59. 2; Ezek. 39. 23. to be sought, 2 Chr. 7.14; Ps. 31.16; 80. 2; Dan.16. seen by Jacob, Gen. 32. 30. FAITH, Heb. 11; justification by, Rom. 3. 28; 5. 1, 16; Gal. 2.16(; purification by, Acts 15. 9; sanctification by, Acts 26.18. object of, Father, Soni and Holy Ghost, Mark 11. 22; John 6. 29; 14.1; 20. 31; Acts 20. 21; 2 Cor. 13. 14. given by the Spirit, 1 Cor. 2. 5; 12. 9. in Christ, Acts 8.12; 2 Tim. 3.15. unity of, Eph. 4. 5,13; Jude 3. leads to salvation, &c. Mark 16.16; John 1.12; 3.16, 36; 6. 40, 47; Acts 16. 31; Gal. 3.11; Eph. 2. 8; Heb. 11. 6; 1 Pet. 1. 9; 1 John 5.10. works by love, 1 Cor. 13; Gal. 5. 6; Col. 1. 4; 1 Thess 1. 3; 1 Tim. 1. 5; Philem. 5; Heb. 10.23; IPetj.. 22; 1 John 3.14, 23. without works is dead, James 2.17, 20. produces peace, joy, hope in believing, Rom. 5. 1; 15. 13; 2 Cor. 4.13; 1 Pet. 1. 8. excludes boasting, &c., Rom. 3. 27; 4. 2; 1 Cor. 1. 29; Eph. 2.9. blessings received through, Mark 16. 16; John 6. 40; 12. 36; 20. 31; Acts 10. 43; 16. 31; 26.18; Rom. 1. 17 (Hab. 2. 4); Rom. 3. 21; 4.16; 5.1; 2 Cor 5. 7; Gal. 2.16; 3.14, 26; Eph. 1.13; 3.12, 17; 1 Tim. 1. 4; Heb. 4. 3; 6.12; 10. 38; 1 Pet. 1.5; Jude 20. miracles performed through, Matt. 9. 22; Luke 8.50; Acts 3.16. power of, Matt. 17. 20; Mark 9. 23; 11. 23; Luke. 23 trial of, 2 Thess. 1.4; Heb. 11.17; James 1. 3,13; 1 Pet. 1. 7. overcometh the world, 1 John 5. 4. shield of the Christian, Gal. 6. 6; 1 Thess. 5. 8. contend earnestly for the, Jude 3. exhortations to continue in, 1 Cor. 16.13; 2 Cor. 13. 5; Eph. 6. 16; Phil. 1. 27; Col. 1. 23; 2. 7; 1 Thess 5. 8; 1 Tim. 1.19; 4. 12; 6. 11; 2 Tim. 2.22; Tit. 1.13; Heb. 10. 22. examples of:--Caleb, Num. 13. 30. Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego, Dan. 3. 17. Daniel, Dan. 6.10. Ninevites, Jonah 3. 5. Peter, Matt. 16.16. Nathanael, John 1.49. Martha, John 11. 27. Stephen, Acts 6. 5. Ethiopian eunuch, Acts 8. 37. Barnabas, Acts 11. 24. FAITHFULNESS commended in the service of God, 2 Kin. 12. 15; 2 Chr. 31.12; Matt. 24. 45; 2 Cor 2.17 ; 4. 2; 3 John 5. towards men, Deut. 1. 16; Ps. 141. 5; Prov. 11. 13; 13.17; 14.5; 20.6; 25.13; 27.6; 28.20; Luke 16.10; 1 Cor. 4. 2; 1 Tim. 3.11; 6.2; Tit. 2.10. of Abraham, Gen. 22; Gal. 3. 9. of Joseph, Gen. 39. 4, 22. of Moses, Num. 12. 7; Heb. 3. 5. of David, 1 Sam. 22.14. of Daniel, Dan. 6. 4. of Paul, Acts 20. 20. of Timothy, 1 Cor. 4.17. of God, Ps. 36. 5; 40.10; 75; Is. 25.1; Lam. 3. 23. FALL of Adam and Eve, Gen. 3. See Adam. sin and death caused by, Gen. 3.19; Rom. 5.12; 1 Cor 15. 21. FALSE WITNESSES condemned. See Deceit, Witnesses. FAMILIAR SPIRITS, possessors of, to die, Lev. 20. 27. not to be sought after, Lev. 19.31; Is. 8.19. Saul destroys, 1 Sam. 28. 3; in his distress enquires of one remaining, 1 Sam. 28. 7; his punishment, 1 Chr. 10.13, 14. Manasseh deals with, 2 Kin. 21. 6. Paul casts out, Acts 17. FAMINE threatened, Jer. 14.15; 15. 2; Ezek. 5. 12; 6.11; Matt. 24. 7; Acts 11. 28. described, Jer. 14; Lam. 4; Joel 1. occurs in Canaan, Gen. 12. Egypt, Gen. 41. Israel, Ruth 1. 1; 2 Sam. 21. 1; 1 Kin. 18. 2; 2 Kin 6.25; 7; Luke 4. 25. Shunammite forewarned of, 2 Kin. 8.1. king of Egypt warned of, by Joseph, Gen. 40. (of God's word), Amos 8.11. FAST proclaimed, Lev. 23. 27, 29; 2 Chr. 20. 3; Ezra 8.21; Neh. 9; Est. 4.16; Joel 2.15; Jonah 3.5. season of, referred to, Acts 27. 9. the true and the false, Is. 58; Zech. 7; Matt. 6.16. FASTING turned into gladness, Zech. 8.19. Christ excuses his disciples for not, Matt. 9.14; Mark 2. 18; Luke 5. 33. of Moses (twice) for forty days, Ex. 24. 18; 34. 28; Deut. 9. 9, 18. of David, 2 Sam. 12. 16. of Elijah, 1 Kin. 19. 8. of Christ, Matt. 4. 2, &c. of Barnabas and Paul, Acts 14. 23. recommended, 1 Cor. 7. 5. FAT (and blood), not to be eaten, Lev. 3.17; 7.22. of sacrifices, to be burnt, Ex. 29.13; Lev. 3. 3. FATHER, the, God, 1 Chr. 29.10; Is. 9. 6; 63.16; 64. 8; Matt. 6. 9; Luke 11. 2; John 20.17. FATHERS, duty of, Deut. 21. 18; Prov. 3. 12; 13. 24; 19. 18; 22. 6,15; 23. 13; 29. 15, 17; Luke 11.11; Eph. 6. 4; Col. 3. 21; Heb. 12. 9. children to obey, Ex. 20. 12; Prov. 6. 6. 1; Col. 3. 20. FATHERLESS, God the God of, Ps. 146. 9; 49. 11; Hos. 14. 3. God the helper of, Deut. 10.18; Ps. 10.14 father of, Ps. 68. 5. duty towards, Ex. 22. 22; Deut. 14. 29; 24. 17; Prov. 23.10; Is. 1.17; Jer. 7. 6; James 1. 27. the wicked oppress, Job 6. 27; 22. 9; Ps. 94. 6; Is. 1. 23; 10. 2; Jer. 5. 28; Ezek. 22. 7. FAULTS, how to deal with, Matt. 18.15; Gal. 6.1. exhortation to confess, James 5.16. FAVOUR of God bestowed on Cheist, Matt. 3.16; Luke 2. 52; John 11. 41; 12. 28. on the righteous, Job 33. 26; Ps. 5.12; Prov. 3. 4. on Job, Job 42.10; Abraham, Gen. 18.17; Acts 7. 46; the Israelites, Ps. 44. 3; 85. 4; the Virgin Mary, Luke 1. 30; David, Acts 7. 46. FEAR of God, Job 28. 28; Ps. 19.9; Prov. 1. 7; 8. 13; 9.10; 14.27; 15.33. enjoined, Deut. 10. 12; Ps. 2. 11; 76.7; 130.4; * Luke 12. 5; Heb. 12. 28 advantages of, Ps. 15. 4 Eph. Jer. 146. 9; Job 13. 11; Matt. 10. 28;; 15. 4. dl. 19; 33. 18; Josh. 4. 24 Jer. 10.7; ; Rev. 14. 7 . or; -ia. 60. 4; 61. 5; 85. 9; 103.11; 111. 5; 112.1; 145.19; 147.11; Prov. 10. 27; 14. 26; 15. 33; 19. 23; 22. 4; Eccles. 8.12; Mai. 3.16; 4 2; Luke 1. 50; 2 Cor. 7.1; Rev. 11. 18. commanded. Lev. 19. 14; Deut. 4. 10; 6. 2; 28. 58; Josh. 24. 14; 1 Sam. 12. 14; 2 Kin. 17. 38; 1 Chr 16. 30; Ps. 2.11; 33. 8; Prov. 3. 7; 23.17; 24. 21; Is. 8. 13; Eccles. 5. 7; 8.12; 12.13; Rom. 11. 20; Eph. 6. 5; Phil. 2. 12; Col. 3. 22; Heb. 4. 1; 1 Pet. 2.17; Rev. 14.17. -------(of punishment), causing torment, Gen. 3. 8; 4. 14; Prov. 28.1; Is. 2. 19; 33.14; Luke 19. 21; Acts. 24. 25; Rom. 8.15; Heb. 10. 27; 1 John 4.18; Rev. 6.16; 21.8. FEASTS, the three annual, Ex. 23.14; 34.23; Lev. 23; Num.29: Deut, 16. Solomon's, 1 Kin. 8. 1; 2 Chr. 7. 9. of Ahasuerus, Est. 1. of Purim, Est, 9. 20. of Job's children, Job 1. 4. of Belshazzar, Dan. 5. of Herod, Mark 6. 21, &c. given by Levi, Matt. 9. 10; Luke 5. 29. of charity, 1 Cor. 11. 22; 2 Pet. 2.13; Jude 12. FELIX, governor of Judaea, Paul sent to, Acts 23. 23. Paul's defence before him, Acts 24.10. trembles at Paul's preaching, but leaves him bound, Acts 24. 25. FELLOWSHIP of Chkist, 1 Cor. 1. 9; 12. 27; 2 Cor 4.11; Phil. 3.10. See 1 Cor. 10.16. of the Spirit, Phil. 2.1; 1 John 1. 3, 6. of the saints, Acts 2. 42; 2 Cor. 8. 4; Gal. 2. 9; Phil. 1.5; 1 John 1.3. with evil, forbidden, 1 Cor. 10. 20; 2 Cor. 6. 14; Eph. 5.11. FELLOW-CITIZENS with the saints, Eph. 2.19. FESTUS, governor of Judasa, Acts 24. 27. Paul brought before him, Acts 25. Paul's defence before, Acts 25. 8; 26. acquits Paul, Acts 25.14; 26. 31. FEVER threatened for disobedience, Deut. 28. 22. healed of: Peter's wife's mother, Matt. 8. 14; nobleman's son, John 4. 52. FIDELITY (shewing good), Tit. 2.10. FIERY SERPENTS, Num. 21. 6 (Deut. 8.15). bite of, cured by brazen serpent, Num. 21. 8. FIGHT of faith, 1 Tim. 6.12; 2 Tim. 4. 7; Heb. 10. 32; 11. 34. FIGS, Hezekiah cured by, 2 Kin. 20. 7; Is. 38. 21. Jeremiah's vision of, Jer. 24.1. FIG TREE, the barren, Matt. 21.19; Mark 11.13. parables of, Matt. 24. 32; Luke 13. 6; 21. 29. FIGURE (or type), Rom. 5.14; 1 Cor. 4. 6; Heb. 9. 9, 24; IPet, 3.21. FILTHINESS, figurative of sin, Job 15.16; Ps. 14. 3; Is. 1. 6; 64.6; Ezek. 24. 13. purification from, Is. 4. 4; Ezek. 22. 15; 36. 25; Zech. 3. 3; 13.1; 1 Cor. 6.11; 2 Cor. 7.1. FINGER of God, Ex. 8.19; 31.18; Luke 11.20. -------of Chkist, John 8. 6. FIRE, pillar of, Ex. 13. 21; Neh. 9.12. God appears by, Ex. 3. 2; 13. 21; 19. 18; Deut. 4. 12; 2 Sam. 22.13; Is. 6. 4; Ezek. 1. 4; Dan. 7.10; Mai. 3. 2; Matt. 3.11; Rev. 1.14; 4. 5. for consuming sacrifices, Gen. 15.17; Lev. 9.24; Judg. 13. 20; 1 Kin. 18. 38; 2 Chr. 7.1. not to be kindled on the sabbath, Ex. 35. 3. emblem of God's word, Jer. 23. 29; Acts 2. 3. instrument of judgment, Gen. 19. 24; Ex. 9. 23; Lev. 10; Num. 11.1; 16. 35; 2 Kin. 1.10; Amoa 7.4; 2Thess. 1. 8; Rev. 8. 8. everlasting, Deut. 32.22; Is. 33.14; 66. 24; Mark 9.44; Jude 7; Rev. 20.10. God is a consuming, Heb. 12. 29. FIRMAMENT, Gen. 1. 6; Ps. 19. 1; Ezek. 1. 22; Dan. 12.13. FIRSTBORN, claims of the, Gen. 43. 33; Deut. 21. 15; 2 Chr. 21. 3; Col. 1.15 (Heb. 12. 23). dedicated to God, Ex. 13. 2, 12; 22. 29; 34. 19; Deut. 15.19. how redeemed, Ex. 34. 20; Num. 3.41; 8.18. in Egypt killed, Ex. 11. 4; 12. 29. FIRSTFRUITS, laws relating to, Ex. 22. 29; 23. 16; 34. 26; Lev. 23. 9; Num. 28.26. form of dedicating, Deut. 26. 5. the priests' portion of, Num. 18.12; Deut. 18. 4. FIR TREE, Is. 41.19; 55.13; 60.13; Hos. 14. 8. FISH, the waters bring forth, Gen. 1. 20. of Egypt destroyed, Ex. 7. 21. prepared for Jonah, Jonah 1.17. Caught for tribute, Matt. 17. 27. miraculous draughts of, Luke 5. 6; John 21. 6. on fire of coals, John 21. 9. FISHERS, occupation of several of the apostles, Matt. 4.18; Mark 1.16; Luke 5; John 21. 7. FLATTERY, evil of, Job 17. 5; 32. 21; Ps. §..9; 12. 2; 78. 36; Prov. 2.16; 20.19; 24. 24; 28. 23; 29. 5; 1 Thess. 2. 5. ^( FLEECE, Gideon's, Judg. 6. 37. FLESH allowed to be eaten, Gen. 9. 3. contrasted with spirit, Rom. 7. 5; 8.1; Gal. 3. 3; 5.17; 6. 8. lusts of the, to be mortified, 2 Cor. 7.1; Gal. 5.16; 6. 8; Col. 2.11; 1 Pet. 4. 2; 1 John 2.16. God manifest in the, John 1. 14; 1 Tim. 3. 16; 1 Pet 3.18; 4.1; to be acknowledged, 1 John 4. 2; 2 John 7. FLIES, Egyptians plagued by, Ex. 8. 21, 31; Ps.78. 45; 105. 31. FLINT, water produced out of, Num. 20.11; Deut.8.15; Ps. 114. 8; 1 Cor. 10. 4. FLOOD threatened, Gen. 6. 17; sent, Gen. 7.11; Matt. 24. 38; 2 Pet. 2. 5; assuaged, Gen. 8. FLOUR, sacrificial, Ex. 29. 2; Lev. 2. 2. FOOD for all creatures, Gen. 1. 29; 9. 3; Ps. 104. 14; 145.16; 147.8. FOOLISHNESS, the gospel derided as, 1 Cor. 1.18; worldly wisdom is, with God, 1 Cor. 1. 20; 2. 7; 3. 19. FOOLS, their character and conduct, Ps. 14.1; 49. 13; 53. 1; 92. 6; Prov. 10. 8, 23; 12. 15, 16; 13. 16; 14.16; 15. 5; 17. 7, 10, 12,16, 21, 28; 18. 2, 6, 7; 19.1; 20. 3; 26. 4; 27. 3, 22; Eccles. 4. 5; 5. 1, 3; 7. 4, 9; 10. 2,14; Is. 44. 25; Matt. 7. 26; 23. 17: 25.2; Luke 12. 20; Rom. 1. 22. FOOTSTOOL of God : the temple called, 1 Chr. 28. 2 * Ps 99 5 ? 132 7 the earth called, Is. 66.1; Matt. 5.35; Acts 7.49. God's foes made, Ps. 110.1; Matt. 22. 44; Heb. 10.13. FORBEARANCE commended, Matt. 18. 33; Eph. 4. 2; 6. 9; Col. 3.13; 2 Tim. 2. 24. of God, Ps. 50. 21; Is. 30. 18; Rom. 2. 4; 3. 25; 1 Pet 3. 20; 2 Pet. 3. 9. FOREKNOWLEDGE of God, Acts 2. 23; Rom. 8. 29; 11. 2; Gal. 3. 8; 1 Pet. 1. 2. FORGETFULNESS of God condemned, Deut. 4.9; 6. 12; Ps. 78. 7; 103. 2; Prov. 3.1; 4. 5; 31. 5; Heb. 13.16. punishment of, Job 8.13; Ps. 9.17; 50. 22; Is. 17. 10; Jer. 2. 32; Hos. 8.14. FORGIVENESS, mutual, commanded, Gen. 50. 17; Matt. 5. 23; 6. 14; 18. 21, 35; Mark 11. 25; Luke 11. 4; 17. 4; 2 Cor. 2. 7; Eph. 4. 32; Col. 3. 13; James 2.13. of enemies, Matt. 5. 44; Luke 6. 27; Rom. 12. 14,19. -------of sin, prayed for, Ex. 32. 32; 1 Kin. 8. 30; 2 Chr 6. 21; Ps. 25.18; 32; 51; 79. 9; 130; Dan. 9.19; Amos 7. 2; Matt. 6.12. promised, Lev. 4. 20; 2 Chr. 7.14; Is. 33. 24; 55. 7; Jer. 3,12; 31. 20, 34; 33. 8; Ezek. 36. 25; Hos. 14. 4; Mic. 7. 18; Luke 24. 47; Acts 5. 31; 26. 18; Eph. 1. 7 ; Col. 1.14; James 5.15; 1 John 1. 9. FORNICATION denounced, Ex. 22. 16; Lev. 19. 20; Num. 25; Deut. 22. 21; 23.17; Prov. 2.16; 5. 3; 6. 25; 7; 9. 13; 22. 14; 23. 27; 29. 3; 31. 3; Eccles. 7. 26; Hos. 4.11; Matt. 15.19; Mark 7. 21; Acts 15. 20; Rom. 1. 29; 1 Cor. 5. 9; 6. 9; 2 Cor. 12. 21; Gal. 5. 19; Eph. 5. 5; Col. 3. 5; 1 Thess. 4. 3; 1 Tim. 1. 10; Heb. 13. 4; 1 Pet. 4. 3; Jude 7; Rev. 2.14; 21. 8; 22.15. spiritual, Ezek. 16. 29; Hos. 1; 2; 3; Rev. 14.8; 17. 2; 18. 3; 19. 2. FORSAKING God, danger of, Deut. 28. 20; Judg. 10.13; 2 Chr. 15. 2; 24. 20; Ezra 8. 22; 9.10; Is. 22. I. 28; Jer. 1.16; 5.19; 17.13; Ezek. 6. 9. FORTRESS, the Lord compared to, 2 Sam. 22. 2; Ps. 18. 2; Jer. 16.19. FORTUNATUS succours Paul, 1 Cor. 16.17. FORTY DAYS, as the flood, Gen. 7.17. giving of the law, Ex. 24. 38. spying Canaan, Num. 13. 25. Goliath's defiance, 1 Sam. 17.16. Elijah's journey to Horeb, 1 Kin. 19. 8. Jonah's warning to Nineveh, Jonah 3. 4. fasting of our Lord, Matt. 4. 2; Mark 1.13; Luke 4. 2. Christ's appearances d»riner, Acts 1. 3. FORTY STRIPES, Deut. 25. 3; save one, 2 Cor. II. 24. FORTY YEARS, manna sent, Ex. 16. 35; Num. 14.33; Ps. 95.10. of peace, Judg. 3. 11; 5. 31; 8. 28. FOUNDATION, Jesus Christ the one, Is. 28. 16; 1 Cor. 3.11; Eph. 2. 20; Heb. 11.10; 1 Pet. 2. 6. FOUNTAIN of living waters, Ps. 36. 9; Jer. 2.13; Joel 3.18; Zech. 13.1; 14. 8. See Is. 12. 3; 44. 3; 55.1; John 4.10; Rev. 7.17; 21. 6. FOUR living creatures, vision of, Ezek. 1. 5; 10. 10; Rev. 4. 6; 5.14; 6. 6. kingdoms, Nebuchadnezzar's vision of, Dan. 2. 36: Daniel's vision of, Dan. 7. 3.18. FOURFOLD compensation, Ex. 22.1; 2 Sam. 12.6; Luke 19. 8. FOWLS, winged, Gen. 1. 20; 7. 6; Ps. 104.12; 148. 10. FOXES, mentioned, Cant. 2.15; Lam. 5.18; Matt. 8. 20; Luke 13. 32. Samson's vengeance by, Judg. 15.4. FRANKINCENSE, various uses for, Ex. 30. 34; Lev. 2.1; Cant, 3. 6; Matt. 2.11. FRAUD condemned, Lev. 19.13; Mai. 3. 5; Mark 10.19; 1 Cor. 6. 8; 1 Thess. 4. 6. See Deceit. FREEWILL offerings, Lev. 22. 18; Num. 15. 3; Deut. 16.10; Ezra 3. 5. FREEWOMAN and bondwoman, illustration of, Gal. 4. 22. FRIEND of God, title of Abraham, 2 Chr. 20. 7; Is. 41. 8; James 2. 23. FRIENDS, value of, Prov. 18.24; 27.6,9,17; John 15.13. danger arising from evil, Deut. 13. 6; Prov. 22. 24; 25. 19; Mic. 7. 5; Zech. 13. 6. Jesus calls His disciples, Luke 12.4; John 15.14; 3 John 14. FRIENDSHIP of David and Jonathan, 1 Sam. 18.1; 19; 20; 2 Sam. 1. 26. with the world, unlawful, Rom. 12.2; 2 Cor. 6.17; James 4. 4; 1 John 2.15. FRINGES, how worn, Num. 15. 37; Deut. 22.12; Matt. 23. 5. FROGS, Egypt plagued with, Ex. 8. 6; Ps. 78. 45; 105. 30. unclean spirits like, Rev. 16.13. FRONTLETS. Ex. 13.16; Deut. 6. 8. FROWARDNESS, results of. Deut. 32. 20; 2 Sam. 22.27; Job 5.13; Prov. 2.12; 3. 32; 4. 24; 10. 31; 11. 20; 16. 28; 17. 20; 21. 8; 22. 5. FRUITS, first three years to remain untouched, Lev. 19. 23. of the obedient will be blessed, Deut. 7.13; 28. 4. of faith meet for repentance, Matt. 3. 8; 7. 16; John 4. 36; 15.16; Rom. 7. 4; 2 Cor. 9.10; Gal. 5. 22; Col. 1. 6; Heb. 12.11; James 3.17. FRUIT TREES saved in time of war, Deut. 20.19. FUGITIVE servant, law of, Deut. 23.15. FURNACE, burning fiery, Dan. 3. 6,11,15, &c. figurative, Deut. 4. 20; Is. 48.10; Ezek. 22.18. __________________________________________________________________ GABBATHA (pavement), John 19.13. GABRIEL, archangel, appears to Daniel, Dan. 8. 16; 9. 21. to Zacharias, Luke 1.19. to Mary, Luke 1. 26. GAD, birth of, Gen. 30. 11. his descendants, Gen. 46. 16. blessed by Jacob, Gen. 49. 19. -------tribe of, blessed by Moses, Deut. 33.20. numbered, Num. 1. 24; 26.15. their possessions, Num. 32; 34.14. divers commands to, Deut. 27.13; Josh. 4.12. commended by Joshua, Josh. 22.1. charged with idolatry? Josh. 22.11. their defence, Josh. 22. 21. -------seer, his message to David, 2 Sam. 24. 11; 1 Chr 21. 9j 2 Chr. 29. 25. GADARENES, or Gergesenes, Christ's miracle in the country of, Matt. 8. 28; Mark 5.1: Luke 8.26. GAIUS, his piety, 3 John. GALATIANS, Paul visits, Acts 16. 6. reproved, Gal. 1. 6; 3. exhorted, Gai. 5; 6. their love to Paul, Gal. 4. 13. GALILEANS, slaughter of, Luke 13.1. disciples so called, Acts 1. 11; 2. 7. GALILEE, Isaiah's prophecy concerning, Is. 9.1; Matt. 4.15. work of Christ there, Matt. 2. 22; 15. 29; 26. 32; 27. 55; 28. 7; Mark 1.9; Luke 4. 14; 23. 5; 24. 6; Acts 10. 37; 13. 31. GALLIC* dismisses Paul, Acts 18.12. GALLOWS, Haitian's, Est. 7. 10. GAMALIEL advises the council, Acts 5. 34. Paul brought up at feet of, Acts 22. 3. GAMES, public, 1 Cor. 9. 24; Phil. 3. 12; 1 Tim. 6.12; 2 Tim. 2. 5; 4. 7; Heb. 12.1. GARDEN of Eden, Gen. 2. 8. of Gethsemane, John 18.1. GARMENTS, priestly, Ex. 28; 39. manner of purifying, Lev. 13. 47 (Eccles. 9. 8; Zech. 3. 3; Jude"23). not of mixed materials, Lev. 19; Deut. 22.11. of sexes, not to be exchanged, Deut. 22. 5. of Christ, lots cast for (Ps. 22. 18); Matt. 27. 35; John 19.-23. GATES of heaven, Gen. 28.17; Ps. 24. 7; Is. 26. 2. of death and hell, Ps. 9.13; Matt. 16.18. of the grave, Is. 38.10. the strait and wide, Matt. 7.13; Luke 13. 24. GATH, Goliath of, 1 Sam. 17. 4. men of, smitten with emerods, 1 Sam. 5. 8. David a refugee there, 1 Sam. 27. 4. taken by David, 1 Chr. 18.1. by Hazael, 2 Kin. 12. 17. Uzziah breaks down the wall of, 2 Chr. 26. 6. GAZA, Samson carries away the gates of, Judg. 16. destruction of, foretold, Jer. 47; Amos 1. 6; Zeph. 2.4; Zech. 9. 5. GEDALIAH, governor of the remnant of Judah, 2 Kin 25. 22 (Jer. 40. 5); treacherously killed by Ishmael, 2 Kin. 25. 25 (Jer. 41). GEDOR conquered by Simeonites, 1 Chr. 4. 41. GEHAZI, servant of Elisha, 2 Kin. 4. 12; Ms Covetousness, 2 Kin. 5. 20. GENEALOGIES:--Generations of Adam, Gen. 5; 1 Chr. 1; Luke 3. of Noah, Gen. 10; 1 Chr. 1. 4. of Shem, Gen. 11.10. of Terah, Gen. 11. 27. of Abraham, Gen. 25; 1 Chr. 1. 28. of Jacob, Gen. 29. 31; 30; 46. 8; Ex. 1. 2; Num. 26; 1 Chr. 2. of Esau, Gen. 36; 1 Chr. 1. 35. of the tribes, 1 Chr. 2; 4; 5; 6; 7. of David, 1 Chr. 3. of Christ, Matt. 1; Luke 3. 23. endless, 1 Tim. 1. 4. See Fables. GENNESARET, a lake of Palestine, miracles wrought there, Matt. 17. 27; Luke 5. 1; John. 1. GENTILES, origin of, Gen. 10. 5. their state by nature, Rom. 1. 21: 1 Cor. 12. 2: Eph. 2; 4. 17; 1 Thess. 4. 5. God's judgments on, Joel 3. 9. their conversion predicted, Is. 11.10; 42.1; 49. 6 (Matt. 12. 18; Luke 2. 32; Acts 13. 47); 62. 2; Jer. 16. 19; Hos. 2. 23; Mai. 1. 11; Matt. 8. Ill prediction fulfilled, John 10.16; Acts 8. 37; 10: 14; 15; Eph. 2; 1 Thess. 1.1. calling of, Rom. 9. 24. See Is. 66.19. become fellow-citizens of the saints, Eph. 2.11. Christ made known to, Col. 1. 27. GENTLENESS, of Cheist, 2 Cor. 10.1; Matt. 11. 29 (Is. 40.11). of Paul and Timotheus, 1 Thess. 2. 7. the fruit of the Spirit, Gal. 5. 22. exhortations to, 2 Tim. 2. 24; Tit. 3. 2. GERAR, herdmen of, strive with Isaac's, Gen. 26. 2.0. GERIZIM, mount of blessing, Deut. 11.29; 27.12; Josh. 8. 33. GERSHOM (GershonX son of Levi, Gen. 46. 11; Num. 3.17. -------son of Moses, Ex. 2. 22; 18, 3. GERSHONITES, their duties in the service of the tabernacle, Num. 4; 7; 10. 17. GESHITR, Absalom takes refuge there after killing Amnon, 2 Sam. 13. 37; 14. 23 (Josh. 13. 13). GETHSEMANE, garden of, our Lord's aerony there, Matt. 26. 38; Mark 14. 32; Luke 227 39; John 18. 1. GIANTS before the flood, Gen. 6. 4. inhabit Canaan, Deut. 2.10, 11,19, 20; 9. 2. spies discourage the people by stories of, Num. 13. 33: Deut. 1. 28. several slain by David and his servants, 1 Sam. 17; 2 Sam. 21.16; 1 Chr. 20. 4. GIBEAH, a city of Benjamin, Judg. 19.14. sin of its inhabitants, Judg. 19. 22; their punishment, Judg. 20. the city of Saul, 1 Sam. 10. 26; 11. 4; 14. 2; 15. 34; 2 Sam. 21. 6. GIBEON, its inhabitants deceive Joshua, Josh. 9; delivered by him from the five kings, Josh. 10; Saul persecutes them, 2 Sam. 21.1; David makes atonement, 2 Sam. 21. 3--9. Solomon's dream at, 1 Kin. 3. 5. tabernacle of the Lord kept at, 1 Chr. 15. 39; 21. 29. GIDEON, God appoints him to deliver Israel from the Midianites, Judg. 6.14. destroys the altar and grove of Baal, Judg. 6. 25, 27. called Jerubbaal, Judg. 6. 32. God gives him two signs, Judg. 6. 36--40. his army reduced, and selected by a test of water, Judg. 7.2-7. his stratagem, Judg. 7.16. subdues the Midianites, Judg. 7.19; 8. makes an ephod of the spoil, Judg. 8. 24. his death, Judg. 8. 32. See Heb. 11. 32. GIFT of God, John 4.10; unspeakable, 2 Cor. 9.15. the Holy Ghost, Acts 2. 38; 8. 20; 10. 45. GIFTS, spiritual, Ps. 29. 11; 68. 18, 35; 84. 11; Prov. 2. 6: Ezek. 11. 19; Acts 11. 17; Rom. 12. 6; 1 Cor. 1.7; 12; 13.2; 14; Eph. 2. 8; James 1. 5,17; 4. 6. temporal, Gen. 1. 26; 9. 1; 27. 28; Lev. 26. 4; Ps. 34. 10; 65. 9; 104; 136. 25; 145. 15; 147; Is. 30.23; Acts 14.17. (Corban), Matt. 5. 5; Mark 7.11. GILBOA, mount, Saul slain there, 1 Sam. 31: 2 Sam. 1. 21. GILEAD, land of, granted to the Reubenites, &c. Num. 32. invaded by the Ammonites, Judg. 10.17. Jephthah made captain of, Judg. 11. GILGAL, Joshua encamps there, Josh. 4.19; 9. 6. Saul made king there, 1 Sam. 10.8; 11.14. Saul sacrifices at, 1 Sam. 13. 8; 15.12. GIRDLE of the high priest, Ex. 28. 4. typical, Jer. 13.1. GIRGASHITES, descendants of Canaan, Gen. 10. 15; 15.21. communion with, forbidden, Deut. 7.1. driven out, Josh. 3.10; 24.11. GLASS, as seen through, darkly, 1 Cor. 13. 12. See 2 Cor. 3.18. the sea of, Rev. 4. 6; 15. 2. GLEANING, to be left for the poor and stranger, Lev. 19. 9; 23. 22; Deut. 24.19. liberality of Boaz concerning, Ruth 2.15. GLORIFYING God, exhortations to, 1 Chr. 16. 28; Ps. 22. 23; 50.15; Rom. 15. 6; 1 Cor. 6. 20; 10. 31; IPet. 2.12; Rev. 15.4. GLORY. See under God. GLUTTONY condemned, Deut. 21. 20; Prov. 23.1, 20; 25.16; 1 Pet. 4. 3. GOATS, wild, described, Job 39.1. GOD:- THE LORD GOD ALMIGHTY, Gen. 17.1; Ex. 6, 3; Num. 24. 4; Ruth 1. 20; Job 5. 17; Ps. 68. 14; 91.1; Is. 13. 6; Ezek. 1. 24; Joel 1.15; 2 Cor. 6.18; Rev. 1.8. THE CREATOR, Gen. 1; 2; Deut. 4. 19; Neh. 9. 6; Job 33. 4; 38; Ps. 8; 19.1; 33. 6; 89.11; 94. 9; 104; 136; 146. 6; 148; Prov. 3. 19; 8. 22; Eccles. 12. 1; Is. 37. 16; 40. 28; 43. 7,13; 44. 8; Jer. 10.12; 32.17; Zech. 12.1; John 1. 3; Acts 17. 24; Rom. 1. 25; Col. 1.16; Heb. 1.10; 3. 4; 11.3; IPet. 4.19; Rev. 4.11. His Dealings with our first parents, Gen. 3. See Adam, Eve. Noah and the sinful world, Gen. 6--9. Abraham, Gen. 12--24. Lot, Gen. 19. Isaac, Jacob, and Esau, Gen. 22; 25; 26; 28. Joseph, Gen. 39. Moses and Aaron, Ex. 3; 7, Pharaoh and Egypt, Ex. 7; 8. causes the plagues of Egypt:--blood, Ex. 7; frogs, lice, and flies, Ex. 8; murrain, boils, and hail, Ex. 9; locusts and darkness, Ex. 10; death of the firstborn, Ex. 13. institutes the passoyer, Ex. 11; 12; 13; and delivers the Israelites, Ex. 14. the children of Israel during their forty years' wandering in the wilderness (Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy):-- sends manna, Ex. 16.15. gives the ten commandments, Ex. 20. reveals His glory to Moses, Aaron, and the elders, Ex. 24. enters into covenant with Israel, Ex. 34. directs the tabernacle to be made, Ex. 35; to be erected, Ex. 40. propounds the law respecting sacrificial offerings, Lev. 1; Num. 28. sanctifies Aaron, Lev. 8; 9. institutes blessings and curses, Lev. 26; Deut. 27. punishes the revolt of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram, Num. 16. causes Aaron's rod to blossom, Num. 17. excludes Moses and Aaron from the promised land for unbelief, Num. 20.12. sends fiery serpents, and heals with brazen serpent, Num. 21, Balaam and Balak, Num. 22. Joshua, at Jericho and Ai, Josh. 1; 3; 4; 6; 7; 8. kings of Canaan, Josh. 10--12. Gideon, Judg. 6; Jephthah, Judg. 10; Samson, Judg. 13. Naomi and Ruth, 1--4. Hannah, Eli, and Samuel, 1 Sam. 1--3. Saul, 1 Sam. 9-31; 1 Chr. 10. David, 1 Sam. 16--31; 2 Sam. 1--24; 1 Kin. 1--2. 11; 1 Chr. 11-23; 28; 29. Solomon, 1 Kin. 1--11; 2 Chr. 1. 9. Rehoboam and Jeroboam, 1 Kin. 12--15; 2 Chr. 10-12. ?. Ahab, 1 Kin. 16-22; 2 Chr. 18. Elijah, 1 Kin. 17--22; 2 Kin. 2. Elisha, 2 Kin. 2-9. His Dealings with Hezekiah, 2 Kin. 18--20; 2 Chr. 29--32; Is. 36-39. Josiah, 2 Kin. 22; 23; 2 Chr. 34; 35. the captive Jews in Persia, Est. 1--10. the liberated Jews, Ezra 1--10; Neh. 1--13. Job and his friends, Job 1; 2; 38--42. Isaiah, 2 Kin. 19; 20; 2 Chr. 26; 32. Jeremiah, 2 Chr. 35; 36; Jer. 26; 34--43. Daniel at Babylon, Dan. 1--10. Nebuchadnezzar, Dan. 4. Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego, Dan. 4. Jonah at Tarshish and Nineveh, Jonah 1--4. His Revelations to Isaiah, warning Judah and Israel, Is. 1--12; surrounding nations, Is. 13--23; threatening impenitent Jews, Is. 24; 39. Jeremiah, respecting Judah's overthrow on account of sin, Jer. 1--25; 27--33; 44. Ezekiel, concerning Judah's captivity, Ezek. 3-- 7; the defiled temple, Ezek. 8--11; warnings to Judah, Ezek. 12--19; impending judgments, Ezek. 20--23; Jerusalem's overthrow, Ezek. 24; judgments upon other nations, Ezek. 25--32; exhortations and promises, Ezek. 32--39; the New Jerusalem, Ezek. 40--48. GOD AS A SPIRIT-- (John 4. 24; 2 Cor. 3.17)- IS DECLARED TO BE Omnipotent, Gen. 17.1; Ex. 6. 3. Glorious, Ex. 15. 11; Ps. 145. 5. Gracious, Ex. 34. 6; Ps. 116. 5. Merciful, Ex. 34. 6, 7; Ps. 86. 5. Long-suffering, Num. 14.18; Mic. 7.1. Just, Deut. 32. 4; Is. 45. 21. Eternal, Deut. 33. 27; Ps. 90. 2; Rev. 4. 8--10. Jealous, Josh. 24.19; Nah. 1.2. Compassionate, 2 Kin. 13.23. Great, 2 Chr. 2. 5; Ps. 86.10. Righteous, Ezra 9.15; Ps. 145. 17. Unsearchable, Job 11. 7; 37. 23; Ps. 145. 3; Is. 40. 28; Rom. 11. 33. Invisible, Job 23. 8, 9; John 1. 18; 5. 37; Col. 1. 15; 1 Tim. 1.17. Good, Ps. 25.8; 119. 68. Upright, Ps. 25. 8; 92. 15. Holy, Ps. 99. 9; Is. 5. 16. Most High, Ps. 83.18; Acts 7.48. Immutable, Ps. 102. 26, 27; James 1.17. Omniscient, Ps. 139.1--6; Prov. 5. 21. Omnipresent, Ps. 139. 7; Jer. 23. 23. Light, Is. 60. 19; James 1. 17; 1 John 1. 5. True, Jer. 10.10; John 17. 3. Perfect, Matt. 5. 48. Incorruptible, Rom. 1. 23. Only-wise, Rom. 16. 27; 1 Tim. 1. 17. Faithful, 1 Cor. 10,13; 1 Pet. 4.19. Immortal, 1 Tim. 1. 17; 6. 16. A consuming fire, Heb. 12. 29. Love, 1 John 4. 8,16. none like to Him, Ex. 9.14; Deut. 33.26; 2 Sam. 7. 22; Is. 46. 5, 9; Jer. 10. 6; beside Him, Deut. 4. 35; Is. 44 6; before Him, Is. 43. 10; none good but God, Matt. 19.17. fills heaven and earth, 1 Kin. 8. 27; Jer. 23.24. should be worshipped in spirit and in truth, John 4. 24. -------HIS GLORY:-- exhibited in Christ, John 1.14; 2 Cor. 4. 6; Heb. 1. 3. exhibited in His power, Ex. 15.1, 6; Rom. 6. 4; holiness, Ex. 15.11; name, Deut. 28. 58; Neh. 9. 5; majesty, Job 37. 22; Ps. 93.1; 104. 1; 145. 5, 12; Is. 2.10; works, Ps. 19. 1; 111. 3. described as highly exalted, Ps. 8. 1; 113. 4. Eternal, Ps. 104. 31. Great, Ps. 138. 5. Rich, Eph. 3.16. exhibited to Moses, Ex. 34.5--7, with Ex. 33.18-- 23. His church, Deut. 5. 24; Ps. 102. 16. Enlightens the church, Is. 60. 1, 2; Rev. 21.11, 23. Stephen, Acts 7. 55. declare, 1 Chr. 16. 24; Ps. 145. 5,11. magnify, Ps. 57. 5. saints desire to behold, Ps. 63. 2; 90.16. pleaded in prayer, Ps. 79. 9. the earth is full of, Is. 6. 3. not to be given to others, Is. 42. 8, to be feared, Is. 59.19. the knowledge of, shall fill the earth, Num. 14.21; Hah. 2.14. ----HIS GOODNESS:-- proclaimed, Ps. 25. 8; Nah. 1. 7; Matt. 19.17. is abundant, Ex. 34. 6; Ps. 33. 5. Great, Neh. 9. 35; Zech. 9. 17. Enduring, Ps. 23. 6; 52. 1. Satisfying, Ps. 65. 4; Jer. 31. 12, 14. Rich, Ps. 104. 24; Rom. 2. 4. Universal, Ps. 145. 9; Matt. 5. 45. in forgiving sins, 2 Chr. 30. 18; Ps. 86. 5; to His church, Ps. 31. 19; Lam. 3. 25; in providing for the poor, Ps. 68.10; in doing good, Ps. 119. 68; 145. 9; in supplying temporal wants, Acts 14.17. leads to repentance, Rom. 2. 4. -------HIS GIFTS:-- are free and abundant, Num. 14. 8; Rom. 8. 32. are dispensed according to His will, Eccles. 2. 26; Dan. 2. 21; Rom. 12. 6; 1 Cor. 7. 7. all blessings are, James 1.17; 2 Pet. 1. 3. --------His Spiritual Gifts:-- acknowledge, Ps. 4. 7; 21. 2. peace, Ps. 29.11. strength and power, Ps. 68. 35. are through Christ, Ps. 68. 18, with Eph. 4. 7, 8; John 6.27. Christ the chief of, Is. 42. 6; 55. 4; John 3.16; 4.10; 6.32,33. a new heart, Ezek. 11.19. pray for, Matt. 7. 7,11; John 16. 23, 24. rest, Matt. 11. 28; 2 Thess. 1. 7. the Holy Ghost, Luke 11.13; Acts 8. 2a grace, Ps. 84.11; James 4. 6. wisdom, Prov. 2. 6; James 1. 5. glory, Ps. 84. 11; John 17. 22. repentance, Acts 11.18. righteousness, Rom. 5.16,17. eternal life, Rom. 6. 23. not repented of by Him, Rom. 11.29. faith, Eph. 2. 8; Phil. 1. 29. to be used for mutual profit, 1 Pet. 4.10. -------His Temporal Gifts:-- rain and fruitful seasons, Gen. 27. 28; Lev, 26.4,5; Is. 30. 23; Acts 14.17. peace, Lev. 26. 6; 1 Chr. 22. 2. should cause us to remember God, Deut. 8.18. wisdom, 2 Chr. 1. 42. all good things, Ps. 34.10; 1 Tim. 6.17. all creatures partake of, Ps. 136. 25; 145. 15, 16. life, Is. 42. 5. to be used and enjoyed, Eccles. 3. 13; 5. 19, 20; ITim. 4. 4, 5. pray for, Zech. 10.1; Matt. 6.11. food and raiment, Matt. 26. 25--33. illustrated, Matt. 25.15--30. -------HIS JOY OVER HIS PEOPLE:-- greatness of, Zeph. 3.17. On account of their uprightness, 1 Chr. 29.17; Prov. 11. 20. fear of Him, Ps. 147.11. hope in His mercy, Ps. 147.1L meekness, Ps. 149. 4. praying to Him, Prov. 15. 8. repentance, Luke 15. 7,10. faith, Heb. 11. 5, 6. Leads Him to give them the inheritance, Num. 14.9; 1 Pet. 1. 4. do them good, Deut. 28. 63; Jer. 32. 41; Acts 14.17. Leads Him to prosper them, Deut. 30. 9. deliver them, 2 Sam. 22. 20. comfort them, Is. 65.19. exemplified: Solomon, 1 Kin. 10. 9. illustrated, Is. 62. 5; Luke 15. 23, 24. -------HIS LAW:- is absolute and perpetual, Matt. 5.18. pure, Ps. 19. 8; truth, Ps. 119. Matt. Rom. Given to Adam, Gen. 2. 16, 17, with Rom. 5. 12-- 14. to Noah, Gen. 9. 6. to the Israelites, Ex. 20. 2; Ps. 78. 5. through Moses, Ex. 31.18; John 7.19. through the ministration of angels, Acts 7. 53; Gal. 3.19; Heb. 2. 2. Described as perfect, Ps. 19.-7; Rom. 12. exceeding broad, Ps. 119. 142; holy, just, and good, Rom. 7.12; spiritual, Rom. 7.14; not grievous, 1 John 5. 3. requires perfect obedience, Deut. 27. 26; Gal. 3.10; James 2.10. requires obedience of the heart, Ps. 51. 6; 5.28; 22.37. man cannot render perfect obedience to, 1 Kin. 8. 46; Eccles. 7. 20; Rom. 3.10. it is man's duty to keep, Eccles. 12.13. man cannot be justified by, Acts 13. 39; 3.20,28; Gal. 2.16; 3.11. conscience testifies to, Rom. 2.15. all men have transgressed, Rom. 3. 9,19. gives the knowledge of sin, Rom. 3. 20; 7. 7. worketh wrath, Rom. 4.15. man, by nature not in subjection to, Rom. 7. 5; Q H love'is the fulfilling of, Rom. 13. 8, 10; Gal. 5. 14; James 2. 8. designed to lead to Christ, Gal. 3. 24. sin is a transgression of, 1 John 3. 4. Obedience to, of prime importance, 1 Cor. 7.19. a test of love, 1 John 5. 3. a characteristic of saints, Rev. 12.17. blessedness of keeping, Ps. 119. 1; Matt. 5. 19; 1 John 3. 22,24; Rev. 22.14. Christ magnified, Is. 42. 21. came to fulfil, Matt. 5.17. explained, Matt. 7.12; 22. 37--40. the love of, produces peace, Ps. 119.165. Saints should make the subject of their conversation, Ex. 13. 9; prepare their hearts to seek, Ezra 7.10; pledge themselves to walk in, Neh. 10. 29; pray to understand, Ps. 119.18; pray for power to keep, Ps. 119. 34; keep, Ps. 119. 55; delight in, Ps. 119. 77; Rom. 7. 22; love, Ps. 119. 97,113; lament over the violation of, by others, Ps. 119. 136; have, written on their hearts, Jer. 31. 33, with Heb. 8. 10; should remember, Mai. 4.4; freed from the bondage of, Rom. 6.14; 7. 4, 6; Gal. 3.13; freed from the curse of, Gal. 3.13. The Wicked forsake, 2 Chr. 12.1; Jer. 9.13; refuse to walk in, Ps. 78.10; cast away, Is. 5.24; refuse to hear, Is. 30. 9; Jer. 6. 19; forget, Hos. 4. 6; despise, Amos 2. 4. punishment for disobeying, Neh. 9. 26, 27; Is. 65. 11-13; Jer. 9.13-16. is the rule of the judgment, Rom. 2.12. established by faith, Rom. 3. 31. is the rule of life to saints, 1 Cor. 9. 21; Gal. 5.13,14. to be used lawfully, 1 Tim. 1. 8. -------HIS ATTRIBUTES:-- Eternal, Gen. 1. 33; Ex. 3.14; Deut. 32.40; 33. 27; Job 10. 5; 36. 26; Ps. 9. 7; 90. 2; 92. 8; 93. 2; 102. 12; 104. 31; 135. 13; 145. 13; 146. 6, 10; Eccles. 3. 14; Is. 9. 6; 40. 28; 41. 4; 43.13; 48. 12; 57.15; 63.16; Jer. 10.10; Lam. 5.19; Dan. 4. 3, 34; 6. 26; Mic. 5. 2; Hab. 1. 12; Rom. 1. 20; 16. 26; Eph. 3. 9; 1 Tim. 1.17; 6.16; 2 Pet. 3.8; Rev. 1.8; 4.9; 22.13. Immutable, Num. 23.19; 1 Sam. 15. 29; Ps. 33. 11; 119.89; Mai. 3.6; Acts 4.28; Eph. 1.4; Heb. 1.12; 6.17; 13. 8; James 1.17. Omniscient, Jot) 26. 6; 34.21; Ps. 139; Prov. 15. 3; Is. 44. 7; Ezek. 11. 5; Matt. 12. 25; John 2. 24; Rom. 1. 20. Omnipresent, Job 23. 9; 26; 28; Ps. 139; Prov. 15. 3; Acts 17. 27. Invisible, Ex. 33. 20; Job 23. 8; John 1.18; 4. 24; 5. 37; Col. 1. 15; 1 Tim. 1. 17; 6.16; Heb. 11. 27; 1 John 4.12. Unsearchable, Job 11. 7; 26. 14; 37. 15; Ps. 145.13; Eccles. 8.17; Rom. 11. 33. Incomprehensible, Job 5. 9; 9. 10; 11. 7; 26. 14; 36. 26; 37. 5; Ps. 36. 6; 40. 5; 106. 2. 139. 6; Eccles. 3.11; 8.17; 11.5; Is. 40.12 * "45.15; Mic. 4.12; 1 Tim. 6.16. > " Holiness, Gen. 35. 2; Ex. 3. 5; 14.15,19, 20; 28. 36; 34. 5; 39. 30; Lev. 11. 44; 21.8; Josh. 5.15; 1 Sam. 2. 2; 1 Chr. 16. 10; Ps.22. 3; 30. 4; 60. 6. See Psalms. Is. 6. 3; 43.15; 49. 7; 57.15; Jer. 23. 9; Hos. 4. 2; Luke 1.49; Acts 3.14; Rom. 7. 12; 1 John 2. 20; Rev. 4. 8; 19.1. Justice, Gen. 2.16; 3. 8; 4. 9; 6. 7; 9.15; 18.17, 19; Ex. 32.33; Lev. 4; 7. 20; 18. 4; 26. 21; Num. 11; 14; 16; 17; 20; 25; 26.64; 27.12; 35; Deut. 1. 31; 4. 24; 5; 6; 9.4; 10.17; 25.17; 28.15; 31. 16; 32. 35, 41; Josh. 7. 1; Judg. 1. 7; 2. 14; 9. 56; 1 Sam. 2. 30; 3. 11; 6. 19; 15. 17; 2 Sam. 6. 7 ; 12.1; 22; 24. 11; 1 Kin. 8. 20; 2 Chr. 6. 17 ; 19. 7; Ezra 8. 22; Neh. 9. 33; Job 4.17; 8; 10. 3; 11. 11; 12. 6; 13. 15; 14. 15; 34.10; 35. 13; 37. 23; 40.8. See Psalms. Prov. 11. 21; 15. 8; 28. 9; 30. 5; Eccles. 5. 8; 8.12; 9. 2; Is. 45. 21; Jer. 5. 3; 9. 24; 23. 20; 32.19; 50. 7; 51. 9; Lam. 1. 18; Ezek. 7. 27; 16. 35; 18. 10; 33. 17 ; Dan. 4. 37; 9. 14: Hos. 4; 5; Nah. 1. 3; Hab. 1. 13; Zeph. 3. 5; Mai. 2.17; 4.1; Matt. 10.15; 20.13; 23. 14; Luke 12. 47; 13. 27; John 7. 18; Acts 10. 34; 17. 31; Rom. 2. 2; Gal. 6. 7; Eph. 6. 8; Col. 3. 25; James 1. 13; 1 John 1. 9; Rev. 15. 3; 16.17. Knowledge, Wisdom, and Power, Gen. 1; 3; 6--9; 41. 16; Ex. 4. 1, 11; 7. 10; 12.29; 14; 15; 33. 8; 34. 5; 35. 30; 36; Num. 11.23; 12; 22. 9; 23.4; 24. 1; Deut. 3; 4.32; 5. 24; 6. 22; 7; 10; 26; 28. 58; 29. 29; 32. 4; Josh. 3; 6; 7. 10; 23. 9; 24; Judg.2; 1 Sam. 2; 4; 5; 12.18; 14.6; 16. 7; 17. 37. 46; 18.10; 23; 2 Sam. 7. 22; 1 Kin. 8. 27; 22. 22; 1 Chr. 16. 24; 17. 4; 22. 18; 28. 9; 29. 11; 2 Chr. 6.18; 14. 11; 20. 6; Neh. 9. 5; Job 4. 9; 5. 9; 9; 10. 4; 11. 12; 19. 6; 21. 17; 22. 23; 26. 6; 33; 34. 22; 35. 41. See Psalms. Prov. 3. 19; 5.21; 8.22; 15.3; 16.9; 19.21; 21.30; Eccles. 3. 11; 7. 13; Is. 2. 10; 6. 3; 12. 5; 14. 24; 28. 29; 29.16; 30.18; 33.13; 40. 29; 41. 21; 42. 8; 43. 13; 44. 6, 23; 45. 20; 48. 5; 47. 4; 48. 3; 52. 10; 55.11; 59. 1; 60.1; 66. 1; Jer. 3.14; 5. 22; 10. 6; 14. 22; 29. 23; 32. 17; Lam. 3. 37; Ezek. 8.12; 11. 5; 22.14; Dan. 2. 20; 3.17, 29; 4. 34; 6. 26; Joel 2. 11; Amos 5. 12; 8. 7; Hab. 2.14; Mai. 3.16; Matt. 5. 48; 6. 33; 9. 38; 10. 29; 12. 25; 19. 26; 22. 29; Mark 5. 30; 12. 15; Luke 1. 48; 12. 5; 18. 27; John 1. 14; 2. 24; 5. 26; 6. 61; 11. 25; 16. 19; 18. 4; 19. 28; 20. 17; Acts 1. 24; 2. 17; 7. 55; 15. 18; Rom. 1.20; 4. 17; 8. 29; 11. 34; 15. 19; 16. 17; 1 Cor. 2. 9, 15; 2 Cor. 4. 6; 12. 9; 13. 4; Gal. 2. 8; Eph. 1. 19; 3. 7; 6. 10; Phil. 1. 6; 3. 21; Col. 3. 4; 1 Tim. 1.12,17; Heb. 1. 3; 2.11; 4.12; James 4. 6; 1 Pet. 2. 20; 1 John. 20 *1. 5; 3. 20; Jude 1, 24; Rev. 1. 8; 4. 11; 5.13; 11.17; 19. 6; 21. 3. Faithfulness and Truth, Num. 23.19; Deut. 7. 8; Josh. 21. 45; 2 Sam. 7. 28; 1 Kin. 8. 56; Ps. 19. 9; 89. 34; 105. 8; 111. 7; 117 ; 119. 89,160; 146. 6; Is. 25.1; 31. 2; 46. 11; 65. 16; Jer. 4. 28; Lam. 2.17; Ezek. 12. 25; Matt. 24. 35; John 7. 28; Rom. 3. 4; 1 Cor. 1. 9; 15. 58; 2 Cor. 1.18; 1 Thess. 5. 24; 2Thess. 3. 3; 2 Tim. 2. 13; Tit. 1. 2; Heb. 6. 18; 10. 23; 11. 11; 13. 5; 2 Pet 3. 9; Rev. 1.5; 3.7; 15.3; 16.7. Mercy, Goodness, and Love, Gen. 1. 28; 3.15; 4. 4; 8; 9; 15. 4; 16. 7; 17; 18. 16; 19. 12; 21. 12; 22. 15; 24. 12; 26. 24; 28. 10; 29. 31; 32. 9, 24; 39. 2; 46; Ex. 1. 20; 2. 23; 3. 7; 6; 16; 17; 20. 6; 22. 27; 23. 20; 29. 45; 32. 14; 33. 12; 34. 6; Lev. 4.35; 26. 3, 40; Num. 14.18; 21. 7; Deut. 4. 29; 7. 7; 8; 10.15; 18.15; 20. 4; 23. 5; 28. 1; 30; 32. 7, 43; 33; Josh. 20; Judg. 2. 16; 6. 36; 10.15; 13; 15.18: 1 Sam. 2. 9; 7; 25. 32; 2 Sam. 7. 5; 12. 13; 1 Kin. 8. 56; 2 Chr. 16. 9; 30. 9; Ezra 8. 18; Neh. 2. 18; 9. 17; Job 5.17; 7. 17; 11. 6; 33. 14; 36.11; 37. 23; Ps. 34. 8; 36. 5; 69. 16; Prov. 8. 30; 11. 20; 18. 10; 28.13; Eccles. 2. 26; 8. 11; Is. 25. 4; 27. 3; 30. 18; 38.17; 40. 29; 43. 1; 48. 9, 17; 49. 15; 54. 7; 55. 3; 63. 7; Jer. 3.12; 9. 24; 16. 14; 17. 7; 31. 3, 12; 32. 39; 33. 11; 44. 28; Lam. 3. 22, 31; Ezek. 20. 17; 33. 11; Dan. 9. 9; Hos. 2.19; 11.14; 13.14; 14. 3; Joel 2.13; Mic. 7.18; Nah. 1. 7; Hab. 3.18; Zeph. 3. 17; Mai. 3. 6, 16; 4; Matt. 5. 45; 19. 17; 23. 37; Luke 1. 50, 78; 5. 21; 6. 35; 13. 6; John 1. 4, 9; 3.16; 4.10; 14; 15. 9; 16. 7; 17; Acts 14.17; Rom. 2. 4; 3. 25: 5. 5; 8. 32; 9. 22; 11; 2 Cor. 1. 3; 12. 9; 13.11; Gal. 1. 4; Eph. 2. 3, 17; 4.6; 1 Tim. 2. 4; 6. 17; 2 Tim. 1. 8; Tit. 3. 4; Heb. 12. 6; James 1. 5, 17; 5. 11; 1 Pet. 1. 3; 3. 20; 2 Pet. 3.9,15; 1 John 1; Jude 21; Rev. 2.3. See Psalms. Jealousy, Ex. 20. 5; 34.14; Deut. 4. 24; 5. 9; 6. 15; 29. 20;-32. 1.6; Josh. 24. 19; Ps. 78. 58; 79. 5; Ezek. 16; 23; Hos. 1; 2; Joel 2. 18; Zeph. 1.18; Zech. 1.14; 1 Cor. 10. 22; Rev. 2. 4. -------HIS CHARACTERS :-- Disposer or Events, Gen. 6--9; 11. 8; 12; 14. 20; 18. 14; 22; 25. 23; 26; Ex. 9. 16; Deut. 7. 7; 1 Sam. 2. 6; 9. 15; 13. 14; 15.17; 16; 2 Sam. 7.8; 22.1; Ps. 10.16; 22.28; 24; 33; 74.12; 75; Is. 40. 13; 43-45; 64. 8; Jer. 8. 19; 10. 10: 18; 19; Dan. 4; 5; Zech. 14. 9; Luke 10. 21; Rom. 9; Eph. 1; 1 Tim. 1. 17; 6.15; James 4. 12. Judge of All, Gen. 18. 25; Deut. 32. 36; Judg. 11. 27 ; Ps. 7.11; 9. 7 ; 50; 58. 11; 68. 5; 75. 7; 94. 2; Eccles. 3. 17; 11. 9: 12. 14; Is. 2. 4; 3. 13; Jer. 11. 20; Acts 10. 42; Rom. 2.16; 2 Tim. 4. 8; Heb. 12.23; Jude 6; Rev. 11.18; 18. 8; 19.11. Searcher of Hearts, 1 Chr. 28. 9; Ps. 7. 9; 44. 21; 139. 23; Prov. 17. 3; 24. 12; Jer. 17.10; Acts 1. 24; Rom. 8.27; Rev. 2. 23. Sanctuary and Refuge, Deut. 33. 27; 2 Sam. 22. 3; Ps. 9. 9; 46. 1; 57. 1; 59. 16; 62; 71. 7; 91; 94. 22; 142. 5; Is. 8.14; Ezek. 11.16; Heb. 6.18. Saviour, Ps.106. 21; Is. 43. 3,11; 45.15; 49. 26; 60.16: 63. 8; Jer. 14. 8; Hos. 13. 4; Luke 1.47. HIS NAMES:-- Father of Lights, James 1.17. God of Heaven, Ezek. 5.11; Neh. 1.4; 2. 4. God of Hosts, Ps. 80. 7,14,19. Holy One, Job 6. 10; Ps. 16. 10; Is. 10.17; Hos. 11. 9; Hab. 1. J2; 1 John 2. 20. Hory One of Israel, 2 Kin. 19. 22; Ps. 71. 22; Is. 1. 4; Jer. 50. 29; 51. 5; Ezek. 39. 7. I AM, Ex. 3.14. Jealous, Ex. 34.14. JEHOVAH, Ex. 6. 3; Ps. 83.18; Is. 12. 2; 26. 4; usually rendered by Lord in small capitals. King of kings, 1 Tim. 6.15; Rev. 17.14. Living God, Deut. 5. 26; Josh. 3.10. Lord of Hosts, 1 Sam. 1.11; Is. 1. 24. Lord of lords, Rev. 17.14; Deut. 10.17; ITim. 6.15. Lord of Sabaoth, Rom. 9. 29; James 5. 4. Mighty God, Ps. 50.1; Is. 9. 6; 10. 21; Jer. 32.18; Heb. 1.12. Most High, Num. 24. 16; Deut. 32. 8; 2 Sam. 22 14 * Ps. 7.17 Most High God,'Gen. 14.18; Ps. 57. 2; Dan. 3. 26. --------THE FATHER, Matt. 11. 25; 28.19; Mark 14. 36; Luke 10. 21; 22. 42; 23. 34,46; John 1. 14; Acts 1. 4; 2. 33; Rom. 6. 4; 8. 15; 11. 28; 15. 6; 1 Cor. 8. 6; 15. 24; 2 Cor. 1. 3; 6. 18; Gal. 1. 1, 3, 4; 4. 2, 6; Eph. 1. 17; Phil. 2. 11, 22; Col. 1.19; 2. 2; 1 Thess. 1. 1; 2.11; Heb. 12.7, 9; James 1. 27; 3. 9; 1 Pet. 1. 2,17; 2 Pet. 1.17; 1 John 1. 2; 2 John 3. 4, 9; Jude 1. THE SON, Matt. 11. 27; Mark 13. 42; Luke 1. 32; John 1. 18; Acts 8. 37; 9. 20; Rom. 1. 4; 2 Cor. 1. 19; Gal. 2. 21; Eph. 4.13; Heb. 4. 14; 1 John 2. 22; Rev. 2.18. See CHRIST. -------THE HOLY GHOST:- Eternal, Heb. 9. 14. Omnipresent, Ps. 139. 7--13. Omniscient, 1 Cor. 2. 10. Omnipotent, Luke 1. 35; Rom. 15.19. the Spirit of glory and of God, 1 Pet. 4.14. Author of the new birth, John 3. 5, 6, with 1 John 5. 4. inspiring scripture, 2 Tim. 3.16, with 2 Pet. 1. 21. the source of wisdom, Is. 11. 2; John 14. 26; 16. 13; 1 Cor. 12. 8. the source of miraculous power, Matt. 12.28, with Luke 11. 20; Acts 19.11, with Rom. 15.19. appointing and sending ministers, Acts 13. 2, 4, with Matt. 9. 38; Acts 20. 28. directing where the gospel should be preached, Acts 16. 6, 7, 10. dwelling in saints, John 14.17, with 1 Cor. 14.25; 3. 16, with 1 Cor. 6.19. Comforter of the church. Acts 9.31, with 2 Cor. 1.3. sanctifying the church, Ezek. 37. 28, with Rom. 15.16. the Witness, Heb. 10.15, with 1 John 5. 9. convincing of sin, of righteousness, and of judgment, John 16. 8--11. -------PERSONALITY OF:-- He creates and gives life, Job 33. 4. He appoints and commissions His servants, Is. 48. 16; Acts 13. 2; 20. 28. He directs where to preach, Acts 8. 29; 10.19,20. He suffers Paul not to go to Bithynia, Acts 16. 6, 7. He instructs Paul what to preach, 1 Cor. 2.13. He spoke in, and by the prophets, Acts 1. 16; IPet. 1.11, 12; 2 Pet. 1. 21. He strives with sinners, Gen. 6. 3; can be vexed, Is. 63. 10; teaches, John 14. 26; 1 Cor. 12. 13; dwells with saints, John 14. 17; testifies of Christ, John 15. 26; reproves, John 16. 8; guides, John 16.13; glorifies Christ, John 16.14; can be tempted, Acts 5. 9; can be resisted, Acts 7. 51; comforts, Acts 9. 31; helps our infirmities, Rom. 8. 26; searches all things, Rom. 11. 33, 34, with 1 Cor. 2. 10, 11; has a power of His own, Rom. 15. 13; sanctifies, Rom. 15. 16; 1 Cor. 6. 11; works according to His own will, 1 Cor. 12.11. -------THE COMFORTER :-- proceeds from the Father, John 15. 26. Given by Christ, Is. 61. 1; Luke 4.18. by the Father, John 14.16. . through Christ's intercession, John 14.16. sent in the name of Christ, John 14. 26. sent by Christ from the Father, John 15. 26; 16.7. As such He abides for ever with saints, John 14. 16. dwells with, and in saints, John 14. 17. is known by saints, John 14.17. teaches saints, John 14. 26. testifies of Christ, John 15. 26. edifies the church, Acts 9. 31. imparts the love of God, Rom. 5. 3--5. communicates joy to saints, Rom. 14. 17; Gal. 5. 22; 1 Thess. 1. 6. imparts hope, Rom. 15.13; Gal. 5. 5. the world cannot receive, John 14.17. -------THE TEACHER :-- promised, Prov. 1. 23. as the Spirit of wisdom, Is. 11. 2; 40.13,14. Given to saints, Neh. 9. 20; 1 Cor. 2. 12,13. in answer to prayer, Eph. 1. 16,17. necessity for, 1 Cor. 2. 9,10. As such He directs in the way of godliness, Is. 30. 21; Ezek. 36. 27. GOD THE HOLY GHOST (THE TEACHER) As such He teaches saints to answer persecutors, Mark 13. 11; Luke 12.12. reveals the future, Luke 2. 26; Acts 21.11. brings the words of Christ to remembrance, John 14. 26. guides into all truth, John 14. 26; 16.13. reveals the things of Christ, John 16.14. directs the decisions of the church, Acts 15. 28. reveals the things of God, 1 Cor. 2.10,13. enables ministers to teach, 1 Cor. 12. 8. the natural man will not receive the things of, 1 Cor. 2.14. all are invited to attend to the instruction of, Rev. 2. 7, 11, 29. -------EMBLEMS OF:-- Water, John 3. 5; 7. 38, 39, fertilizing, Ps. 1. 3; Is. 27. 3, 6; 44. 3, 4; 58.11. refreshing, Ps. 46. 4; Is. 41. 17,18. freely given, Is. 55.1; John 4.14; Rev. 22.17. cleansing, Ezek. 16. 9; 36. 25; Eph. 5. 26; Heb. 10. 22. abundant, John 7. 37, 38. Fire, Matt. 3.11. illuminating, Ex. 13. 21; Ps. 78.14. purifying, Is. 4. 4; Mai. 3. 2, 3. searching, Zeph. 1. 12, with 1 Cor. 2.10. WIND. powerful, 1 Kin. 19.11, with Acts 2. 2. reviving, Ezek. 37. 9, 10, 14. independent, John 3. 8; 1 Cor. 12.11. sensible in its effects, John 3. 8. Oil, Ps. 45. 7. consecrating, Ex. 29. 7 ; 30. 30; Is. 61.1. comforting, Is. 61. 3; Heb. 1. 9. illuminating, Matt. 25. 3, 4; 1 John 2. 20, 27, healing, Luke 10. 34; Rev. 3.18. Rao and Dew, Ps. 72. 6. imperceptible, 2 Sam. 17.12, with Mark 4. 26-- 28. refreshing, Ps. 68. 9; Is. 18. 4. abundant, Ps. 133. 3. fertilizing, Ezek. 34. 26, 27; Hos. 6. 3; 10.12; 14. 5. A Dove, Matt. 3. 16. gentle, Matt. 10.16, with Gal. 5. 22. A Voice, Is. 6. 8. guiding, Is. 30. 21, with John 16.13. speaking, Matt. 10. 20. warning, Heb. 3. 7--11. A Seal, Rev. 7. 2. authenticating, John 6. 27; 2 Cor. 1. 22. securing, Eph. 1. 13, 14; 4. 30. Cloven Tongues, Acts 2. 3, 6--11. THE GIFT OF THE HOLY GHOST :-by the Father, Men. 9. 20; Luke 11. 13. to Christ without measure, John 3. 34. by the Son, John 20. 22. Given for instruction, Neh. 9. 20. upon the exaltation of Christ, Ps. 68.18; John 7. 39. in answer to prayer, Luke 11.13; Eph. 1.16,17. through the intercession of Christ, John 14.16. , for comfort of saints, John 14.16. to those who repent and believe, Acts 2. 38. according to promise, Acts 2. 38, 39. to those who obey God, Acts 5. 32. to the Gentiles, Acts 10. 44, 45; 11.17; 15. 8. is abundant, Ps. 68. 9; John 7. 38, 39. is fructifying, Is. 32. 15. is permanent, Is. 59. 21; Hag. 2. 5; 1 Pet. 4. 14. a pledge of the continued favour of God, Ezek. 39. 29. an earnest of the inheritance of the saints, 2 Cor. 1.. 22; 5. 5; Eph. 1.14. received through faith, Gal. 3.14. an evidence of union with Christ, 1 John 3. 24; 4.13. GODLINESS enjoined, 1 Tim. 2. 2; 4. 7; 5; 6; 2 Pet. 1.3; 3.11. GODLY CONVERSATION. See Conversation. GODS, judges described as, Ex. 22. 28; Ps. 82.1; 138. 1; John 10. 34; 1 Cor. 8. 5. false, worship of, forbidden, Ex. 20. 3; 34. 17; Deut. 5. 7; 8.19; 18. 20. GOD SAVE THE KING, 2 Sam. 16.16. GOG and MAGOG, Ezek. 38; 39; Rev. 20. 8. GOLD, Gen. 2. 11; Job 22. 24; Ps. 19. 10; 21. 3; Zech. 4. 2. mentioned figuratively, Rev. 3.18; 21.18. GOLDEN CANDLESTICK, Ex. 25. 31. " ', GOLGOTHA, place of a skull, Matt. 27. 33; Mark 15. 22; Luke 23. 33; John 19.17. GOLIATH of Gath, 1 Sam. 17 ; 21. 9; 22.10. GOMORRAH (and Sodom), Gen. 19. 23, 29; Is. 1. 9; Matt. 10.15; 14.11. GOOD SHEPHERD, John 10. 11. GOSHEN, land of (Egypt), Israelites placed there, Gen. 45.10; 46.34; 47.4. no plagues there, Ex. 8. 22; 9. 26. -------(Canaan), Josh. 10. 41; 11. 16. GOSPEL of Christ, its teaching and accompaniments, Matt. 4. 23; 24.14; Mark 1.14; Luke 2. 10; 20. 21; Acts 13. 26; 14. 3; 20. 21; Rom. 1. 2, 9, 16; 2.16; 10. 8; 16. 25; 1 Cor. 1.18; 2. 13; 15. 1; 2 Cor. 4. 4; 5.19; 6. 7; Eph. 1.13; 3. 2; 6. 15; Phil. 2. 16; Col. 1. 5; 3.16; 1 Thess. 1. 5; 2. 8; 3. 2 ; 1 Tim. 1.11; 6. 3; Heb. 4. 2; 1 Pet. 1. 12, 25; 4.17. preached to Abraham, Gal. 3. 8. to the poor and others, Matt. 11. 5; Mark 1.15; 13. 10; 16. 15; Luke 4. 18; 24. 47; Acts 13. 46; 14; 1 Cor. 1. 17; 9. 16; Gal. 2. 2; Rev. 14. 6. its effects, Mark 1.15; 8. 35; Luke 2.10,14; 19. 8; Acts 4. 32; Rom. 1. 16; 12; 13; 15. 29; 16. 26; 2 Cor. 8; 9; Gal. 1. 16; 2. 14; Eph. 4-6; Phil. 1. 5, 17, 27; Col. 1. 23; 3; 4; 1 Thess. 1; 2; Tit. 2; 3; James 1; 1 & 2 Pet.; 1 John 3; Jude 3. rejected by the Jews, Acts 13. 28; 28. 25; Rom. 9-11; 1 Thess. 2.16. from whom hid, 1 Cor. 1. 23; 2. 8; 2 Cor. 4. 3. GOURD, Jonah's, Jonah 4. 6. GRACE of God and Jesus Christ, Ps. 84.11; Zech. 4. 7 ; Luke 2. 40; John 1. 16; Acts 20. 24; Rom. 11. 5; 1 Cor. 15. 10; 2 Cor. 8. 9; 2 Tim. 1. 9; 1 Pet. 5. 5. salvation through, Acts 15. 11; Rom. 3. 24; 4. 4; Eph. 2. 5; 2 Thess. 2.16; Tit, 3. 7; 1 Pet. 1. 10. effects of, 2 Cor. 1. 12; Tit. 2. 11; 1 Pet. 4. 10. See Gospel. prayer for, Rom. 16. 20; 1 Tim. 1. 2; Heb. 4. 16. danger of abusing, Rom. 6; Jude 4; and departing from, Gal. 5. 4. i exhortations concerning, 2 Tim. 1. 9; Heb. 12. 15, 28; 2 Pet. 3. 18. GRAPES, Lev. 19. 10; Num. 6. 3; Deut. 23. 24; 24. 21; sour, Ezek. 18. 2. GRASS brought forth, Gen. 1.11. man compared to, Ps. 37. 2; 90. 5; 103. 15; Is. 40. 6; James 1.10; 1 Pet. 1. 24. GRASSHOPPERS, Amos 7.1. GRAVE, law of, Num. 19.16. triumphed over, Hos. 13. 14; John 5. 28; 1 Cor. 15.55; Rev. 20.13. GRAVITY in bishops and deacons, 1 Tim. 3.4, 8, II; Tit 2. 2 7 GREECE, prophecies of, Dan. 8. 21; 10. 20; 11.2 ; Zech. 9.13. Paul preaches in, Acts 16; 20. GREEKS would see Jesus, John 12. 20. believe in Him, Acts 11. 21; 17. 4. GROVES for worship, Gen. 21. 33. idolatrous, forbidden, Deut. 16. 21; .Tudsr. 6. 25; 1 Kin. 14.15; 15.13; 16. 33; 2 Kin. 17.16; 21. 3; 23. 4. GRUDGING, 2 Cor. 9. 7; James 5. 9; 1 Pet. 4. 9. GUIDE, God, of His people, Ps. 25. 9; 31. 3; 32. 8; 48.14; 73. 24; Is. 58.11; Luke 1. 79; 1 Thess. 3.11. GUILE, Ps. 34.13; 1 Pet. 2.1; 3.10; Rev. 14. 5. __________________________________________________________________ HABAKKUK, prophet, his burden, complaint to God, his answer, and faith, Hab. 1--3. HADAD, Edomite, 1 Kin. 11.14. HADADEZER (Hadarezer), king of Zobah, David's wars with, 2 Sam. 8; 10.15; 1 Chr. 18. HADASSAH, Est. 2. 7. HAGAR, mother of Ishmael, Gen. 16. fleeing from Sarah is comforted by an angel, Gen. 16. 10, 11. sent away with feer son, Gen. 21. 14; allegory of, Gal. 4. 24. HAGGAI, prophet, Ezra 5; 6.14. See Hag. 1; 2. HAIL, plague of, Ex. 9. 23; Josh. 10. 11; Ps. 18. 12; 78. 47; Is. 28. 2; Ezek. 13. 11; Hag. 2. 17; Rev. 8. 7; 11. 19; 16. 21. HALL (of judgment), John 18. 28, 33; 19. 9; Acts 23 35 HALLELUJAH (Alleluia), Ps. 106; 111; 113; 146; 148; 149; 150; Rev. 19.1, 3, 4, 6. HALLOWED BREAD. See Shewbread. HAM, son of Noah, cursed, Gen. 9. 22. his descendants, Gen. 10. 6; 1 Chr. 1. 8; Ps. 105. 23; smitten by the Simeonites, 1 Chr. 4. 40. HAMAN'S advancement, Est. 3. anger against Mordecai, Est. 3. 8. his fall, Est. 7. HAMATH (Syria), Num. 34. 8; Josh. 13. 5; 2 Kin. 14. 28; 17.24. conquered, 2 Kin. 18. 34; Is. 37.13; Jer. 49. 23. HAMOR, father of Shechem, Gen. 34; Acts 7.16. HANANI, prophet, 2 Chr. 16. 7. -------brother of Nehemiah, Neh. 1. 2; 7. 2; 12. 36. HANANIAH, false prophet, Jer. 28. his death, Jer. 28.16. HAND of God, for blessing, 2 Chr. 30. 12; Ezra 7. 9; 8.18; Neh. 2.18. for chastisement, Deut. 2. 15; Ruth 2.13; Job 2.10; 19.21; 1 Pet. 5. 6. HANDS, laying on of, Num. 8. 10; 27. 18; Acts 6. 6; 13. 3; 1 Tim. 4.14; 2 Tim. 1. 6. washing, declaratory of innocence, Deut. 21. 6; Ps. 26. 6; Matt. 27. 24. lifting up, in prayer, Ex. 17.11; Ps. 28. 2; 63. 4; 141.2; 143.6; 1 Tim. 2. 8. HANGING, a punishment, Gen. 40. 22; Num. 25. 4; Est. 7.10; [V]9.14. the hanged acchirsed, Deut. 21.22; Gal. 3.13. HANNAH'S vow and prayer, 1 Sam. 1. 11; an- SAvered, 1 Sam. 1.19; her song, 1 Sam. 2. HANUN, king of the Ammonites, dishonours David's messengers, 2 Sam. 10.4; chastised, 2 Sam. 12. 30. HAPPY, who so called, Deut. 33. 29; Job 5. 17; Ps. 127. 5; 144. 15; 146. 5; Prov. 3. 13; 14. 21; 28.14; 29. 18; John 13.17; Rom. 14. 22; James 5.11; 1 Pet. 3.14; 4.14. HARAN, son of Terah, Gen. 11.26. (city of Nahqr), Abram comes to, Gen. 11. 31; departs from, Gen. 12. 4. Jacob flees to Laban at, Gen. 27. 43; 28.10; 29. HARBONAH and Haman, Est. 7. 9. HARDENED heart deprecated, Deut. 15. 7; 1 Sam. 6. 6; Ps. 95. 8; Heb. 3. 8; results of, Ex. 7. 13; 8. 15; Prov. 28.14; Dan. 5. 20; John 12 40. HARLOTS, Gen. 34. 31; Lev. 19. 29; 21. 7; Deut. 23. 17; Is. 57. 3; Jer. 3. 3; Matt. 21. 32; 1 Cor. 6.15. Rahab of Jericho, Josh. 2.1. priests forbidden to marry, Lev. 21.14. Solomon's judgment, 1 Kin. 3. 16. figurative, Is/l. 21; Jer. 2. 20; Ezek. 16; 23; Hos. 2; Rev. 17; 18. HARMLESS, Christ was, Heb. 7. 26. disciples to be, Matt. 10.16; Rom. 16. 19; Phil. 2.15. HARP (and organ), Gen. 4. 21. played on by David, 1 Sam. 16.16, 23; 2 Sam. 6. 5. used in public worship, 1 Chr. 25. 3; Ps. 33. 2; 81. 2; 150.3. in heaven, Rev. 14. 2. HART, a clean animal, Deut. 12.15; 1 Kin. 4.23; Is. 35. 6; Ps.42.1. HARVEST, promise concerning, Gen. 8. 22. feast of, Ex. 23. 16; 34. 21; Lev. 19. 9; Is. 9. 3; 16.9. of the world, Jer. 8. 20; Matt. 13. 30, 39; Rev. 14.15. HASTE to be rich, daneerous, Prov. 28. 22. HASTINESS in speech, &c. censured, Prov. 14. 29; 29. 20; Eccles. 5. 2; Dan. 2.15. HATRED forbidden, Ex. 23. 5; Lev. 19.17; Deut. 19.11; Prov. 10.12,18; 15.17; 26. 4; Matt. 5.43; Gal. 5. 20; Tit. 3. 3; 1 John 2. 9; 3.15; 4. 20. HAUGHTINESS censured, 2 Sam. 22. 28; Prov. 6. 17; 16. 18; 21. 4, 24; Is. 2. 11; 3. 16; 13. 11; 166; Jer. 48. 29. HAWK, unclean, Lev. 11.16. described, Job 39. 26. HAZAEL, king of Syria, 1 Kin. 19.15. Eiisha's prediction, 2 Kin. 8. 7. slays Ben-hadad, 2 Kin. 8.15. oppresses Israel, 2 Kin. 9.14; 10. 32; 12.17; 13. 22. HAZOR, Canaan, burnt, Josh. 11.10; 15. 25. HEAD, of the Church, Christ, Eph. 1. 22; 4. 15; 5.23; Col. 1.18; 2.10. not holding the, Col. 2.19. HEALTH of body, Gen. 43. 28; 3 John 2. spiritual, Ps. 42.11; Prov. 3. 8; 12.18; Is. 58. 8; Jer. 8.15; 30.17; 33.6. HEART of Man, Gen. 6. 5: 8. 21; Eocles. 8.11; 9. 3; Jer. 17. 9; Matt. 12. 34; 15. 19; Luke 6. 45; Rom. 2. 5. searched and tried by God, 1 Chr. 28. 9; 29.17: Ps. 44. 21; 139. 23; Prov. 21. 2; 24.12; Jer. 12. 3; 17.10; 20.12; Rev. 2. 23. enlightened, &c. by Him, 2 Cor. 4. 6; Ps. 27.14; Prov. 16.1; 1 Thess. 3.13; 2 Pet. 1.19. a new, promised, Jer. 24. 7; 31. 32; 32. 39; Ezek. 11.19; 36. 26. HEATHEN described, Eph. 2. 12; 4. 18; 5. 12; 1 Cor. 1. 21. gospel preached to, Matt. 24. 14; 28. 19; Rom. 10.14; 16.26; Gal. 1.16. conversion of, Acts 10. 35; Rom. 15.16. HEAVEN, the firmament, created, Gen. 1. 1, 8; Ps. 8; 19; Is. 40.22; Rev. 10. 6. dwelling-place of God, 1 Kin. 8. 30; Ps. 2.4; 115. 3; 123. 1; Is. 6.1; 66. 1; Ezek. 1; 10; Matt. 6. 9; Acts 7. 49; Heb. 8.1; Rev. 4. happiness of, Ps. 16. 11; Is. 49. 10; Dan. 12. 3; Matt. 5. 12; 13. 43; Luke 12. 37; John 12. 26; 14.1; 17. 24; 1 Cor. 2. 9; 13.12; 1 Pet. 1. 4; Rev. 7.16; 14.13; 21.4; 22.3. who enter, Matt. 5. 3; 25, 34; Rom. 8.17; Heb. 12.23; 1 Pet. 1.4; Rev. 7. 9,14. who do not enter, Matt. 7. 21; 25. 41; Luke 13. 27; 1 Cor. 6. 9; Gal. 5. 21; Rev. 21. 8; 22.15. the new, Rev. 21.1. HEAVENLY FATHER, Matt. 6.14,15,18; Luke 11. 2,13. HEAVE-OFFERING, Ex. 29. 27; Num. 15. 19; 18. 8, 30. HEBER, Gen. 10. 21; Luke 3. 35. -------the Kenite, Judg. 4. 11. HEBREW, the (name of Abraham), Gen. 14.13. HEBREWESS, Jer. 34. 9. HEBREWS, descendants of Abraham, Gen. 40. 15; 43. 32; Ex. 2. 6; 2 Cor. 11. 22; Phil. 3. 5. HEBRON (Mamre), in Canaan, Abraham dwells there, Gen. 13.18; 23. 2. the spies come to, Num. 13. 22. taken, Josh. 10. 36. given to Caleb, Josh. 14.13; 15.13. David reigns there, 2 Sam. 2.1; 3. 2; 5.1; 1 Chr. 11; 12. 38; 29. 27. HEEL, figuratively, Gen. 3.15; Ps. 49. 5. HEIFER for sacrifice, Gen. 15. 9; Num. 19. 2: Deut. 21. 3; Heb. 9.13. HEIRS of God, Rom. 8. 17; Gal. 3. 29; 4; Eph. 3. 6; Tit. 3. 7; Heb. 6.17; James 2. 5. HELI, Luke 3. 23. HELL (Hades), the grave, Acts 2. 31; 1 Cor. 15, 55; Rev. 20.13. place of torment, Matt. 11. 23; 13. 42; 25. 41, 46; Luke 16. 23; 2 Pet. 2. 4; Rev. 14. 10; 20.10,15; for whom reserved, Ps. 9. 17; Prov. 5. 5; 7. 27; 9. 18; Matt. 5. 22; 23. 15; 25. 41; Luke 16. 23! See. Is. 5.14; 14. 9; 33.14; Matt. 3.12. HEM of garment, Matt. 9. 20; 14. 36; 23. 5. See Num. 15. 38, 39. HEMLOCK, Hos. 10. 4; Amos 6.12. HEPHZI-BAH, the restored Jerusalem, Is. 62. 4. queen of Hezekiah, and mother of Manasseh, 2 Kin. 21.1. HERESIES deprecated, 1 Cor. 11.19; Gal. 5. 20; 2 Pet. 2.1. See Rom. 16.17; 1 Cor. 1.10; 3. 3; 14. 33; Phil. 2. 3; 4. 2; Tit. 3.10; Jude 19. HERMAS and HERMES, of Rome, saluted by Paul, Rom. 16. 14. HERMOGENES, 2 Tim. 1. 15. HERMON, mount, Deut. 4. 48; Josh. 12. 5; 13. 5; Ps. 89.12; 133. 3. HEROD (the Great), king of Judaea, Matt. 2.1. troubled at Christ's birth, Matt. 2. 3. slays the babes of Bethlehem, Matt. 2.16. ------- (Antipas) reproved by John the Baptist, imprisons him, Luke 3.19; beheads him, Matt. 14; Mark 6.14. desires to see Christ. Luke 9. 9. scourges Him, and is reconciled to Pilate, Luke 23. 7; Acts 4. 27. -- (Agrippa) persecutes the church, Acts 12.1. his pride and miserable death, Acts 12. 23. HERODIANS, a sect, rebuked by Christ, Matt. 22. 16; Mark 12.13. plot against him, Mark 3. 6; 8.15; 12.13. HERODIAS, married to Herod Antipas, Mark 6.17. plans the death of John the Baptist, Matt. 14; Mark 6. 24. HERODION, Paul's kinsman, Rom. 16.11. HESHBON, city of Sihon, taken, Num. 21. 26; Deut. 2. 24; Neh. 9. 22; Is. 16. 8. HETH, sons of, Gen. 10.15. their kindness to Abraham, Gen. 23. 7; 25.10. HEZEKIAH, king of Judah, 2 Kin. 16.19 (2 Chr. 28. 27). abolishes idolatry, 2 Kin. 18. attacked by the Assyrians, his prayer and deliverance, 2 Kin. 19. his life lengthened, shadow of dial goes backward, displays his treasure, Isaiah's prediction, 2 Kin. 20 (Is. 38); his passover, 2 Chr. 30.13. his piety, and good reign, 2 Chr. 29. his death, 2 Kin. 20. 20. HID TREASURE, parable, Matt. 13. 44. HIEL. See Jericho. HIGH PLACES forbidden, Deut. 12. 2; 1 Kin. 3. 2; 12.31; 13.2; 14.23; Jer. 3. 6. HIGH PRIEST, Ex. 28.1. his garments, Lev. 8. 7. HILKIAH finds the book of the law, 2 Kin. 22. 8. HIN. See Measttkes. HINNOM, valley of, (Josh. 15. 8); 2 Kin. 23.10; 2 Chr. 28. 3; 33. 6; Jer. 7. 31; 19.11; 32. 35. See Tophet axd Moloch. HIRAM (Huram), king of Tyre, sends aid to David and Solomon, 2 Sam. 5.11; 1 Kin. 5; 9.11; 10.11; 1 Chr. 14.1; 2 Chr. 2.11. -------principal brass-worker to Solomon, 1 Kin. 7.13. HIRE for labour, not kept back, Lev. 19. 13; Deut. 24.14, 15; James 5. 4. HIRELING, John 10. 12. HITTITES, Judg. 1. 26; 3. 5. HIVITES, Gen. 10.17; Ex. 3.17. deceive Joshua, Josh. 9. HOBAB. See Jethro. HOLINESS enjoined, Ex. 19. 22; Lev. 11. 44; 20. 7; Num. 15. 40; Deut. 7. 6; 26. 19; 28. 9; Luke 1. 75; Horn. 12.1; 2 Cor. 7. 1; Eph. 1. 4; 4. 24; Col. 3.12; 1 Thess. 2.12; 1 Tim. 2.15; Heb. 12. 14; 1 Pet. 1.15; 2 Pet. 3.11; Rev. 22.11. HOLY GIFTS, Ex. 28. 38; Lev. 10.12. HOLY PLACE, laws concerning, Ex. 28. 29; Lev. 6.16; 16. 2; 2 Chr. 29. 5; Heb. 9.12. measure of the most, Ezek. 41. 4. HOLY SPIRIT. See God the Holy Ghost. HOLY THINGS, laws respecting, Ex. 28. 38; Lev. 5. 15; 22. 2; Num. 4.19, 20; 1 Chr. 23. 28) Neh. 10. 33 * Ezek. 20. 40; 22. 8. HOMER. See Measures. HONESTY, Rom. 12.17; 13.13; 2 Cor. 8. 21; 13. 7; Phil. 4. 8; 1 Thess. 4.12; ITim. 2. 2; Heb. 13.18. HONEY, Gen. 43. 11; 1 Sam. 14. 25; Ps. 19. 10; Prov. 24. 13; 25. 16; 27. 7; Is. 7. 15; Cant. 4. 11; Rev. 10. 9. not to be used in burnt sacrifices, Lev. 2.11. HONOUR due to God, Ps. 29. 2; 71. 8; 145. 5; Mai. 1. 6; 1 Tim. 1. 17; Rev. 4.11; 5.13. granted by God, 1 Kin. 3. 13; Est. 8. 16; Prov. 3.16; 4. 8; 8. 18; 22. 4; 29. 23; Dan. 5.18; John 12.26. due to parents, Ex. 20.12; Deut. 5.16; Matt. 15. 4; Eph. 6. 2. to the aged, Lev. 19. 32; 1 Tim. 5.1. to the king, 1 Pet. 2. 17. HOPE (a good), Ps. 16. 9; 22. 9; 31. 24; Acts 24. 15; 28.20; Rom. 15. 13. of the wicked will perish, Job 8.13; 11. 20; 27. 8. comfort of, Job 11. 18; Ps. 146. 5: Prov. 10. 28; 14. 32; Jer. 17. 7; Lam. 3. 21; Acts 24.15; Rom. 12.12; 15. 4; 1 Cor. 13.13; Eph. 1.18; 4. 4; Col. 1.5; Heb. 3. 6. encouragement under. Ps. 31. 24; 42. 5; 130. 7; Lam. 3. 26; Rom. 8. 24; 15. 13; Col. 1. 23; Tit. 2. 13; Heb. 3. 6; 6.11; 1 Pet. 1.13. prisoners of, Zech. 9.12. effect of, Rom. 5. 5; 8. 24; 15. 4; 1 Cor. 13. 7; 1 John 3. 3. gift of God, Gal. 5. 5; 2 Thess. 2.16; Tit. 1. 2; 1 Pet. 1.3. ready to give reason for, 1 Pet. 3.15. HOPHNI and PHINEHAS, sons of Eli, 1 Sam. 1. 3. their sin and death, 1 Sam. 2.12, 22; 4. .11. HOR, mount, Aaron dies on, Num. 20. 25. HOREB, mount (Sinai), Ex. 3. 1; 17. 6; 33. 6; Deut. 1. 6; 4.-10. law given, Ex. 19; 20; Deut. 4.10; 5. 2; 18.16; IKin. 8. 9; Mai. 4. 4. Moses twice there forty days, Ex. 24. 18; 34. 28; Deut. 9. 9. Elijah there forty days, 1 Kin. 19. 8. HORMAH, destruction of, Num. 21. 3; Judg.1.17. HORNETS, as God's instruments of punishment, Ex. 23.28; Deut. 7. 20; Josh. 24.12. HORNS, figuratively mentioned, 1 Sam. 2. 1; 2 Sam. 22. 3; Ps. 75. 4. vision of, Dan. 7. 7; 8. 3; Hab. 3. 4; Rev. 5. 6; 12. 3; 13. 1; 17. 3. -------of the altar, 1 Kin. 1. 50; 2. 28. -------of iron, Zedekiah makes, 1 Kin. 22. HORSE described, Job 39. 19; Prov. 21. 31; Jer. 8. 6. HORSES, kings forbidden to multiply, Deut. 17. 16; Ps. 33. 17; 147.10. vision of, Zech. 1. 8; 6; Rev. 6. HOSANNA, children sing, to Christ, Matt. 21. 9; Mark 11. 9; John 12.13 (Ps. 118. 25, 26). HOSE A, prophet, declares God's judgment against idolatrous Israel, Hos. 1; 2; 4; and his reconciliation, Hos. 2.14; 11; 13; 14. HOSHEA, last king of Israel, his wicked reign, defeat by the king of Assyria, and captivity, 2 Kin 15. 30; 17. HOSPITALITY, Rom. 12.13; Tit. 1. 8; Heb. 13. 2; 1 Pet. 4. 9. HOSPITALITY-corc*. instances of:--Abraham, Gen. 18. Lot, Gen, 19. Laban, Gen. 24. 31. Jethro, Ex. 2. 20. Manoah, Judg. 13.15. Samuel, 1 Sam. 9. 22. David, 2 Sam. 6. 19. Barzillai, &c. 2 Sam. 17. 27; 19. 32. The Shunammite, 2 Kin. 4. 8. Nehemiah, Neh. 5.18. Job, Job 1.17. Matthew, Luke 5.29. Zacchseus, Luke 19. 6. Lydia, Acts 16.15. Publius, &c., Acts 28. 2. Gaius, 3 John 5. HOST, the heavenly, Luke 2. 13. See 1 Chr. 12. 22; Ps. 103. 21; 148.2. of the Lord, Gen. 32. 2; Josh. 5.14; 1 Chr. 9.19. HOUR, the third, of day, Matt. 20. 3; Mark 15. 25; Acts 2.15; 23.23. the sixth, Matt. 27^45; Mark 15. 33; Luke 23. 44; John 4. 6; 19. 14; Acts 10. 9. the ninth, Acts 3.1; 10. 3, 30. at hand, cometh, Matt. 26. 45; John 4. 21; 5. 25; 12. 23; 13. 1; 16. 21; 17.1. that very same, Matt. 8.13; 9. 22; 10.19; 15. 28; 17. 18; Luke 12. 12; John 4. 53; Acts 16. 18, 33; 22.13; 1 Cor. 4.11; 8.7. knoweth no man, Matt. 24. 36, 42; 25. 13; Mark 13.32; Rev. 3. 3. of temptation, Rev. 3.10; judgment, Rev. 14. 7; 18. 10. figurative, Rev. 8.1; 9.15. HOUSE OF GOD, Gen. 28.17; Judg. 20.18; 2 Chr. 5.14; Ezra 5. 8, 15; 7. 20, 23; Neh. 6.10; Ps. 84. 10; Is. 6. 4; 60. 7; 64. 7; Ezek. 15. 7, 23; 43. 5; Mic. 4. 2; Zech. 7. 2; Matt. 12. 4; 1 Tim. 3. 15; Heb. 10.21; IPet. 4.17. (heaven), Acts 7. 49. (altars). See Altar. (for worship). See Temple. HUMILITY, Prov. 15. 33; 18.12; 22. 4. enjoined, Mic. 6. 8; Matt. 18; 20. 25; Mark 9. 33; 10. 43; Luke 9.46; 14. 7; 22. 24; Eph. 4. 2; Col. 3. 12; Phil. 2. 3; James 4.10; 1 Pet. 5. 5. benefits of, Ps. 34. 2; 69. 32; Prov. 3. 34; Is. 57. 15; Matt. 18.4; Luke 14.11; James 4. 6. profession of, Ps. 131. HUNGER, Ex. 16. 3; Ps. 34.10; Jer. 38. 9; Lam. 4. 9; Luke 15.17; 2 Cor. 11. 27; Rev. 6. 8. (and thirst), Ps. 107. 5; Is. 49.10; 55; Matt. 5. 6; John 6. 35; Rev. 7.16. HUNGRY, Ps. 107. 5; 146. 7; Prov. 25. 21; Is. 58. 7; Luke 1. 53; Acts 10.10; 1 Cor. 11. 21. HUR, son of Caleb, Ex. 17. 10; 24. 14; 1 Chr. 2. 19. &c. HUSBAND, figuratively, Is. 54. 5; Hos. 2. 7. HUSBANDS, Gen. 2. 24; Matt. 19. 4; 1 Cor. 7. 2, 3; Eph. 5. 23, 25, 33; Col. 3.19; 1 Pet. 3. 7. HUSBANDMAN, John 15.1; 2 Tim. 2. 6; James. 6 HUSBANDMEN, parable of, Matt. 21. 33; Mark 12.1; Luke 20. 9. HUSHAI'S loyalty, 2 Sam. 15. 32. HYMENAEUS, 1 Tim. 1. 20; 2 Tim. 2.17. HYMNS, Matt. 26. 30; Mark 14. 26; Eph. 5. 19; Col. 3. 16. HYPOCRISY, Is. 29. 15; Matt. 23. 28; Mark 12. 15; 1 Tim. 4. 2; Rev. 3. 1; penalty of, Job 8. 13; 15. 34; 20. 5; 36.13; Matt. 24.51; denounced, Matt. 6.2; 7. 5; 1 Pet. 2.1. HYSSOP, Ex. 12. 22; Lev. 14. 4; Num. 19. 6; Ps. 51. 7; Heb. 9.19. __________________________________________________________________ I AM, Ex. 3.14; John 8. 58; Rev. 1.18. I-CHABOD, 1 Sam. 4. 21; 14. 3. ICONIUM, Gospel preached at, Acts 13.51; 14.1; 16.2. Paul persecuted at, 2 Tim. 3.11. IDLENESS reproved, Prov. 6. 6; 18. 9; 24. 30; Rom. 12.11; 1 Thess. 4.11; 2 Thess. 3.10; Heb. 6.12. evil of, Prov. 10.4; 12. 24; 13. 4; 19.15; 20. 4,13; 21. 25; Eccles. 10.18; 1 Tim. 5.13. IDOLATERS not to be spared, Deut. 7.16; 13. 8,15. IDOLATRY, Ex, 20. 2; 22. 20; 23.13; Lev. 26.1; Deut. 4.15; 5. 7; 11.16; 17. 2; 18. 9; 27.15; Ps. 97. 7; Jer. 2.11; 1 Cor. 10. 7,14; 1 John 5. 21. folly of, 1 Kin. 18. 26; Ps. 115. 4; 135.15; Is. 40. 19; 41; 44. 9; 46. 1; Jer. 2. 26; 10. monuments of, to be destroyed, Ex. 23. 24; 34. 13; Deut. 7. 5. enticers to, Deut. 13.1. Israelites guilty of, Ex.32; Num.25; Judg. 2.11; 3. 7; 8. 33; 18. 30; 2 Kin. 17. 12; also Micah, Judg. 17; Solomon, 1 Kin. 11. 5; Jeroboam, 1 Kin. 12. 28; Ahab, &c. 1 Kin. 16. 31; 18. 19; Manasseb, 2 Kin. 21. 4; Ahaz, 2 Chr. 28. 2; Nebuchadnezzar, &c. Dan. 3; 5; inhabitants of > Lystra, Acts 14.11; Athens, Acts 17.16; Ephe-^f sus, Acts 19. 28. zeal of Asa against, 1 Kin. 15.12. of Jehoshaphat, 2 Chr. 17. 6. pf Hezekiah, 2 Chr. 30.13. of Josiah, 2 Chr. 34. punishment of, Deut. 17. 2; Jer. 8.1; 16.1; 44. 21; Hos. 8. 5; 1 Cor. 6. 9; Eph. 5. 5; Rev. 14. 9; 21. 8; 22.15. IDOLS, meats offered to, Rom. 14; 1 Cor. 8. IDUMAEA, land of Edom, Is. 34. 5; Ezek. 35.15; 36. 5; Mark 3. 8. IGNORANCE, sin offerings for, Lev. 4; Num. 15. 22. effects of, Rom. 10. 3; 2 Pet. 3. 5. Paul's deprecation of, 1 Cor. 10.1; 12; 2 Cor. 1. 8; 1 Thess. 4. 13; 2 Pet. 3. 8. ILLYRICUM, Gospel preached there, Rom. 15.19. IMAGES prohibited, Ex. 20. 4; Lev. 26.1; Deut. 16. 22. IMAGINATION of man, evil, Gen. 6. 5; 8. 21; Deut. 31. 21; Jer. 23.17; Luke 1. 51. IMMANUEL {see Emmanuel), God with us, Is. 7. 14; Matt. 1.23. IMMORTALITY, of God, 1 Tim. 1. 17; 6. 16; of man, Rom. 2. 7; 1 Cor. 15. 53. IMMUTABILITY of God's counsel, Heb. 6.17. IMPUTED righteousness, Rom. 4. 6, 22; 5. INCENSE, Ex. 30. 22; 37. 29. offered, Lev. 10.1; 16.13; Num. 16. 46. figurative, Rev. 8. 3; INCEST condemned, Lev. 18; 20.17; Deut. 22.30; 27. 20; Ezek. 22.11; Amos 2. 7. cases of, Gen. 19. 33; 35. 22; 38.18; 2 Sam. 13; 16. 21; Mark 6.17; 1 Cor. 5.1. INDIA, Est. 1.1. INDUSTRY, Gen. 2.15; 3. 23; Prov. 6. 6; 10. 4; 12.24; 13. 4; 21.5; 22. 29; 27. 23; Eph. 4. 28; 1 Thess. 4.11; 2 Thess. 3.12; Tit. 3.14. rewarded, Prov. 13.11; 31.13. INFIRMITIES, human, borne by Christ (Is. 53. 4); Matt. 8.17; Heb. 4. 15. INGATHERING, feast of, Ex. 23.16; 34. 22. INGRATITUDE to God, Rom. 1. 21. exemplified: Israel, Deut. 32. 18; Saul, 1 Sam. 15; 17; David, 2 Sam. 12.7, 9; Nebuchadnezzar, Dan. 5; lepers, Luke 17. punished, Neh. 9. 27; Hos. 2. 8, 9. characteristic of the wicked, Ps. 38.20; 2 Tim. 3.2. its penalty, Prov. 17.13; Jer. 18. 20. INHERITANCE, Num. 27; 36; Deut. 21.15. in Christ, Eph. 1.11,14; Col. 1.12; 3. 24; 1 Pet..12 INJUSTICE, Ex. 22. 21; 23. 6; Lev. 19.15; Deut. 16.19; 24. 17; Job 31. 13; Ps. 82. 2; Prov. 22. 16; 29. 7; Jer. 22. 3; Luke 16.10. results of, Prov. 11. 7; 28. 8; Mic. 6. 10; Amos 5.11; 8. 5; 1 Thess. 4. 6; 2 Pet. 2. 9. INNOCENTS slain, Matt. 2.16. INSPIRATION of Scripture, Luke 1. 70; 2 Tim. 3.16; Heb. 1.1; 2 Pet. 1. 21. INSTRUCTION promised, Job 33. 16; Ps. 32. 8; Prov. 10.17; 12. 1; 13.1; Matt. 13. 52; 2 Tim. 3.16. recommended, Prov. 1. 2, 8; 4.13; 9. 9; 19. 20; 23 12 hated by wicked, Ps. 50.17; Prov. 1. 22; 5.12. consequence of rejecting, Prov. 13.18; 15. 32. INTEGRITY, 1 Sam. 12. 3; 2 Kin. 12. 15; 22. 7; Job 2. 3; Ps. 7. 8; 26. 1; 41. 12; Prov. 11. 3; 19. 1; 20. 7. INTERCESSION, of Christ, Luke 23. 34; Rom. 8. 34; Heb. 7.25; 1 John 2.1. predicted, Is. 53. 12. of the Holy Spirit, Rom. 8. 26. to be made for all men, 1 Tim. 2.1; Eph. 6.18; for kings, 1 Tim. 2. 2. asked for by Paul, Rom. 15. 30; 2 Cor. 1.11; Col. 4. 3; 1 Thess. 5. 25; 2 Thess. 3. 1; Heb. 13. 18. INTERPRETATION (of dreams) is of God, Gen. 40. 8; Prov. 1. 6; Dan. 2. 27. INVISIBLE GOD, the, Col. 1. 15; 1 Tim. 1. 17; Heb. 11. 27. IRON. 2 Sam. 23. 7; Job 28.2; Prov. 27.17; Is. 45. 2; Ezek. 27.12; Dan. 2. 33, 40. pen of, Job 19. 24. rod of (figuratively used), Ps. 2. 9; Rev. 2. 27. ISAAC, his birth promised, Gen. 15. 4; 17.16; 18. 10; born, Gen. 21. 2. offered by Abraham, Gen. 22. 7. marries Rebekah, Gen. 24. 67. blesses his sons, Gen. 27.28; dies, Gen. 35. 29. ISAIAH (Esaias), prophet, Is. 1.1; 2. 1. sent to Ahaz, Is. 7; and Hezekiah, Is. 37. 6; 38. 4; 39. 3. prophesies concerning various nations, Is. 7; 8; 10; 13--23; 45--47. referred to in Matt. 3. 3; 4. 17; 8.17; 12.17; 13. 14; 15. 7; Mark 1. 2; Luke 3. 4; 4.17 ; John 1. 23; 12. 38; Acts 8. 32; 28. 25; Rom. 9. 27; 10. 16; 15.12. ISCARIOT, Judas, Matt. 10. 4; Mark 3.19. his treachery, Matt. 26. 21; Mark 14. 18; Luke 22. 47; John 18. 3. death, Matt. 27. 5; Acts 1.18. ISHBI-BENOB, 2 Sam. 21. 16. ISH-BOSHETH, 2 Sam. 2. 8; 3. 1, 4. ISHMAEL, son of Abram, Gen. 16. 15; 17. 20; 21. 17; 25.17; his descendants, Gen. 25. 12; IChr. 1.29. -------son of Nethaniah, slays Gedaliah, 2 Kin. 25. 7; Jer. 40. 14; 41. ISRAEL, Jacob so called after wrestling with God, Gen. 32. 28; 35.10; Hos. 12. 3. ISRAELITES in Egypt, Ex. 1--12. the first passover instituted, Ex. 12. flight from Egypt, Ex. 12. 31. pass through the Red Sea, Ex. 14. their journeys, Ex. 14. 1, 19; Num. 9. 15; Ps. 78.14. fed by manna and water in the wilderness, Ex. 16. 4; 17.1; Num. 11; 20. God's covenant with at Sinai, Ex. 19; 20; Deut. 29.10. their idolatry, Ex. 32. See also 2 Kin. 17; Ezra 9; Neh. 9; Ezek. 20; 22; 23; Acts 7. 39; 1 Cor. 10.1. their rebellious conduct rehearsed by Moses, Deut. 1; 2; 9. conquer and divide Canaan under Joshua, Josh. 1; 12; 13. governed by judges, Judg. 2; by kings, 1 Sam. 10; 2 Sam.; l & 2 Kin.; 1 & 2 Chr. their captivity in Assyria, 1 Kin. 17; in Babylon, 2 Kin. 25; 2 Chr. 36; Jer. 39; 52; their return, Ezra'; Neh.; Hag.; Zech. God's wrath against, Ps. 78; 106; deliverances of, Ps. 105. their sufferings our examples, 1 Cor. 10. 6. ISSACHAR, Gen. 30.18; 35. 23. descendants of, Gen. 46. 13; Judg. 5. 15; 1 Chr. 7.1. See Num. 1.18; 26. 23; Gen. 49.14; Deut. 33.18; Josh. 19.17; Ezek. 48. 33; Rev. 7. 7. ITHAMAR, Ex. 6. 23; Lev. 10. 6; his charge, Num. 4. ITHIEL, Prov. 30.1. ITTAI (David's), 2 Sam. 15. 19; 18. 2. ITURA, Luke 3.1. IVORY, 1 Kin. 10. 22; Is. 21. 13; Ezek. 27. 15; Rev. }8.12. Solomon's throne of, 1 Kin. 10.18; 2 Chr. 9.17. palaces, Ps. 45. 8; Amos 3.15. __________________________________________________________________ JABAL (and Jubal), Gen. 4. 20, 21. JABBOK, river, Gen. 32. 22. JABESH-GILEAD, inhabitants smitten by Israel, Judg. 21. threatened by Ammonites, 1 Sam*11.1; delivered by Saul, 1 Sam. 11.11. JABEZ, prayer of, 1 Chr. 4. 9. JABIN, king of Hazor, conquered by Joshua, Josh. 11. -------(another), destroyed by Barak, Judg. 4. JACHIN, one of the pillars of the porch of the temple, 1 Kin. 7. 21; 2 Chr. 3.17. JACINTH, Rev. 9. 17; 21. 20. JACOB: his birth, Gen. 25. 26; birthright, Gen. 25. 33; blessing, Gen. 27. 27; sent to Padan-aram, Gen. 27. 43: 28.1; his vision of the ladder, and vow, Gen. 28.10; marriages, Gen. 29; sons, Gen. 29. 31; 30; dealings with Laban, Gen. 31; his vision of God's host, Gen. 32.1; his prayer, Gen. 32. 9; wrestles with an angel, Gen. 32. 24; Hos. 12.4; reconciled with Esau, Gen. 33; builds an altar at Beth-el, Gen. 35.1; his grief for Joseph and Benjamin, Gen. 37; 42.38; 43; goes down to Egypt, Gen. 46; brought before Pharaoh, Gen. 47. 7; blesses his sons, Gen. 48; 49. his death, and burial, Gen. 49. 33; 50. See Ps. 105. 23; Mai. 1. 2; Rom. 9.10; Heb. 11. 21. JACOB'S WELL, John 4. 5. JAEL kills Sisera, Judg. 4.17; 5. 24. JAHAZIEL'S prophecy against Moab and Am- mon, 2 Chr. 20. 14. JAIR, Gileadite, judge, Judg. 10. 3. JAIRUS' daughter, raising of, Matt. 9.18; Mark 5. 22; Luke 8. 41. . JAMES (Apostle), son of Zebedee, called, Matt. 4.21; Mark 1.19; Luke 5.10. witnesses Christ's transfiguration, Matt. 17. 1; Mark 9. 2; Luke 9. 28. present at the passion, Matt. 26. 36; Mark 14. 33. ordained one of the twelve, Matt. 10. 2; Mark 3. 14; Luke 6.13. slain by Herod. Acts 12. 2. *-------(Apostle), son of Alphaeus, Matt. 10. 3; Mark 3.18; 6. 3; Luke 6.15; Acts 1.13; 12. 17. his judgment respecting ceremonial, Acts 15. 13--29. See 1 Cor. 15. 7; Gal. 1.19; 2. 9. his teaching, epistle,. James 1--5. mentioned, Acts 21.18; 1 Cor. 15.7; Gal. 1.19; 2. 9. JANNA, Luke 3. 24. JANNES and JAMBRES, magicians of Egypt, 2 Tim. 3. 8 (Ex. 7.11). JAPHETH, son of Noah, blessed, Gen. 9. 27. his descendants, Gen. 10.1; 1 Chr. 1. 4. JARED, Gen. 5.15; Luke 3. 37. JASHER, book of, Josh. 10.13; 2 Sam. 1.18. JASHOBEAM, valour of, 1 Chr. 11. 11. JASON persecuted at Thessalonica, Acts 17. 5; Rom. 16. 21. JASPER mentioned, Ex. 28.20; Ezek. 28.13; Rev. 4.3; 21.11,18,19. JAVAN, son of Japheth, Gen. 10. 2. JAVELIN, Num. 25. 7; 1 Sam. 18.10; .19.10. JAW-BONE of an ass, Samson uses, Judg. 15.15; water flows from, 15.19. JEALOUS (God), Ex. 20.5; Deut. 29.20; Ps. 78.58; Zeph. 1.18; Zech. 1.14; 1 Cor. 10. 22. JEALOUSY, Prov. 6.34; Cant. 8. 6. offering of, Num. 5.11. provokina; to, Ezek. 8. 3; 16. 38. JEBUSITES, Gen. 15. 21; Num. 13. 29; Josh. 15. 63; Judg. 1. 21; 19.11; 2 Sam. 5. 6. JECHONIAS, Matt. 1.11,12; 1 Chr. 3.17. JEDIDIAH (beloved of the Lord), a name of Solomon, 2 Sam. 12. 25. JEDUTHUN, 1 Chr. 16. 41; 25. 6. JEHOAHAZ, son of Jehu, king of Israel, 2 Kin. 10. 35; 13.4. JEHOAHAZ-co^. -----(Shallum), king of Judah, his evil reign, 2 Kin. 23. 31; 2 Chr. 36. 1. JEHOIACHIN, king of Jtidah, his defeat and captivity; 2 Kin. 24. 6; 2 Chr. 36. 8. JEHOIADA, high priest, deposes and slays Athaliah, and restores Jehoash, 2 Kin. 11. 4; 2 Chr. 23; repairs the temple, 2 Kin. 12. 7; 2 Chr. 24. 6; abolishes idolatry, 2 Chr. 23. 16. JEHOIAKIM (Eliakim), made king of Judah by Pharaoh-nechoh, his evil reign and captivity, 2 Kin. 23. 34; 24.1; 2 Chr. 36. 4; Dan. 1. 2. See Jer. 22.18. JEHORAM (son of Jehoshaphat), king of Judah, 1 Kin. 22. 50; 2 Kin. 8. 16; his cruelty and death* 2 Chr. 21.4,18. -----(Joram), king of Israel, son of Ahab, 2 Kin. 1. 17; 3.1; his evil reign, 2 Kin. 2. 3; slain by Jehu, 2 Kin. 9. 24. JEHOSHAPHAT, king of Judah, his good reign, 1 Kin 15. 24; 2 Chr. 17; his death, 1 Kin. 22. 50; 2 Chr 21.1. valley of, Joel 3. 2. JEHOSHEBA. 2 Kin. 11; 2 Chr. 22.11. JEHOVAH, (Elohim, I AM THAT I AM), Ex. 6. 3; Ps. 83. 18; Is. 12. 2; 26.4. -- Jieeh (the Lord will provide), Gen. 22.14. -- Nissi (the Loed my banner), Ex. 17.15. -- Shalom (the Loed send peace), Judg. 6.24. JEHU, son of Hanani, prophesies against Baasha. 1 Kin. 16.1. rebukes Jehoshaphat, 2 Chr. 19. 2; 20. 34. son of Nimshi, to be anointed king of Is- rael, 1 Kin. 19.16; 2 Kin. 9.1. his reign, 2 Kin. 9. 10. JEPHTHAH, judge, his dealings with the Gilead-ites; Judg. 11. 4. defeats the Ammonites, Judg. 11.14. his rash vow, Judg. 11. 30, 341 chastises the Ephraimites, Judg. 12. JEREMIAH (prophet), his call and visions, Jer. 1, his mission, Jer. 1.17; 7. his complaint, Jer. 20.14. his message to Zedekiah, Jer,. 21. 3; 34.1. foretells the seventy years' captivity, Jer. 25. 8. arraigned, condemned, but delivered, Jer. 26. denounces the false prophet Hananiah, Jer. 28. 5. writes to the captives in Babylon, Jer. 29. his promises of comfort and redemption to Israel, Jer. 31. writes a roll of a book, Jer. 36. 4; Baruch reads it, Jer. 36. 8. imprisoned by Zedekiah, Jer. 32; 37; 38. released, Jer. 38. 7. predicts slaughter of innocents, Jer. 31. 15; fulfilled, Matt. 2.17. with all the remnant of Judah carried into E-gypt, Jer. 43. 4. various predictions, Jer. 46--51; 51. 59. mentioned, Matt. 16. 14; 27. 9. JERICHO, the spies at, Josh. 2.1. capture of, Josh. 6. 20 (Heb. 11. 30). rebuilt by Hiel, 1 Kin. 16. 34. See Josh. 6. 26. JEROBOAM I., promoted by Solomon, 1 Kin. 11. 28. Ahijah's prophecy to, 1 Kin. 11. 29. made king, 1 Kin. 12. 20 (2 Chr. 10). his idolatry, withered hand, denunciation, 1 Kin. 12; 13; 14. death, 1 Kin. 14. 20. evil example, 1 Kin. 15. 34. JEROBOAM II., 2 Kin. 13.13; 14. 23--29. JERUSALEM, Adoni-zedec, king of, slain by Joshua, Josh. 10. borders of, Josh. 15. 8. David reigns there, 2 Sam. 5. 6. the ark brought there, 2 Sam. 6. saved from the pestilence, 2 Sam. 24.16. temple built at, 1 Kin. 5^8; 2 Chr. 1--7. sufferings from war, 1 Kin. 14. 25; 2 Kin. 14.14; 25; 2Chr. 12; 25.24; 36; Jer.39; 52. capture and destruction by Nebuchadrezzar, Jer. 52.12--15. captives return, and rebuilding of the temple begun by Cyrus, Ezra 1--3; continued by Artaxerxes, Neh. 2. wall rebuilt and dedicated by Nehemiah, Neh.12. 38. abominations there, Ezek. 16. 2. presentation of Christ at, Luke 2. 22. the child Jesus tarries at, Luke 2. 42. Christ rides into, Matt. 21. 1; Mark 11. 7; Luke 19.35; John 12. 14. laments over it, Matt. 23. 37; Luke 13. 34; 19. 41. foretells its destruction, Matt. 24; Mark 13; Luke 13. 34; 17.23; 19.41; 21. disciples filled with the Holy Ghost at, Acts 2.4. which is above, Gal. 4. 26. the new, Rev. 21. 2. JESHTTA (Joshua), Neh. 8.17. See Joshua. JESHURUN, symbolical name of Israel, Deut. 32. 15; 33.5,26; Is. 44. 2. JESSE, David's father, Ruth 4. 22. and his sons sanctified by Samuel, 1 Sam. 16. 5. his son David anointed to be king. 1 Sam. 16.13. See Is. 11.1. his posterity, 1 Chr. 2.13. JESTING, evil, censured, Eph. 5. 4. JESUS CHRIST. See Christ. JETHRO, Moses^1 father-in-law, Ex. 18.12. JEWS (Israelites first so called), 2 Kin. 16. 6. Christ's mission to, Matt. 15. 24; 21. 37; Acts 3. 26. Christ's compassion for, Matt. 23. 37; Luke 19.41. Christ rejected by, Matt. 11. 20; 13.15, 58; John 5.16, 38, 43; Acts 3.13; 13. 46; 1 Thess. 2.15. gospel first preached to, Matt. 10. 6; Luke 24. 47; Acts 1. 8; St. Paul's teaching rejected by, Acts 13.46; 28. 24, 26, &c. JEZEBEL, wife of Ahab, 1 Kin. 16. 31; kills the prophets, 1 Kin. 18. 4; 19. 2; causes Naboth to be put to death, 1 Kin. 21; her violent death, 2 Kin. 9. 30. JEZREEL. See Ahab. JOAB, nephew of David, and captain of the host, 2 Sam. 8.16. kills Abner, 2 Sam. 3. 23. intercedes for Absalom, 2 Sam. 14; slays him in an oak, 2 Sam. 18. 14. reproves David's grief, 2 Sam. 19. 5. slays Amasa, 2 Sam. 20. 9. unwillingly numbers the people, 2 Sam. 24. 3 (1 Chr. 21. 3). joins Adonijah's usurpation, 1 Kin. 1. 7. slain by Solomon's command, 1 Kin. 2. 5, 28. JOAH, 2 Kin. 18. 18; 2 Chr. 34. 8. JOANNA, Luke 8. 2, 3; 24.10. JOASH (Jehoash), king of Israel, 2 Kin. 13.10. visits Elisha sick, 2 Kin. 13.14. defeats the Syrians, 2 Kin. 13. 25. chastises Amaziah, 2 Kin. 14. 8; 2 Chr. 25.17. -------king of Judah, 2 Kin. 11. 4; 2 Chr. 23. repairs the temple, 2 Kin. 12; 2 Chr. 24. kills Zechariah, 2 Chr. 24.17. slain by his servants. 2 Kin. 12.19; 2 Chr. 24. 23. JOB, his character, Job 1.1, 8; 2. 3 (Ezek. 14.14, 20). his afflictions and patience, Job 1.13, 20; 2. 7,10 (James 5.11). complains of his life, Job 3. reproves his friends, Job 6; 7; 9; 10; 12--14; 16; 17; 19; 21; 23; 24; 26-30. solemnly protests his integrity, Job 31. humbles himself, Job 40. 3; 42.1. God accepts and doubly blesses, Job 42.10. JOCHEBED, mother of Moses, Ex. 6. 20; Num. 26. 59. JOEL delivers God's judgments, Joel 1--3. proclaims a fast, and declares God's mercy, Joel 1.14; 2.12; 3; quoted, Acts2.16. JOHANAN, Jer. 40. 8,15; 41.11; 42; 43. JOHN, the Apostle, called, Matt. 4. 21; Mark 1. 19; Luke 5.10. ordained, Matt. 10. 2; Mark 3.17. enquires of Jesus, Mark 13. 3. reproved, Matt. 20. 20; Mark 10. 35--40; Luke 9. 35. sent to prepare passover, Luke 22. 8. declares the divinity and humanity of Jesus Christ, John 1; 1 John 1; 4; 5. Christ's love for, John 13. 23; 19. 26; 21. 7, 20, 24. his care for Mary the Lord's mother, John 19.27. meets for prayer, Acts 1.13. accompanies Peter before the council, Acts 3; 4. exhorts to obedience, and warns against false teachers, 1 John 1--5. sees Christ's glory in heaven, Rev. 1.13. writes the Revelation, Rev. 1.19. forbidden to worship the angel, Rev. 19.10; 22. 8. (Maek). Acts 12.12, 25. See Make. 'A. v'. JOHN the Baptist, his coming foretold, Is. 40. 3; Mai. 4. 5; Luke 1.17. his birth and circumcision, Luke 1. 57. office, preaching, and baptism, Matt. 3; Mark 1; Luke 3; John 1. 6; 3. 26; Acts 1. 5; 13. 24. baptizes Christ, Matt. 3; Mark 1; Luke 3; John 1.6; 3. 26. imprisoned by Herod, Matt. 4. 12; Mark 1. 14; Luke 3. 20; and beheaded, Matt. 14; Mark 6.14. sends his disciples to Christ, Matt. 11. 1; Luke 7.18. Christ's testimony to, Matt. 11. 11, 14; 17. 12; Mark 9.11; Luke 7. 27. his disciples receive the Holy Ghost, Acts 18. 24; 19.1. JONADAB (Jehonadab), son of Rechab, 2 Kin. 10.15. JONAH, prophet, 2 Kin. 14. 25. his disobedience, punishment, prayer, and repentance, Jonah 1--4. a type of Christ, Matt. 12.39; Luke 11.29. JONATHAN, son of Saul, smites the Philistines, 1 Sam. 13.2; 14. his love for David, 1 Sam. 18.1; 19; 20; 23.16. slain by the Philistines, 1 Sam. 31. 2. David's lamentation for, 2 Sam. 1.17. -------son of Abiathar, 2 Sam. 15. 27; 1 Kin. 1. 42. -------one of David's nephews, his deeds, 2 Sam. 21.21; 1 Chr. 20. 7. JOPPA (Jaffa), 2 Chr. 2. 16; Jonah 1. 3; Tabitha raised at, Acts 9. 36; Peter dwells at, Acts 10. 5; 11. 5. JORDAN, river, waters of, divided for the Israelites, Josh. 3; 4; Ps. 114. 3; by Elijah and Elisha, 2 Kin. 2. 8,13. Naaman's leprosy cured at, 2 Kin. 5.10. John baptizes there, Matt. 3; Mark 1. 5; Luke 3. 3. See Job 40. 23; Ps. 42. 6; Jer. 12. 5; 49.19; Zech. 11. 3. JOSEPH, son of Jacob, Gen. 30. 24. See Ps. 105. 17; Acts 7. 9; Heb. 11. 22. his dreams, and the jealousy of his brethren, Gen. 37. 5. sold to the Ishmeelites, Gen. 37. 28. slave to Potiphar, Gen. 39. resists Potiphar's wife, Gen. 39. 7. interprets the dreams of Pharaoh's servants, Gen. 40; and of Pharaoh, predicting famine, Gen. 41. 25. made ruler of Egypt, Gen. 41. 39. prepares for the famine, Gen. 41. 48. receives his brethren and father, Gen. 42--46. gives direction concerning his bones, Gen. 50.25. his death. Gen. 50. 26. -------son of Heli, husband of the Virgin, Matt. 1. 19; 2.13,19; Luke 1.27; 2.4. -------of Arimathaea, Matt. 27. 57; Mark 15. 42; Luke 23. 50; John 19. 38. '?-------(Barsabas), Justus, Acts 1. 23. JOSHUA (Hoshea, Oshea, Jehoshua, Jeshua, and Jesus), son of Nun, 1 Chr. 7. 27; Heb. 4. 8. discomfits Amalek, Ex. 17. 9. ministers to Moses, Ex. 24.13; 32.17; 33.11. spies out Canaan, Num. 13.16. ordained to succeed Moses, Num. 27. 18; 34.17; Deut. 1. 38; 3. 28; 34. 9. reassured by God, Josh. 1. harangues his officers, Josh. 1.10. crosses river Jordan, Josh. 3. erects memorial pillars, Josh. 4. re-enacts circumcision, Josh. 5. assaults and destroys Jericho, Josh. 6. condemns Aehan, Josh. 7. * * subdues Ai, Josh. 8. his victories, Josh. 10--12. apportions the land, Josh. 14--21; Heb. 4. 8. his charge to the Reubenites, Josh. 22. exhortation to the people, Josh. 23. reminds them of God's mercies, Josh. 24. renews the covenant, Josh. 24.14. his death, Josh. 24. 29; Judg. 2. 8. his curse, Josh. 6. 26; fulfilled, 1 Kin. 16. 34. JOSIAH, prophecy concerning, 1 Kin. 13. 2; fulfilled, 2 Kin. 23.15. reigns well, 2 Kin. 22. repairs the temple, 2 Kin. 22. 3. hears the words of the' book of the law, 2 Kin. 22.8. Huldah's message from God to him, 2 Kin. 22. 15. ordains the reading of the book, 2 Kin. 23. keeps a signal passover to the Lord, 2 Chr. 35. slain by Pharaoh-nechoh at Megiddo, 2 Kin. 23. 29. JOTHAM, son of Gideon, his apologue, Judg. 9. 7. -------king of Judah, 2 Kin. 15. 32; 2 Chr. 27. JOY, 1 Chr. 12. 40; Ezra 6. 16; Neh. 8. 10; Ps. 16. 11; 89. 16; 149. 2; Is. 35. 2; 60. 15; 61. 10; Hab. 3.18; Luke 10. 20; John 15.11; Rom. 14. 17; Phil. 3. 3; 1 Thess. 1. 6. of the wicked, folly, Job 20. 5; Prov. 15. ,21; Eccles. 2.10; 7. 6; 11. 9; Is. 16. 10; James 4. 9. follows grief, Ps. 30.5; 126.5; Prov. 14.10; Is. 35. 10; 61 3; 66.10; Jer. 31.13; John 16.20; 2 Cor. 6.10; James 1.2. in heaven over one repenting sinner, Luke 15. 7,10. of Paul over the churches, 2 Cor. 1. 24: 2. 3; 7. 13; Phil. 1. 4; 2. 2; 4. 1; 1 Thess. 2. 19; 3. 9; 2 Tim. 1.4; Philem. 7. of Paul and Titus, 2 Cor. 7.13. of John over his spiritual children, 3 John 4. expressed by psalmody, Eph. 5. 19; Col. 3. 16; James 5.13. JUBAL, inventor of harp and organ, Gen. 4. 21. JUDAH, son of Jacob, Gen. 29. 35. his descendants, Gen. 38; 46.12; Num. 1. 26; 26. 19; 1 Chr. 2-4. pledges himself for Benjamin, Gen. 43. 3. his interview with Joseph, Gen. 44.18; 46. 28. blessed by Jacob, Gen. 49. 8. -------tribe of, their blessing by Moses, Deut. 8. oo. 7. their inheritance, Josh. 15. they make David king, 2 Sam. 2. 4; and adhere to his house, 1 Kin. 12; 2 Chr. 10; 11. See Jews. JUDAS (Jude, Lebbaeus, Thaddaeus), Apostle, brother of James, Matt. 10. 3; Mark 3.18; Luke 6.16; Acts 1.13. his question to our Lord, John 14. 22. enjoins perseverance, Jude 3, 20. denounces false disciples, Jude 4. -------the Lord's brother, Matt. 13. 55; Mark 6.3. -------(Barsabas), Acts 15. 22. JUDAS Iscariot, Matt. 10. 4; Mark 3.19; Luke 6.16; John 6. 70. betrays Jesus, Matt. 26.14, 47; Mark 14. 10, 43; Luke 22. 3, 47; John 13. 26; 18. 2. hangs himself, Matt. 27. 5 (Acts 1.18). JUDGE of all the earth, God, Gen. 18. 25. JUDGES, appointment of, Deut. 16.18; Ezra 7. 25. their functions, Ex. 18. 21; Lev. 19. 15; Deut. 1. 16; 17. 8; 2 Chr. 19. 6; Ps. 82; Prov. 18. 5; unjust, 1 Sam. 8. 3; Is. 1. 23: Luke 18. 2; hateful to God, Prov. 17.15; 24. 24; Is. 10.1. JUDGMENT, cautions respecting, Matt. 7. 1; Luke 6. 37; 12.57; John 7. 24; Rom. 2.1; James 4.11. JUDGMENT, the LAST, foretold, 1 Chr. 16. 33; Ps. 9. 7; 96. 13; 98. 9; Eccles. 3. 17; 11. 9; 12. 14; Acts 17. 31; Rom. 2.16; 2 Cor. 5.10; Heb. 9 z7 * 2 Pet 3 7. described, Ps. 50;' Dan. 7. 9; Matt. 25.31; 2 Thess. 1.8; Rev. 6.12; 20.11. hope of Christians respecting, Rom. 8. 33; 1 Cor. 4. 5; 2 Tim. 4.8; 1 John 2. 28; 4.17. JUNIA, saluted by Paul, Rom. 16. 7. JUPITER, Barnabas addressed as, Acts 14.12;-- 19. 35. JUSTICE-of God, Deut. 32. 4; Job 4.17; 8. 3; 34. 12; Is. 45. 21; Zeph. 3. 5; 1 John 1. 9; Rev. 15. 3. to do, enjoined, Lev. 19. 36; Deut. 16.18; Ps. 82. 3; Prov. 3. 33; 11. 1; Jer. 22. 3; Ezek. 18. 5; 45. 9; Mic. 6. 8; Matt. 7. 12; Phil. 4. 8; Rom. 13. 7; 2 Cor. 8. 21; Col. 4.1. JUSTIFICATION by Faith, Hab. 2. 4; Acts 13. 39; Rom. 1.17; 3-5; Gal. 3.11. by works, James 2.14--26. __________________________________________________________________ KADESH-BARNEA, Israelites murmur against Moses and Aaron, threaten to stone Caleb and Joshua, and provoke God's anger, Num. 13; 14; Deut. 1.19; Josh. 14. 6. KEDAR, son of Ishmael, Gen. 25.13; 1 Chr. 1. 29; Ps. 120. 5; Cant. 1. 5; Jer. 2.10; Ezek. 27. 21. tribe of, prophecies concerning, Is. 21.16; 42.11: 60. 7 ; Jer. 49. 28. KEDRON (Kidron, Cedron), brook and ravine, near garden of Gethsemane, frequented by our Lord, John 18.1. crossed by David, 2 Sam. 15. 23. idols destroyed there, 1 Kin. 15.13; 2 Kin. 23. 6; 2 Chr. 29.16; Jer. 31. 40. KEILAH, Josh. 15. 44. David there, 1 Sam. 23.1,12. KENITES, their fate foretold, Num. 24. 22. KERCHIEFS, woe respecting, Ezek. 13.18. KEREN-HAPPUCH, one of Job's daughters, Job 42. 14. KERIOTH, a city of Judah, Jer. 48. 24, 41; Amos 2 2 KETURAH, Abraham's wife, her children, Gen. 25; 1 Chr. 1.32. KEY, of David, Is. 22. 22; Rev. 3. 7; keys of heaven, Matt. 16.19; of hell, Rev. 1.18; 9.1. KID, laws about, Ex. 23. 19; Deut. 14. 21; Lev. 4 23 * 16. 5 * 23 19 KIDNEYS, for sacrifices, burnt, Ex. 29.13; Lev. 3.4. -------of wheat, fat of, Deut. 32.14. KINDNESS enjoined, Ruth 2; 3; Prov. 19. 22; 31. 26; Rom. 12.10; 1 Cor. 13. 4; 2 Cor. 6. 6; Eph. 4. 32; Col. 3.12; 2 Pet. 1. 7. KINE, Pharaoh's dream of, Gen. 41. 2. two take back the ark, 1 Sam. 6. 7. KING, Israelites desire a, 1 Sam. 8. 5. unction of. See Anointing. KINGS, chosen by God, Deut. 17.14; 1 Sam. 9.17; 1 Sam. 16.1; 1 Kin. 11. 35; 1 Kin. 19.15; 1 Chr. 28.4; Dan. 2. 21. admonished, Ps. 2.10; Prov. 31. 4. duty of, Prov. 25. 2; Is. 49. 3. honour due to, Prov. 24. 21; 25. 6; Eccles. 8. 2; 10. 20; Matt. 22. 21; Rom. 13; 1 Pet. 2.13,17. to be prayed for, 1 Tim. 2.1. parable of the king and his servants, Matt. 18. 23; of the king and his guests, Matt. 22. 2. KING of KINGS, Ps. 2. 6; 10. 16; 24. 7; 110; Zech. 9. 9; Luke 23. 2; 1 Tim. 1.17; 6.15; Rev. 15. 3; 17.14. KINGDOM of God, 1 Chr. 29.11; Ps. 22. 28; 45. 6; 145.11; Is. 24. 23; Dan. 2. 44. of Christ, Is. 2; 4; 9; 11; 32; 35; 52; 61; 66; Matt. 16. 28; 26. 29; John 18. 36; 2 Pet. 1.11. of Heaven, Matt. 3. 2; 8.11; 11.11; 13.11. who shall enter, Matt. 5. 3; 7. 21; Luke 9. 02; John 3. 3; Acts 14. 22; Eom. 14. 17; 1 Cor. 6. 9; 15. 50; 2 Thess. 1. 5. parables concerning, Matt. 13. 24, &c. KINSMAN, right of, Euth 3.14; 4. KIR, 2 Kin. 16. 9; Is. 15.1; 22,-6; Amos 1. 5; 9. 7. KIR-HARASETH, 2 Kin. 3. 25; Is. 16. 7,11. KIRJATH-JEARIM, Josh. 9. 17; 18. 14; 1 Chr. 13.6. the ark brought to, 1 Sam. 7. 1. ark fetched from, 1 Chr. 13. 5; 2 Chr. 1. 4. KISH, Saul's father, 1 Sam, 9. 1. KISHON, waters of Megiddo, Judg. 4. 7; 5. 21; 1 Kin. 18. 40. KISS, holy, salute with, Rom. 16. 16; 1 Cor. 16. 20; 2 Cor. 13.12; 1 Thess. 5. 26. of charity, 1 Pet. 5. 14. given as mark of affection, Gen. 27. 27; 29. 11; 45. 15; 48. 10; 1 Sam. 10. 1; 20. 41; Luke 7. 38; 15.20; Acts 20. 37. given treacherously, 2 Sam. 20. 9; Matt. 26. 48; Luke 22. 43. idolatrous, 1 Kin. 19.18; Job 31. 27; Hos. 13. 2. KITTIM. See Chittim. KNEELING in prayer, 2 Chr. 6. 13; Ezra 9. 5; Ps. 95. 6; Dan. 6. 10; Acts 7. 60; 9. 40; 21. 5; Eph. 3.14. KNOWLEDGE given by God, Ex. 8. 10; 18. 16; 31. 3; 2 Chr. 1. 12; 119. 66; Prov. 1. 4; 2. 6; Eccles. 2. 26; Is. 28. 9; Jer. 24. 7; 31. 33; Dan. 2. 21; Matt. 11. 25; 13. 11; 1 Cor. 1. 5; 2. 12; 12 8 advantages of, Ps. 89.15; Prov. 1. 4, 7; 3.13; 4; 9. 10; 10. 14; 12. 1; 13. 16; 18.15; Eccles. 7. 12; Mai. 2. 7; Eph. 3.18; 4. 13; James 3. 13; 2 Pet. 2.20. want of, Prov. 1. 22; 19. 2; Jer. 4. 22; Hos. 4. 6; Rom. 1. 28; 1 Cor. 15. 34. prayed for, John 17. 3; Eph. 3.18; Col. 1.9; 2 Pet. O "JO sought, 1 Cor. 14.1: Heb. 6.1; 2 Pet. 1. 5. abuse of, 1 Cor. 8. 1. its responsibility, Num. 15.30; Deut. 17.12; Luke 12. 47; John 15. 22; Rom. 1. 21; 2. 21; James 4. imperfection of human, Eccles. 1.18; Is. 44. 25; ICor. 1.19; 3.19; 2 Cor. 1.12. -------of good and evil, tree of. Gen. 2. 9. KOHATH, son of Levi, Gen. 46. 11. his descendants, Ex. 6.18; 1 Chr. 6. 2. their duties, Num. 4. 15; 10. 21; 2 Chr. 29. 12; 34. 12. KORAH (Core), Dathax, &c. their sedition and punishment, Num. 16; 26. 9; 27. 3; Jude 11. __________________________________________________________________ LABAN, hospitality of, Gen. 24. 29. gives Jacob his two daughters, Gen. 29; envies and oppresses him, Gen. 30. 27; 31.'1. his dream, Gen. 31. 24. his covenant with Jacob, Gen. 31. 43. LABOUR ordained for man, Gen. 3.19; Ps. 104. 23; 1 Cor. 4.12. when blessed by God, Prov. 10.16; 13.11; Eccles. 2. 24; 4.9; 5.12,19. LABOURER worthy of hire, Luke 10. 7; 1 Tim. 5.18. LABOURERS, parable of, Matt. 20. LACHISH conquered, Josh. 10. 31; 12.11, Amaziah slain at, 2 Kin. 14. 19. LADDER, Jacob's. Gen. 28. 12. LAISH taken, Jud. 18. 14. LAKE of fire, Rev. 19. 20; 20.10; 21. 8. LAMB for sacrifices, Gen. 22. 7; Ex. 12. 3; Lev. 3. 7; Is. 1.11. LAME, the, excluded from the priest's office, Lev. 21.18. animals, not proper for sacrifices, Deut. 15. 21; Mai. 1. 8,13. healed by Christ, Matt. 11. 5; 21.14; Luke 7. 22; by the apostles, Acts 3; 8. 7. LAMECH, descendant of Cain, Gen. 4.18. -------father of Noah, Gen. 5. 25, 29. LAMENTATION for Jacob, Gen. 50.10. of David, for Saul and Jonathan, 2 Sam. 1. 17; for Abner, 2 Sam. 3. 31. for Josiah, 2 Chr. 35. 25. for Tyrus, Ezek. 26.17; 27. 30; 28.12. for Pharaoh, Ezek. 32. for Christ, Luke 23. 27. for Stephen, Acts 8. 2. for Babylon, Rev. 18. 10. LAMENTATIONS of Jeremiah, Lam. 1, &c. LAMPS in the tabernacle, Ex. 25. 37; 27. 20; 30. 7 ; Lev. 24. 2; Num. 8. seen in visions, Gen. 15.17; Zech. 4. 2; Rev. 4. 5. parable referring to, Matt. 25.1. LANDMARKS not to be removed, Deut. 19. 14; 27.17; Job 24. 2; Prov. 22. 28; 23.10. LANGUAGES (Babel), Gen. 11. gift of, by Holy Ghost, Acts 2. 7, 8; 10. 46; 19. 6; 1 Cor. 12.10. LAODICEANS, Rev. 1. 11; 3.14. Paul's epistle to, Col. 4. 16. LASCIVIOUSNESS, source of, Mark 7. 21; Gal. 5.19. rebuked, 2 Cor. 12. 21; Eph. 4. 19; 1 Pet. 4. 3; Jude 4. LAUGHTER, Gen. 18.13; Eccles. 2.2; 3.4; 7. 3; Ps. 126. 2. LAVER of brass, Ex. 30. 18; 38. 8; 40. 7; sanctified, Lev. 8.11. LAVERS in the temple, 1 Kin. 7. 38. LAW of GOD, giveu to Adam, Gen. 2.16; to Noah, Gen. 9. 3. proclaimed through Moses, Ex. 19; 20; Deut. 1. 5; 5; 6. demands entire obedience, Deut. 27. 26; Gal. 3.10; James 2.10. described, Ps. 19. 7; 119; Rom. 7.12. all guilty under, Rom. 3. 20. -------(of MOSES) ordained, Ex. 21; Lev. 1; Num. 3; Deut. 12. preserved on stone, Deut. 27.1; Josh. 8. 32. to be studied by the king, Deut. 17.18. read every seventh year, Deut. 31. 9. preserved in the ark, Deut. 31. 24. read by Joshua, Josh. 8. 34; by Ezra, Neh. 8. book of, discovered by Hilkiah, 2 Kin. 22. 8; and read by Josiah, 2 Kin. 23. 2. fulfilled by Christ, Matt. 5.17; Rom. 5.18.' abolished in Christ, Acts 15. 24; 28. 23; Gal. 2 --6; Eph. 2.15; Col. 2.14; Heb. 7. Christians redeemed from curse of, John 1. 17; Acts 13. 39; 15. 24, 28; Rom. 10. 4; Gal. 3.13. LAWGIVER, God, Is. 33. 22; James 4.12. LAWSUITS censured, 1 Cor. 6.1. LAWYERS, Christ reproves, Luke 10. 25; 11. 46; 14.3. LAZARUS and the rich man, Luke 16.19. -------brother of Mary and Martha, raised from the dead, John 11; 12.1. LEAH, Gen. 29. 31; 30. 17; 31. 4; 33. 2; 49. 31. See Ruth 4.11. LEARNING, advantage of, Prov. 1. 5; 9. 9; 16. 21, 23; Rom. 15. 4. LEAVEN, forbidden at the passover, Ex. 12. 15; 13. 7 ; and in meat offerings, Lev. 2. 11; 6.17; 10.12. mentioned figuratively, Matt. 13. 33; 16. 6; Luke 13. 21; 1 Cor. 5. 6. LEBANON, forest and mountain, Deut 3. 25; Judg. 3. 3; 1 Kin. 5.14. its cedars, 2 Kin. 14. 9; 2 Chr. 2. 8; Ps. 92. 12; Cant. 3. 9; Is. 40.16; Hos. 14. 5. LEBBAEUS, Matt. 10. 3. See Jude. LEFT-HANDED slingers, Judg. 20.16. LEGION (of devils), Mark 5. 9; Luke 8.30. LEGIONS of angels, Matt. 26. 53. LEMUEL, king, his lesson, Prov. 31. LENDING, regulations for, Ex. 22. 25; Lev. 25. 37; Deut. 15. 2; 23. 19; 24. 10. See Ps. 37. 26; Luke 6. 34. LEOPARD, vision of, Dan. 7. 6; Rev. 13. 2. mentioned figuratively, Is. 11. 6; Hos. 13. 7. LEPERS not to dwell in the camp, Lev. 13. 46; Num. 5. 2; 12.14. four, of Samaria, 2 Kin. 7. 3. LEPROSY, in a house, Lev. 14. 33. of Miriam, Num. 12.10. of Naaman and Gehazi, 2 Kin. 5. of Uzziah, 2 Chr. 26. 19. symptoms of, Lev. 13. observances on healing, Lev. 14; 22. 4; Deut. 24.8. cured by Christ, Matt. 8. 3; Mark 1. 41; Luke 5.12; 17.12. LETTER and the spirit, Rom. 2. 27; 7. 6; 2 Cor. 3. 6. LETTERS:--of David to Joab, 2 Sam. 11. 14; of Jezebel, 1 Kin. 21. 9; of king of Syria, 2 Kin. 5. 5; of Jehu, 2 Kin. 10. 1; of Elijah to Jehoram, 2 Chr. 21. 12; of Hezekiah, 2 Chr. 30. 1; of Bishlam and Rehum, Ezra 4. 7; of Artaxerxes, Ezra 4. 7; of Tatnai, Ezra 5. 6; of Sennacherib to Hezekiah, Is. 37. 10, 14; of Jeremiah, Jer. 29. 1; of the Apostles, Acts 15. 23; of Claudius Lysias to Felix, Acts 23. 25. LEVI, son of Jacob, Gen. 29. 34. avenges Dinah, Gen. 34. 25; 49. 5. -------See Matthew. LEVITES, descendants of Levi, mentioned, Ex. 32. 26. their service, Ex. 38. 21. appointed over the tabernacle, Num. 1. 47. their divisions, Gershonites, Kohathites, Merar-ites, Num. 3. duties of, Num. 3. 23 * 4; 8. 23; 18. their consecration, Num. 8. 5. inheritance of, Num. 35; Deut. 18; Josh. 21. not to be forsaken, Deut. 12. 19; 14. 17. their genealogies, 1 Chr. 6; 9. charged with the temple service, 1 Chr. 23--27. twenty-four courses, instituted by David, 1 Chr. 23. 6; redivided by Ezra, Ezra 6.18. their sin censured, Ezek. 22. 26; Mai. 1; 2. LIARS, their doom, Rev. 21. 8, 27; 22.15. instances:--the devil, Gen. 3. 4. Cain, Gen. 4. 9. Sarah, Gen. 18.15. Jacob, Gen. 27.19. Joseph's brethren, Gen. 37. 31, 32. Gibeonites, Jer. 9. 9. Samson, Judg. 16. 10. Saul, 1 Sam. 15.13. Mi-chal, 1 Sam. 19. 14. David, 1 Sam. 21. 2. Prophet of Beth-el, 1 Kin. 13. 18. Gehazi, 2 Kin. 5. 22. Job's friends, Job 13. 4. Ninevites, Nah. 3. 1. Peter, Matt. 26. 72. Ananias, Acts 5. 5. Cretians, Tit. 1.12. LIBERALITY enjoined, Deut. 15. 14; Prov. 11. 25; Is. 32. 8; 2 Cor. 9.13. of the Israelites, Ex. 35. 21; Num. 7. of the early Christians, Acts 2. 45; 4. 34. of the Macedonians, 2 Cor. 8; 9; Phil. 4.15. LIBERTINES, the, Acts 6. 9. LIBERTY bestowed by the Gospel, Rom. 8. 21; 2 Cor. 3. 17; Gal. 5. 1; James 1. 25; 2. 12 (Is. 61.1; Luke 4.18). not to be misused, 1 Cor. 8. 9; Gal. 5.13; 1 Pet. 2 16 * 2 Pet 2 19 LIBNAH subdued, Josh. 10. 29; 21. 13; rebels, 2 Kin. 8. 22. attacked by Assyrians, 2 Kin. 19. 8; Is. 37. 8. LIBYA, Jer. 46. 9; Ezek. 30. 5; Dan. 11. 43; Acts 2.10. LICE, plague of, Ex. 8.16; Ps. 105. 31. LIFE, the gift of God, Gen. 2. 7; Job 12.10; Ps. 36. 6; 66. 9; Dan. 5. 23; Acts 17. 28. long, to whom promised, Ex. 20.12; Deut. 5. 33; 6. 2; Prov. 3. 2; 9.11; 10. 27; Eph. 6. 3. its vanity and uncertainty, Job 7.1; 9. 25; 14.1; Ps. 39. 5; 73. 19; 89. 47; 90. 5, 9; Eccles. 6.12; Is. 38.12; James 4.14; 1 Pet. 1. 24. mode of spending, Luke 1. 75; Rom. 12. 18; 14. 8; Phil. 1. 21; 1 Pet. 1.17. of Hezekiah prolonged, 2 Kin. 20; 2 Chr. 32. 24; Is. 38. spiritual, Rom. 6. 4; 8; Gal. 2. 20; Eph. 2.1; Col. 3. 3. eternal, the gift of God through Jesus Christ (Ps. 133. 3); John 6. 27, 54; 10. 28; 17. 3; Rom. 2. 7; 6. 23; 1 John 1. 2; 2. 25; Jude 21; Rev. 2. 7; 21. 6. to whom promised, John 3. 16; 5. 24; 1 Tim. 1.16. LIGHT, Gen. 1. 3; .Ter. 31. 35. type of God's favour, Ex. 10. 23; Ps. 4. 6; 27.1; 97.11; Is. 9. 2; 60.19. God's word produces, Ps. 19. 8; 119. 105, 130; Prov. 6. 23. instances of miraculous, Matt. 17. 2 ; Acts 9. 3. Christ the light of the world, Luke 2. 32; John 1. 4; 3.19; 8.12; 12. 35; Rev. 21. 23. children of, disciples, Eph. 5. 8; 1 Thess. 5. 5; 1 Pet. 2. 9. God is, 1 Tim. 6. 16; 1 John 1. 5. LIGHTNING, 2 Sam. 22. 15; Job 28. 26; 38. 25; Ps. 18.14; 144. 6. about God's throne, Ezek. 1.13; Rev. 4. 5. LILY of the valley, Cant. 2. 1; Hos. 14. 5; Matt. 6. 28; Luke 12. 27. LINEN for sacred vestments, Ex. 28.42; Lev. 6.10; 1 Sam. 2.18; 22.18. See Rev. 15. 6. LIONS, Samson kills one, Judg. 14. 5. also David, 1 Sam. 17. 34. Daniel in the den of, Dan. 6.18. Satan likened to a lion, 1 Pet. 5. 8 (Ps. 10.9). prophets slain by, 1 Kin. 13. 24; 20. 36. parable of young, Ezek. 19. mentioned figuratively, Gen. 49. 9 (Rev. 5. 5); Num. 24. 9; 2 Sam. 17.10; Job 4.10. various visions of, Ezek. 1.10; 10.14; Dan. 7. 4; Rev. 4. 7. LIVING water, gift of Christ, John 4.10; 7. 38; Rev. 7.17. LOAVES, miraculous multiplication of, Matt. 14. 17; 15. 32; Mark 6. 35; Luke 9.12; John 6. 5. LOCUSTS, Ex. 10. 4; Deut. 28. 38; Ps. 105. 34; Rev. 9. 3. used as food, Lev. 11. 22; Matt. 3. 4. described, Prov. 30.27; Nah. 3.17; Rev. 9.7. LOG, a liquid measure, Lev. 14. 10. LOIS commended, 2 Tim. 1. 5. LORD'S DAY, Rev. 1. 10. LORD'S PRAYER, Matt. 6. 9. LORD'S SUPPER. See Commuxion. LOT (Abram's nephew), separates from Abram, Gen. 13.10. captured by four kings, and rescued by Abram, Gen. 14. entertains angel visitors, Gen. 19.1. saved from Sodom, Gen. 19.16; 2 Pet. 2. 7. his wife turned into a pillar of salt, Gen. 19. 26; Luke 17. 28, 32. LOT, the, decided by God, Lev. 16. 8; Prov. 16. 33. Canaan apportioned by, Num. 26. 55; Josh. 15. Saul chosen king by, 1 Sam. 10.17. Jonathan taken by, 1 Sam. 14. 41, 42. used to divide Christ's raiment, Matt. 27. 35; Mark 15. 24 (Ps. 22.18). Matthias chosen apostie by, Acts 1. 26. LOVE to God commanded, Deut. 6. 5; 10. 12; 11.1; Josh. 22. 5; Ps. 31. 23; Dan. 9. 4; Matt. 22. 37; 1 John 4; 5. blessings of, Neh. 1. 5; Ps. 145. 20; 1 Cor. 2. 9; 8.3. brotherly, Rom. 12. 9,10. of husbands, Gen. 29. 20; 2 Sam. 1.26; Eph, 5.25; Tit. 2. 4. to Christ, Matt. 10.37; Rev. 2. 4. LOVE-cont of the world, censured, 1 John 2.15. LUCIUS of Cyrene, a teacher, Acts 13. 1; Bom. 16. 21. LUCRE, greed of, forbidden, 1 Tim. 3. 3; Tit. 1. 7; 1 Pet. 5. 7. LUKE, the beloved physician, companion of Paul, Col. 4. 14; 2 Tim. 4.11; Philem. 24 (Acts 16.12; 20. 5). LUKEWARMNESS condemned, Rev. 3.16. LUZ (Beth-el), Gen. 28. 19. LYCAONIA, Acts 14. 6. LYCIA, Acts 27. 5. LYDDA, miracle at, Acts 9. 32. LYDIA, of Thyatira, piety of, Acts 16.14, 40. LYING-, hateful to God, Prov. 6.16,19; 12. 22. forbidden, Lev. 19. 11; Col. 3. 9. devil father of, John 8. 44; Acts 5. 3. LYSANIAS, Luke 3. 1. LYSTRA, miracle at, Acts 14. 8. Paul and Barnabas taken for gods at, Acts 14.11. Paul stoned at, by Jews, Acts 14.19. __________________________________________________________________ MAACHAH, queen, her idolatry, 1 Kin. 15. 13; 2 Chr. 15.16. MACEDONIA, Paul's mission there, Acts 16. 9; 17. liberality of, 2 Cor. 8; 9; 11. 9; Phil. 4.15. its churches, 1 & 2 Thess..15 MACHPELAH, field of, Gen. 23. patriarchs buried there, Gen. 23.19; 25. 9; 35. 29; 49.30; 50.12. MADNESS, David affects, 1 Sam. 21.13. threatened, Deut. 28. 28. MAGICIANS of Egypt, Ex. 7. 11; 8.19. of Chaldea, preserved, Dan. 2; 4. 7. MAGISTRATES, Ezra 7. 25; to be obeyed, Ex. 22. 8; Rom. 13; Tit. 3.1; 1 Pet. 2.14. MAHANAIM, Jacob's vision at, Gen. 32. Ish-bosheth made king at, 2 Sam. 2. 8. David takes refuge from Absalom at, 2 Sam. 17. 24. MAHER-SHALAL-HASH-BAZ, Is. 8. 1. MAHLON and Chilion die in Moab, Ruth 1. MAIDSERVANTS. Ex. 20.10; 21. 7; Deut. 15.17. MAIMED healed by Christ, Matt. 15. 30. animal, unfit for sacrifice, Lev. 22. 22. MAJESTY of God, 1 Chr. 29. 11; Job 37. 22; Ps. 93; 96; Is. 24.14; Nah. 1; Hab. 3. See God. of Christ, 2 Pet. 1.16. See Jesus Christ. MAKKEDAH, cave of, five kings hide in, Josh. 10. 16. MALACHI deplores and reproves Israel's ingratitude, Mai. 1; 2. foretells the Messiah and His messenger, Mai. 3; 4. MALCHUS wounded by Peter, John 18.10; Matt. 26. 51; Mark 14. 47. healed by Jesus, Luke 22. 51. MALE children, saved from Pharaoh, Ex. 1.15. MALES to appear before the Lord thrice a year, Ex. 23.17; Deut. 16.16. MALEFACTORS, execution of, Deut. 21. 22. crucified with Christ, Luke 23. 32. MALICE condemned, Prov. 17. 5; 24. 17: 1 Cor. 5.8; 14.20; Eph. 4. 31; Col. 3. 8; Tit. 3. 3; James 5. 9; 1 Pet. 2.1. MAMMON, worship of, Matt. 6. 24; Luke 16. 9. MAMRE, Abram dwells there, Gen. 13. 18; 14; 18; 23.17; 35.27. MAN created, Gen. 1. 26; 2. 7. his dignity, Gen. 1.27; 2. 25; Eceles. 7. 29. his fall, Gen. 3. his iniquity, Gen. 6. 5,12; 1 Kin. 8. 46; Job 14. 16; 15.14; Ps.14; 51; Eceles. 9. 3; Is. 43. 27; 53. 6; Jer. 3. 25; 17. 9; John 3. 19; Rom. 3. 9; 5. 12; 7.18; Gal. 3.10; 5.17; James 1.13; 1 John 1. 8. his imperfection and weakness, 2 Chr. 20. 12; Matt. 6. 27; Rom. 9.16; 1 Cor. 3. 7; 2 Cor. 3. 5. liable to suffering, Job 5. 7; 14. 1; Ps. 39. 4; Eceles. 3. 2; Acts 14, 22; Rom. 8. 22; Rev. 7. 14. ignorance of, Job 8. 9; 11. 12; 28. 12; Prov. 16. 25; 27. 1; Eceles. 8.17; Is. 59. 10; 1 Cor. 1. 20; 8. 2 (Is. 47.10): James 4.14. mortality of, Job 14; Ps. 39; 49; 62. 9; 78. 39; 89. 48; 103. 14; 144. 4; 146. 3; Eceles. 1. 4; 12. 7; Rom. 5.12; Heb. 9. 27. vanity of his life, Ps. 49; Eceles. 1; 2. his whole duty, Eceles. 12.13; Mic. 6. 8; 1 John 3. 23. his redemption, Rom. 5; 1 Cor. 15. 49; Gal. 3; 4; Eph. 3; 5.25; Phil. 3.21; Col. 1; Heb. 1; 2; Rev. 5. MANASSEH, firstborn son of Joseph, Gen. 41. 51; his blessing, Gen. 48; his descendants numbered, &c. Num. 1. 34; 26. 29; Josh. 22. 1; 1 Chr. 5. 23; 7. 14; their inheritance, Num. 32. 33; 34. 14; Josh. 13. 29; 17; incline to David's cause, 1 Chr. 9. 3; 12.19; 2 Chr. 15. 9; 30.11. -------king of Judah, his reign, 2 Kin. 21; 2 Chr. 33 MANDRAKES, Gen. 30.14; Cant. 7.13. MANEH, a measure, Ezek. 45. 12. MANGER, Christ laid in, Luke 2. 7. MANIFESTATION of Christ, Matt. 17; John 1. 14; 2.11; 1 John 3. 5. of God's righteousness, Rom. 3. 21; and love, 1 John 4. 9. of the sons of God, Rom. 8.19. of the Spirit, 1 Cor. 12. 7. MANNA promised, Ex. 16. 4. sent, Ex. 16. 14; Deut. 8. 3; Neh. 9. 20; Ps. 78. 24; John 6. 31. an omer of it laid up in the ark, Ex. 16. 32; Heb. 9. 4. Israelites murmur at it, Num. 11. 6. it ceases on entering Canaan, Josh. 5.12. -------the hidden, Rev. 2.17. MANOAH (father of Samson), Judg. 13; 16. 31. MANSLAUGHTER, Gen. 9. 6; Ex. 21.12; Num. 35. 6, 22; Deut. 19. 4; Josh. 20.1; 1 Tim. 1. 9. MANSTEALING, Ex. 21.16; Deut. 24. 7. MARA, Ruth 1. 20. MARAH, bitter waters healed there, Ex. 15. 23. MARAN-ATHA, 1 Cor. 16. 22. MARBLE, 1 Chr. 29. 2; Cant. 5. 15. MARK, Evangelist, Acts 12.12. goes with Paul and Barnabas, Acts 12. 25; 13. 5. leaves them at Perga, Acts 13.13. contention about him, Acts 15. 36. approved by Paul, 2 Tim. 4.11. MARRIAGE instituted, Gen. 2.18. honourable, Ps. 128; Prov. 31.10; Heb. 13. 4. treated of by Christ, Matt. 19; Mark 10. its obligations, Matt. 19. 4; Rom. 7. 2; 1 Cor. 6. 16; 7.10; Eph. 5. 31. parables concerning, Matt. 22; 25. belongs to this world only, Matt. 22. 30; Mark 12. 23. at Cana, miracle at, John 2. Paul's opinion on, 1 Cor. 7; 1 Tim. 5.14. of the Lamb, typical, Rev. 19. 7. unlawful marriages, Lev. 18; Deut. 7. 3; Josh. 23. 12; Ezra 9; 10; Neh. 13. 23. MARRY, forbidding to, 1 Tim. 4. 3. MARTHA instructed by Christ, John 11. 5, 21. reproved by Him, Luke 10. 38. MARTYR, Stephen the first, Acts 7; 22. 20. See Rev. 2.13; 17. 6. MARY, the VIRGIN, mother of Jesus, visited by the angel Gabriel, Luke 1. 26. believes, and magnifies the Lord, Luke 1. 38, 46; John 2. 5. Christ born of, Matt. 1. 18; Luke 2. witnesses the miracle at Cana, John 2.1. desires to speak with Christ, Matt. 12. 46; Mark 3. 31; Luke 8. 19. commended to John by Christ at His crucifixion, Matt. 27. 56; John 19. 25. MARY Magdalene, Luke 8. 2. at the cross, Matt. 27. 56; Mark 15. 40; John 19. 25. Christ appears first to, Matt. 28. 1; Mark 16.1; Luke 24. 10; John 20.1. -------sister of Lazarus, commended, Luke 10.42. Christ's love for, John 11. 5, 33. anoints Christ's feet, John 12. 3; (head), Matt. 26.6; Mark 14. 3. MARYS, THE THREE, at the cross, John 19. 25. MASSAH, the rebellion at, Ex. 17. 7; Deut. 9. 22; 33. 8. MASTERS, duty of, Ex. 20. 10; Lev. 19. 13; 25. 40; Deut. 24. 14; Job 31. 13; Jer. 22; 13; Eph. 6. 9; Col. 4.1; James 5. 4. MATTAN slain, 2 Kin. 11.18; 2 Chr. 23.17. MATTHEW (Levi), Apostle and Evangelist, called, Matt. 9. 9; Mark 2.14; Luke 5. 27. sent out, Matt. 10. 3; Mark 3.18; Luke 6.15;-- Acts 1.13. MATTHIAS, Apostle, Acts 1. 26. MAZZAROTH, Job 38. 32. MEASURES--of quantity:-- log, Lev. 14.10,15, 21. cab, 2 Kin. 6. 25. omer, Ex. 16. 36; Lev. 5. 11; 14.10. hin, Ex. 29. 40. bath or ephah, Is. 5.10; Ezek. 45.11, homer, Is. 5.10; Ezek. 45.14. firkin, John 2. 6. of length:-- handbreadth, Ex. 25. 25; Ps. 39. 5. span, Ex. 28. 16; 1 Sam. 17. 4. cubit, Gen. 6.15,16; Deut. 3.11. fathom, Acts 27. 28. furlong, Luke 24.13; John 11.18. mile, Matt. 5. 41. MEASURING- of the holy city, and new Jerusalem, Ezek. 40; Zech. 2.1; Rev. 11.1; 21.15. MEAT-OFFERING, Lev. 2; 3; 6. 14; Num. 15; Neh. 10. 33. MEATS, clean and unclean. Lev. 11; Deut. 14; Acts 15. 29; Rom. 14; 1 Cor. 8. 4; Col. 2. 16; 1 Tim. 4.3. MEDAD prophesies, Num. 11. 26. MEDDLING condemned, 2 Kin. 14.10; Prov. 20. 3; 26.17 ; 24. 21. MEDES capture Babylon (Is. 21.2); Dan. 5.28,31. MEDIA, Israel taken captive to, 2 Kin. 17. 6; 18. 11: Est. 1. Daniel s prophecy of, Dan. 8. 20. MEDIATOR, one, Gal. 3.19. 20; 1 Tim. 2. 5; Heb. 8. 6; 9.15; Jesus the, Heb. 12. 24. MEDICINE, typical, Prov. 17. 22; Jer. 8. 22; 30. 13: 46.11; Ezek. 47.12. MEDITATION encouraged; Ps. 1. 2; 19. 14; 77. 12; 107. 43; 119. 97. injunctions to, Josh. 1. 8; Ps. 4. 4; Prov. 4. 26; 1 Tim. 4.15. See Gen. 24. 63. MEEKNESS, Christ an example of, Matt. 11. 29; Luke 23. 34; 2 Cor. 10.1 (Is. 53. 2; John 18.19). exhortations to, Zeph. 2. 3; Gal. 5. 23; 6.1; Eph. 4. 2; Phil. 2. 2; Col. 3.12; 1 Tim. 6.11; 2 Tim. 2. 25; Tit. 3. 2; James 1. 21; 3. 13; 1 Pet. 3. 4, blessed of God, Ps. 22. 26; 25. 9; 37.11 (Matt. 5. 5); 69. 32; 76. 9; 147. 6; 149. 4; Is. 11. 4; 29. 19; 61.1. examples of:--Moses, Num. 12. 3. David, 2 Sam. 16. 9. Jeremiah, Jer. 26.14. MEGIDDO, Josh. 17.11; Judg. 1. 27; 5.19. Ahaziah, 2 Kin. 9. 27, and Josiah slain there, 2 Kin 23. 29; Zech. 12.11. MELCHIZEDEK, king of Salem, blesses Abram, Gen. 14.18. his priesthood and Aaron's, Ps. 110. 4; Heb. 5. 6,10; 6.20; 7.1. MELITA, Paul shipwrecked near, and lands at, Acts 28.1; received kindly by the people, Acts 28. 2; shakes off the viper at, Acts 28. 5; heals Publius' father, and others at, Acts 28. MELZAR favours Daniel, Dan. 1.11. MEMBERS of the body, types of the Church, Rom. 12.4; ICor. 12.12; Eph. 4. 25. MEMORIALS ordained, Ex. 17. 14; 28. 12; 30. 16; Num. 16. 40. offerings ofi Lev. 2. 2; Num; 5.15. MEMORY of the just, blessed, Prov. 10. 7. of the wicked, cut off, Ps. 109.15; Is. 26.14. MEMPHIS, in Egypt, Hos. 9. 6. MENAHEM, king of Israel, his evil rule, 2 Kin. 15.14,18. . MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN, Dan. 5. 25 --28. MEPHIBOSHETH, son of Jonathan, his lameness, 2 Sam. 4. 4.*-cherished by David, 2 Sam. 9.1. slandered by Ziba, 2 Sam. 16.1; 19. 24. spared by David, 2 Sam. 21. 7. MERAB, Saul's daughter, 1 Sam. 14. 49; 18. 17; her five sons hanged by the Gibeonites, 2 Sam. 21 8 MERARITES, descendants of Levi, Ex. 6. 19; 1 Chr 6.1; 23.21; 24.26. their duties and dwellings, Num. 4. 29; 7. 8; 10. 17: Josh. 21. 7; 1 Chr. 6. 63. MERCHANTS, Gen. 37. 25; 1 Kin. 10. 15; Neh. 13.20; Is. 23. 8; Ezek. 27. parable of one seeking pearls, Matt. 13. 4o. MERCIFUL, blessed, Prov. 11.17; Matt. 5. 7. MERCURIUS, Paul so called, Acts 14.12. MERCY, supplication for, Deut. 21. 8; 1 Kin. 8. 30; Neh. 9. 32; Ps. 51; Dan. 9. 16; Hab. 3. 2; Matt. 6.12. injunctions to shew, Prov. 3. 3; Zech. 7. 9; Luke 6. 36; Rom. 12.19 (Prov. 25. 21); Phil. 2.1; Col. 3. 12; James 2.13. of God, Ps. 78. 38; 103. 9; Is. 30.18; 54. 7; Lam. 3 32 MERCY-SEAT described, Ex. 25.17; 26. 34; 37. 6; Lev. 16.13; 1 Chr. 28.11; Heb. 9. 5. MERIBAH, Israel rebels there, Ex. 17. 7; Num. 20.13; 27.14; Deut. 32. 51; 33. 8; Ps. 81. 7. MERODACH-(or Berodach) .Balada> sends messengers to Hezekiah, 2 Kin. 20. 12; 2 Chr. 32. 31; Is. 39;--Jer. 50. 2. MEROM, waters of, Josh. 11. 5. MEROZ cursed, Judsr. 5. 23. MESHACH. See Shadrach. MESHECH, son of Japheth, Gen. 10. 2. traders of, Ezek. 27.13; 32. 26; 38. 2; 39.1. MESOPOTAMIA (Ur), country of the two rivers, Abram leaves, Gen. 11. 31; 12.1; 24. 4,10; Acts 2 9*72 king'of,' slain by Othniel, Judg. 3. 8. MESSENGER of the covenant, Mai. 3. 1; Is. 42. 19. MESSIAH (anointed Cheist), Prince, prophecy about, Dan. 9. 25. (Messias), John 1. 41; 4. 25. See Is. 9. 6. METHUSELAH'S great age, Gen. 5. 27. MICAH makes and worships idols, Judgr. 17.18. ------- prophet (Jer. 26. 18); denounces Israel's sin, Mic. 1--3; 6; 7; predicts the Messiah, Mic. 4* 5? 7 MICAIAH forewarns Ahab, 1 Kin. 22; 2 Chr. 18. MICE, golden, 1 Sam. 6.11. MICHAEL, Dan. 10. 13, 21; 12.1. Archangel, Jude 9; Rev. 12. 7. MICHAL, David's wife, 1 Sam. 18. 20. given to another, 1 Sam. 25. 44. restored to David, 2 Sam. 3.13; mocks his religious dancing, and is rebuked, 2 Sam. 6.16, 20; 1 Chr. 15. 29. MIDIAN, sons of, Gen. 25. 4. -------land of, Ex. 2.15. See IKin. 11.18; Is. 60. 6; Hab. 3, 7. MIDIANITEST their cities destroyed by Moses, Num. 31. 1. subdued by Gideon, Judg. 6--8. See Ps. 83. 9; Is. 9. 4; 10. 26. MIDIANITISH WOMAN, Num. 25. 6,14. MIDNIGHT, Egyptians smitten at, Ex. 12. 29. prayer at, Ps. 119. 62; Acts 16. 25; 20. 7. bridegroom cometh at, Matt. 25. 6. master of house cometh at, Mark 13. 35 MIDWIVES of Eeypt, Ex. 1. 16, 20. MIGHTY men, 2 Sam. 23. 8; 1 Chr. 11.10. MILCAH, Gen. 11. 29; 22. 20. MILCOM, false god, 1 Kin. 11. 5, 33; 2 Kin. 23.13. MILETUS, Paul takes leave of elders at, Acts 20. 15; Trophimus left at, 2 Tin*. 4. 20. MILK (and honey), Josh. 5. 6; Is. 55.1. mentioned, Cant. 4.11; Is. 7.22; 1 Cor. 3.2; Heb. 5.12; 1 Pet. 2.2. MILL, women at, Matt. 24. 41. MILLO, house of, Judg. 9. 6; 1 Sam. 5. 9 MILLSTONES, Ex. 11. 5; Matt. 24. 41; Rev. 18. 21. MIND, devoted to God, Matt. 22. 37; Mark 12. 30; Rom. 7. 25. a willing, 1 Chr. 28. 9; Neh. 4. 6; 2 Cor. 8.12. united, 1 Cor. 1.10; 2 Cor. 13.11; Phil. 2.2; 1 Pet. 3. 8. See Heb. 8.10. MINISTERING SPIRITS, Heb. 1. 4. See Rom. 15. 25, 27. MINISTERS, God's, Ps. 103. 21; 104. 4; Heb. 1. 7. (priests), Ex. 28; Heb. 10. 11. worthy of honour and obedience, 1 Thess. 5.12, 13; 1 Tim. 5. 17; Heb. 13.17. Cheist's, 1 Cor. 3. 5; 4. 1; 2 Cor. 3. 6; 6; Eph. 3 7*6 21 how qualified, 1 Tim. 3; Tit. 1; 1 Pet. 5. MINISTRY OF THE GOSPEL, Acts 6. 4; 20. 24; Rom. 12. 7; 1 Cor. 16.15; 2 Cor. 4.1; 5.18; Eph. 6. 21; Col. 1. 7; 4.17; 1 Tim. 1.12. MIRACLES, performed by Moses and Aaron at God's command, Ex. 4. 3; 7. 10; 7--12; 14. 21; 15. 25; 17. 6; Num. 16. 28; 20. 11; 21. 8; by Joshua, Josh. 3; 4; 6; 10.12; by Samson, Judg. 14--16; by Samuel, 1 Sam. 12. 18; by a prophet, 1 Kin 13. 4; by Elijah, 1 Kin. 17; 18; 2 Kin. 1. 28; by Elisha, 2 Kin. 2--6; 13. 21; by Isaiah, 2 Kin 20. 9; by the disciples, Luke 10. 17; by Peter, Acts 3; 5; 9. 32; by Stephen, Acts 6. 8; by Philip, Acts 8. 6; by Paul, Acts 13; 14; 16; 19; 20; 28; by sorcerers and evil spirits, Ex. 7. 11; 8. 7; Matt. 24. 24; 2 Thess. 2. 9; Rev. 13.14; 16.14; 19.20. MIRIAM, sister of Moses and Aaron, Ex. 15. 20; Num. 26. 59. song of, Ex. 15. 20, 21. murmurs against Moses, Num. 12.1, 2. is smitten with leprosy, and shut out of the camp, Num. 12.10,15. her death, Num. 20. 1. MIRTH, vanity of, Eccles. 2; 7. 4. See Jer. 7. 34; 16. 9; Hos. 2. 11. MISCHIEF, punishment of, Ps. 7.14; 9.15; 140. 2; Prov. 26. 27; Is. 33.1; Acts 13.10. MITES, the widow's, Mark 12. 42; Luke 21. 2. MITRE of the high priest, Ex. 28. 4; 29. 6; 39. 28. MIZPAH (Gilead), Jacob and Laban meet at, Gen. 31. 49. Jephthah at, Judg. 10.17; 11.11; 20.1; Samuel at, 1 Sam. 7. 5. -------(Moab), 1 Sam. 22. 3. MNASON, an old disciple, Acts 21.16. MOAB, Gen. 19. 37; his descendants, and territory, Deut. 2. 9, 18; 34. 5. MOABITES excluded from the congregation, Deut. 23. 3. conquered by Ehud, Judg. 3.12; by David, 2 Sam. 8. 2; by Jehoshaphat and Jehoram, 2 Kin. 1.1; 3. their overthrow, 2 Chr. 20. 23. prophecies concerning, Ex. 15. 15; Num. 21. 29; 24.17 ; Ps. 60. 8; 83. 6; Is. 11. 14; 15; 16; 25.10; Jer. 9. 26; 25. 21; 48; Ezek. 25. 8; Amos 2.1: Zeph. 2. 8. MOCKING condemned, Prov. 17. 5; 30. 17; Jer. 15. 17; Jude 18. punished, Gen. 21. 9; 2 Kin. 2. 23. See 2 Chr. 30. 10; 36.16. (of Christ), Matt. 27. 29; Luke 23.11. MODERATION, 1 Cor. 7. 29; Phil. 4. 5. MODEST apparel, 1 Tim. 2. 9; 1 Pet. 3. 3. MOLOCH (Molech), Lev. 18. 21; 20. 2. worship of, 1 Kin. 11. 7; 2 Kin. 23. 10; Jer. 32. 35; Amos 5. 26; Acts 7. 43. MONEY, Gen. 17. 27; 23. 9; 42. 25; Jer. 32. 9; Matt. 23.19; Mark 12. 41; 14. 11. love of, censured, 1 Tim. 6.10. MONTHS of the Hebrews, Ex. 12. 2; 13. 4; Deut. 16. 1; 1 Kin. 6.1; 8. 2. of the Chaldeans, Neh. 1.1; 2.1. MOON (the lesser light), Gen. 1.16. referred to, Deut. 33. 14; Josh. 10. 12; Ps. 8. 3; 80. 37; 104.19; 121. 6. idolatrously worshipped, Deut. 17. 3; Job 31. 26: Jer. 44.17. feasts of the new, 1 Sam. 20. 5; 1 Chr. 23. 31; Ps. 81.3; Is. 1.13; Hos. 2. 11. MORDECAI reveals conspiracy against king Aha- suerus, Est. 2. 21. is hated by Haman, Est. 3. 5. honoured by the king, Est. 6. advanced, Est. 8--10 (Ezra 2. 2; Neh. 7. 7). MORIAH, mount, Gen. 22. David's sacrifice there, 2 Sam. 24. 18; 1 Chr. 21. 18; 22.1. temple built on, 2 Chr. 3.1. MORTALITY of man, Job 19. 26; Rom. 8. 11; ICor. 15. 53; 2 Cor. 4.11; 5.4. MORTGAGES, Neh. 5. 3. MOSES born, and hidden, Ex. 2 (Acts 7. 20; Heb. 11. 23). escapes to Midian, Ex. 2.15. revelation from God, Ex. 3; confirmed by signs, Ex.4. returns to Egypt, Ex. 4. 20. intercedes with Pharaoh for Israel, Ex. 5--12. leads Israel forth, Ex. 14. meets God in mount Sinai, Ex. 19. 3 (24. 18). brings the law to the people, Ex. 19. 25; 20--23; 34. 10; 35. 1; Lev. 1; Num. 5; 6; 15; 27--30; 36; Deut. 13--26. instructed to build the tabernacle, Ex. 25--31; 35; 40; Num.4; 8--10; 18; 19. his grief at Israel's idolatry, Ex. 32.19. his intercession, Ex. 32.11 (33.12). again meets God in the mount, Ex. 34. 2. skin of his face shines, Ex. 34.29 (2 Cor. 3. 7,13). sets apart Aaron, Lev. 8; 9. numbers the people, Num. 1; 26. sends out the spies to Canaan, Num. 13. intercedes for the murmuring people, Num. 14. 13. Korah's sedition against, Num. 16. for his unbelief suffered not to enter Canaan, Num. 20. 12; 27.12; Deut. 1. 35; 3. 23. his government of Israel in the wilderness, Num. 20; 21. makes the brazen serpent, Num. 21.9 (John 3.14). recounts Israel's history, and exhorts to obedience, Deut. 1; 3--12; 27--31. his charge to Joshua, Deut. 3. 28; 31. 7, 23. his death, Deut. 34. 5; his body, Jude 9. seen at Christ's transfiguration, Matt. 17. 3; Mark 9. 4; Luke 9. 30. his meekness, Num. 12. 3; dignity, Deut. 34.10; faithfulness, Num. 12. 7; Heb. 3. 2. MOTH mentioned, Job 27. 18; Ps. 39. 11; Is. 50. 9; Hos. 5. 12; Matt. 6. 19. MOTHER of all living, Eve, Gen. 3. 20. +" 13; instances, ; 1 Kin. 3. 26; MOTHERS, love of, Is. 49.15; 66. Gen. 21. 10; Ex. 2; 1 Sam. 1. 22 2 Tim. 1. 5; 2 John, love to, enforced, Ex. 20. 12; Prov. 1. 8; 19. 26; 23. 22; Eph. 6.1. MOUNT to be cast against Jerusalem, Jer. 6. 6. MOURNERS, comfort for, Job 29.25; Rom. 12.15; 2 Cor. 1.4; 1 Thess. 4.18. MOURNING, when blessed, Eccles. 7. 2; Matt. 5. 4; Luke 6. 21. for the dead, Gen. 50. 3; Num. 20.29; Deut. 14.1; I 2 Sam. 1. 17; 3. 31; 12. 16; 18. 33; 19. 1; Eccl. 12.5; Jer. 6. 26; 9.17; 22.18. of the priests, Lev. 21.1; Ezek. 44. 25. MOUTH of God, Deut. 8. 3; Matt. 4. 4. of babes, Ps. 8. 2; Matt. 21. 16. of the wicked, Ps. 32. 9; 63. 11; 107. 42; 109. 2; 144. 8; Prov. 4. 24; 5. 3; 6. 12; 19. 28; Rom. 3. 15; Rev. 13.5. of the righteous, &c. Ps. 37. 30; Prov. 10. 31; Eccles. 10. 12. of fools, Prov. 14. 3; 15. 2; 18. 7; 19.14. MULBERRY TREES, 2 Sam. 5. 23. MURDER, Gen. 9. 6; Ex. 20.13; Lev. 24.17; Deut. 5.17; 21. 9; Matt. 5. 21; 1 John 3. 15. examples:--Gen. 4; Judg. 9; 2 Sam. 3. 27; 4; 12. 9; 20. 8; 1 Kin. 16. 9; 21; 2 Kin. 15. 10; 21. 23; 2 Chr. 24. 21. its penalty, Gen. 4.12; 9. 6; Num. 35. 30; Jer. 19. 4; Ezek. 16. 38; Gal. 5. 21; Rev. 22.15. source of, Matt. 15. 19; Gal. 5. 21. MURMURING rebuked, Lam. 3.39; 1 Cor. 10.10; Phil. 2.14; Judel6. of Israel, instances of, Ex. 15. 23; 16; 17; Num. 11: 16; 20; 21. MURRAIN, plague of, Ex. 9. 3; Ps. 78.50. MUSIC, invention of, Gen. 4. 21. its effects on Saul, 1 Sam. 16.14. used for worship, 2 Sam. 6. 5: 1 Chr. 15. 28; 16. 42; 2Chr. 7. 6; 29.25; Ps. 33; 81; 92; 108; 150; Dan. 3. 5. at festivities, Is. 5.12; 14.11; Amos 6. 5; Luke 15. 25; 1 Cor. 14. 7. in heaven, Rev. 5. 8; 14. 2. MUSTARD SEED, parable of, Matt. 13. 31; Mark 4.30; Luke 13.18. MUZZLING the ox that treadeth out the corn forbidden, Deut. 25. 4; 1 Cor. 9. 9; 1 Tim. 5. 18. MYRRH, Ex. 30. 23; Est. 2.12; Ps. 45. 8; Cant. 1.13; Matt. 2.11; Mark 15. 23; John 19. 39. MYRTLES, Is. 41. 19; 55. 13; vision of, Zech. 1.8. MYSTERY of the kingdom of God made known by Christ, Mark 4.11; Eph. 1. 9; 3. 3; 1 Tim. 3.16; by the disciples to the world, 1 Cor. 4.1; 13.2; Eph. 6. 19; Col. 2. 2. of the raisine of the dead, 1 Cor. 15. 51. of iniquity, 2 Thess. 2. 7; Rev. 17. 5. __________________________________________________________________ NAAMAN the Syrian, his anger, 2 Kin. 5.11; his leprosy healed, 2 Kin. 5.14; his request, 2 Kin. 5.17. See Luke 4. 27. NABAL'S conduct to David, 1 Sam. 25. 10; Abigail intercedes for, 1 Sam. 25. 18; his death, 1 Sam. 25. 38. NABOTH slain by Jezebel, 1 Kin. 21. his murder avenged, 2 Kin. 9. 21. NADAB, son of Aaron, offers strange fire, Lev. 10.1, 2. -------king of Israel, slain by Baasha, 1 Kin. 14. 20; 15.25,28. NAHASH the Ammonite invades Jabesh-Gilead, 1 Sam. 11. NAHOR, Abram's brother, Gen. 11. 26; 22. 20; 24.10. NAHUM, vision of, Nah. 1--3. NAILS, Ezra 9. 8; Eccles. 12.11; Is. 22. 23. NAIN, miracle at, Luke 7.11. NAIOTH, school of prophets, 1 Sam. 19. 23. NAME of God, Ex. 34. 5,14. See Ex. 6. 3; 15. 3; Ps. 83. 18. honour due to, Ex. 20. 7; Deut. 5.11; 28. 58; Ps. 34. 3; 72.17; 111. 9; Mic. 4. 5; 1 Tim. 6. 1. -------of Christ, prayer in, John 14. 13; 16. 23; Rom. 1. 8; Eph. 5. 20; Col. 3. 17; Heb. 13. 15; miracles performed in, Acts 3. 6; 4. 10; 19.13. responsibilities of bearing, 2 Tim. 2.19. NAME given to children at circumcision, Luke 1 59 * 2 21 "NAME', value of a good, Prov. 22.1; Eccles. 7.1. NAMES changed by God, Gen. 17. 5, 15; 32. 27; 2 Sam. 12. 25; by man, Dan. 1. 7; by Christ, Mark 3. 16, 17. NAOMI'S (and Ruth's) history, Ruth 1, &c. NAPHTALI, son of Jacob, Gen. 30. 8; 35. 25; 46. 24; 49. 21; Deut. 33. 23. his tribe numbered, Num. 1. 42; 10. 27; 13. 14; 26. 48; Judg. 1. 33. subdue the Canaanites, Judg. 4.10; 5.18; 6. 35; 7. 23. carried captive, 2 Kin. 15.29. See Is. 9.1; Matt. 4.13. NARCISSUS, household of, Rom. 16.11. NATHAN, the prophet, 2 Sam. 7. shews David his sift; 2 Sam. 12.1. anoints Solomon king, 1 Kin. 1. 34; 1 Chr. 29. 29; 2 Chr. 9. 29. -------son of David, 2 Sam. 5. 14; Zech. 12. 12; Luke 3. 31. NATHANAEL, "Israelite indeed," John 1. 45; 21 2 NATIONS, origin of, Gen. 10. NAVY of Solomon, 1 Kin. 9. 26; 2 Chr. 8.17. of Jehoshaphat, 1 Kin. 22. 48. NAZARETH, Jesus of, Matt. 2. 23; 21.11; Luke 1. 26; 2. 39, 51; 4. 16; John 1. 45; 18. 5; Acts 2. 22; 3. 6. NAZARITES. law of the, Num. 6. NEBUCHADNEZZAR, king of Babylon, Jer. 20; 21; 25; 27; 28; 32; 34; Ezek. 26. 7; 29.19. captures Jerusalem, 2 Kin. 24; 25; 2 Chr. 36; Jer. 37--39; 52; Dan. 1.1. his dreams, Dan. 2; 4. sets up the golden image, Dan. 3. his madness, Dan. 4. 33. his restoration and confession, Dan. 4. 34. NEBUZAR-ADAN, 2 Kin. 25. his care of Jeremiah, Jer. 39.11; 40.1. NECESSITIES, Paul's, 2 Cor. 6. 4; 12. 10. NEHEMIAH, his grief for Jerusalem, Neh. 1; his prayer for, Neh. 1. 5; his visit to, Neh. 2. 5, 9, 17; his conduct at, Neh. 4--6; 8--10; 13. NEHUSHTAN, the brazen serpent of Moses, idol-atrously used by Israelites, so called by Heze-kiah, and destroyed by him, 2 Kin. 18. 4. NEIGHBOUR, how to treat our, Ex. 20. 16; 22. 26; Lev. 19. 18; Deut 15. 2; 27. 17; Prov. 3. 28; 24. 28; 25. 8, 17; Mark 12. 31; Rom. 13. 9; Gal. 5.14; James 2. 8. NET, parable of, Matt. 13. 47. NETHINIMS, the, 1 Chr. 9. 2; 24; 8. 17. NEW BIRTH (born asrain), John 3. 3, 6; 1 Pet. 1. 23. NICANOR, one of the seven deacons, Acts 6. 5. NICODEMUS, Pharisee and ruler, goes to Jesus by night, John 3. 1. takes His part, John 7. 50. assists at Christ's burial, John 19. 39. NICOLAITANES, Rev. 2. 6, 15. NIGHT, Gen. 1. 5; Ps. 19. 2; figurative, John 9. 4; Rom. 13.12; 1 Thess. 5. 5; none in heaven, Rev. 21. 25 (Is. 60. 20). NIMROD, mighty hunter, Gen. 10. 9. NINEVEH, Jonah's mission to, Jonah 1.1; 3. 2. denounced by Jonah, Jonah 3. 4. repenting, is spared by God, Jonah 3.5--10 (Matt. 12.41; Luke 11. 32). the burden of, Nah. 1. 1; 2; 3. NISAN, month, Neh. 2.1; Est. 3. 7. NISROCH, 2 Kin. 19. 37; Is. 37. 38. NO, multitude of, threatened, Jer. 46. 25; Ezek. 30.14; Nah. 3. 8. NOAH, son of Lamech, Gen. 5. 29. finds grace with God, Gen. 6. 8. ordered to build the ark, Gen. 6.14. with his family and living creatures enters into the ark, Gen. 7; flood assuaging, goes forth, Gen. 8.18. God blesses and makes a covenant with, Gen. 9.1, 8. Ezra 2. 43; 7. 7, is drunken, and mocked of Ham, Gen. 9. 22. his death, Gen. 9. 29. NOB, city of, David comes to, and eats hallowed bread at, 1 Sam. 21. 1. smitten by Saul, 1 Sam. 22. 19. NOPH, city, warned, Is. 19. 13; Jer. 2. 16; 46. 14; Ezek. 30.13. NORTH and South, conflicts of, Dan. 11. NUMBERING of the people, by Moses, Num. 1; 26; by David, 2 Sam. 24; 1 Chr. 21. of the Levites, Num. 3. 14; 4. 34. NURSES, Gen. 35. 8; 2 Sam. 4. 4; 1 Thess. 2. 7. NURSING fathers and nursing mothers (kings and queens), Is. 49. 23. __________________________________________________________________ OATH, God ratifies his purpose by, Ps. 132. 11; Luke 1. 73; Acts 2. 30; Heb. 6. 17. of the forty Jews, Acts 23.12, 21. OATHS, directions about, Lev. 5. 4; 6. 3; 19. 12; Num. 30. 2; Ps. 15. 4; Matt. 5. 33; James 5.12. examples of, Gen. 14. 22; 21. 31; 24. 2; Josh. 14.9; 1 Sam. 20. 42; 28. 10; Ps. 132. 2. demanded, Ex. 22. 11; Num. 5. 21; 1 Kin. 8. 31; Ezra 10. 5. rash:--of Egau, Gen. 25. 33. of Israel to the Gibeonites, Josh. 9. 19. Jephthah, Judg. 11. 30. Saul at Beth-ay en, 1 Sam. 14. 24. Herod to Herodias' daughter, Matt. 14. 7. OBADIAH, prophet, his. prediction, Obad. 17. -------Levite, porter in the temple, Neh. 12. 25. -------sent by Ahab to find water, 1 Kin. 18. 3; meets Elijah, 1 Kin. 18. 7; how he hid a hundred prophets, 1 Kin. 18. 4,13. OBED, son of Boaz, Ruth 4. 17. OBED-EDOM prospered while taking charge of the ark, 2 Sam. 6.10; 1 Chr. 13.14; 15.18, 24. his sons, 1 Chr..14 26. 4, 5. OBEDIENCE of Christ, Rom. 5. 19; Phil. 2. 8; Heb. 5. 8. OBEDIENCE to God enjoined, Ex. 19. 5; 23. 21; Lev. 26. 3; Deut. 4--8; 11; 29; Is. 1.11; Jer. 7. 23; 26.13; 38. 20; Acts 5. 29; James 1. 25. its blessings, Ex. 23. 22; Deut. 28; 30; Prov. 25. 12: Is. 1.19; Heb. 11. 8; 1 Pet, 1. 22; Rev. 22.14. preferred before sacrifice, 1 Sam. 15. 22; Ps. 50. 8; Mic. 6. 6. to the faith, Rom. 1. 5; 16. 26; 2 Cor. 7. 15; 1 Pet, 1. 2. of children to parents, Eph. 6.1; Col. 3. 20. to masters, Eph. 6. 5; Col. 3. 22; Tit. 2. 9. of wives to husbands. Tit. 2. 5. of people to rulers, Tit. 3.1; Heb. 13.17. OBLATIONS, Lev. 2; 3. of the spoil, Num. 31. 28. ODED, prophet, 2 Chr. 28. 9. OFFENCE, giving of, deprecated, 1 Cor. 10. 32; 2 Cor. 6. 3; Phil. 1. 10. OFFENCES, woe because of, Matt. 18. 7. how to remedy, Eccles. 10. 4; Matt. 5. 29; 18. 8; Mark 9. 43; Rom. 16.17. Christ was delivered for our, Rom. 4. 25. OFFERING (of Christ), Heb. 9. 14, 28; 10. 10, 12, 14. OFFERINGS, laws for, Lev. 1; 22. 21; Deut, 15. 21; Mai. 1. 13. OG, kin? of Bashan, Num. 21. 33; Deut. 3.1; Ps. 135. 11; 136. 20. OIL for lamps, Ex. 27. 20; Lev. 24.1. for anointing, Ex. 30. 31; 37. 29. used in meat offerings, Lev. 2. 1. miracles of, 1 Kin. 17.12; 2 Kin. 4.1. figurative, Ps. 23. 5; 141.5; Is. 61. 3; Zech. 4.12: Matt. 25. 1. OINTMENT, Christ anointed with, Matt. 26. 7; Mark 14. 3; Luke 7. 37; John 11. 2; 12. 3. OLD AGE, Job 30. 2; Ps. 90. 10; Eccles. 12; Tit. 2 2 reverence due to, Lev. 19.32; Prov. 23.22; 1 Tim. 5. 1. OLD MAN, to put off, Rom. 6. 6; Eph. 4. 22; Col. 22. OLD PROPHET, the, 1 Kin. 13.11. OLIVE TREES, vision "qf, Zech. 4. 3; Rev. 11. 4. See Judg. 9.9; Ps. 52. 8; Rom. 11.17. OLIVET (Olives), mount, 2 Sam. 15. 30; Matt. 21. 1; 24. 3; Mark 11.1; 13. 3; Luke 21. 37; John 8. 1; Acts 1. 12. OMEGA, Rev. 1. 8,11; 21. 6; 22. 13. OMRI, king of Israel, 1 Kin. 16.16, 24; Mic. 6.16. ONESIMUS, Col. 4. 9; Ptiilem. 10. ONESIPHORUS, 2 Tim. 1. 16. ONYX, Ex. 28. 20; 39. 13. OPHIR, and gold of. Gen. 10. 29; 1 Kin. 9. 28; 1Q. 11; 22. 48; 1 Chr. 29. 4; 2 Chr. 8.18: Job 22. 24; Ps. 45. 9; Is. 13. 12. OPPRESSION punished by God, Ex. 22. 21: Lev. 25. 14; Deut. 23. 16; 24. 14; Ps. 12. 5; 62. 10; Prov. 14. 31; 22. 16; Eccles. 4. 1; 5. 8; Is. 1. 17; 10; 58. 6; Jer. 22. 17; Ezek. 22. 7; Amos 4.1; 8. 4; Mic. 2. 2; Mai. 3. 5; James 4. ORACLE of the temple, 1 Kin. 6.16; 8. 6; 2 Chr. 4. 20; Ps. 28. 2. ORACLES (the Holy Scriptures), Acts 7. 38; Rom. '. 13. 2; Heb. 5.12; 1 Pet. 4.11. See 2 Sam. 16. 23. ORDER requisite in the churches, 1 Cor. 14. 40; Tit. 1. 5. ORDINATION, mode and use of, Acts 6.6; 14. 23; 1 Tim. 2. 7; 3; 4.14; 5. 22; 2 Tim. 2. 2; Tit. 1. 5. ORNAMENTS, of apparel, &c, Gen. 24. 22; Prov. 1. 9; 4. 9; 25.12; Is. 3.18; Jer. 2. 32; 1 Pet. 3. 3. ORNAN (Araunah), 2 Sam. 24.16. OSTENTATION condemned, Prov. 25. 14; 27. 2; Matt. 6. 1. OSTRICH, Job 39.13; Lam. 4. 3. OTHNIEL, Josh. 15.17; Judg. 1.13; 3. 9. OUTCASTS of Israel, promised restoration, Is. 11. 12; 16. 3; 27. 13; Jer. 30. 17; Rom. 11. OVERCOMING, glory and reward of, 1 John 2.13; Rev. 2. 7. 11,17, 26; 3. 5, 12, 21; 21. 7. OVERSEERS in building the temple, 1 Chr. 9. 29; 2 Chr 2. 18. OX, treatment of, Ex. 21. 28; 22. 1; 23. 4; Lev. 17. 3 ; Deut. 5. 14; 22. 1; Luke 13.15. that treadeth out the corn, unlawful to muzzle, Deut. 25. 4; 1 Cor. 9. 9; 1 Tim. 5. IS. __________________________________________________________________ PADAN-ARAM, Gen. 28.1. PAINTING the face, 2 Kin. 9. 30; Jer. 4. 30; Ezek. 23. 40. PALACE, the temple so called, 1 Chr. 29. 1; Ps. 48.3; 71.69; 122.7. PALESTINA, predictions about, Ex. 15. 14; Is. 14. 29, 31. PALM tree and branches, Ex. 15. 27: Lev. 23. 40; j Deut. 34. 3; Judg. 1.16; 3.13; 2Ch.ri28.15; John 12. 13; Rev. 7. 9." PALSY cured by Christ, Matt. 4. 24; 8. 6; 9. 2; Mark 2. 3; Luke 5.18. by His disciples, Acts 8. 7; 9. 33. PAMPHYLIA, Paul preaches there, Acts 13.13; 14. 24. PAPER REEDS of Egypt, Is. 19. 7. PAPHOS, Paul at, Acts 13. 6. Elymas the sorcerer at, Acts 13.11. PARABLE taken up, Hab. 2. 6. PARABLES, remarkable ones in Old Testament, Judg. 9. 8--15; 2 Sam. 12. 1, 4; 14. 5, 7; 1 Kin. 20. 39; 2 Kin. 14. 9; 2 Chr. 25. 18. as discourses, Num. 23. 7; 24. 5, 16; Ps. 78. 2 ; Job 27; Prov. 26. 9. of the prophets, Is. 5. 1; Jer. 13. 1; 18; 24; 27; Ezek. 16; 17; 19; 23; 24; 31; 33; 37. of Christ, Matt. 13. 3; 34; Mark 3. 23; 4.13; Luke 8. 10. See Jesus Christ. PARADISE, Rev. 2. 7. promised by Christ to the penitent thief, Luke 23. 43. Paul caught up into, 2 Cor. 12. 4. PARAN, mount, Gen. 21. 21; Num. 10. 12; 12.16; 13.26; Deut. 33. 2; Hab. 3. 3. PARCHMENTS, 2 Tim. 4. 13. PARDON of sin, 2 Chr. 30. 18; Neh. 9. 17; Job 7. 21; Ps. 25.11; Is. 55. 7; Jer. 33. 8; 50. 20. PARENTS, duty of, Prpv. 13. 24; 19.18; 22. 6,15; 23. 13; 29. 15,17; Luke 11.13; Eph. 6. 4; Col. 3. 21; 1 Tim. 5. 8; Tit. 2. 4. duty to. See Obedience. PARTHIANS, Acts 2. 9. PARTIALITY condemned, Lev. 19.15; Deut. 1. 17; 16.19; Prov. 18. 5; 24. 23; Mai. 2. 9; 1 Tim. 5. 21; James 2. 4; 3.17; Jude 16. PASHUR'S cruelty to Jeremiah, Jer. 20. PASSOVER ordained, Ex. 12. 3, 11. laws relating to, Lev. 23. 4; Num. 9; 28. 16; Deut. 16. kept under Moses in Egypt, Ex. 12.12; at Sinai, Num. 9. 5; under Joshua in Canaan, Josh. 5. 10; by Hezekiah after the captivity of Israel, 2 Chr. 30. 13; by Josiah before the captivity of Judah, 2 Kin. 23. 21; 2 Chr. 35; by Ezra on return from the captivity, Ezra 6.19. kept by Christ, Matt. 26.19; Mark 14.12; Luke 22. 7; John 13. a type of Christ's death, 1 Cor. 5. 7. PASTORS transgressing, Jer. 2. 8; 10. 21; 23. PASTURE, spiritual, Ps. 23. 2; 74.1; 79.13; 95. 7; 100; Ezek. 34.14; John 10. 9. PATHROS, in Egypt, Is. 11. 11; Jer. 44. 1, 15; Ezek. 29. 14; 30.14. PATIENCE commended, Ps. 37. 7; Eccles. 7. 8; Is. 30. 15; 40. 31; Luke 21. 19; Rom. 12. 12; 1 Thess. 5. 14; 2 Thess. 3. 5; 1 Tim. 3. 3; 6.11; Heb. 12.1; James 1. 3; 5. 7; 1 Pet. 2. 20; 2Pet. 1. 6. blessed results of, Rom. 5. 3; 15. 4; Heb. 6. 12; Rev. 2. 2; 3. 10. PATMOS. place of St. John's exile, Rev. 1. 9. PATRIARCHS, their genealogy, Gen. 5. PATTERN of the tabernacle, &c. Ex. 25. 9, 40 (Ezek. 43. 10); Heb. 8. 5; 9.23. PAUL, as a persecutor, Acts 7. 58; 8.1; 9.1; 22. 4; 26. 9; 1 Cor. 15.9; Gal. 1. 13; Phil. 3. 6; 1 Tim. 1.13. as a convert to the Gospel, Acts 9. 3; 22. 6; 26.12. as a preacher, Acts 9. 19, 29; 13. 1, 4, 14; 17. 18 (2 Cor. 11. 32; Gal. 1.17), stoned at Lystra, Acts 14. 8,19. contends with Barnabas, Acts 15. 36. is persecuted at Philippi, Acts 16. the Holy Ghost given by his hands to John's disciples at Ephesus, Acts 19. 6. restores Eutychus, Acts 20.10. his charge to the elders of Ephesus, at Miletus, Acts 20. 17. his return to Jerusalem, and persecution there, Acts 21. his defence before the people and the council, Acts 22; 23. before Felix, Acts 24; Festus, Acts 25; and Agrippa, Acts 26. appeals to Caesar at Rome, Acts 25. his voyage and shipwreck, Acts 27. miracles by, at Melita, Acts 28. 3, 8. at Rome, reasons with the Jews, Acts 28. 17. his love to the churches, Rom. 1. 8; 15; 1 Cor. 1. 4; 4. 14; 2 Cor. 1; 2; 6; 7; Phil. 1; Col. 1; 1 & 2 Thess. his sufferings, 1 Cor. 4. 9; 2 Cor. 11. 23; 12. 7; Phil. 1. 12; 2 Tim. 2. 11. divine revelations to, 2 Cor. 12.1. defends his apostleship, 1 Cor. 9; 2 Cor. 11; 12; 2 Tim. 3.10. commends Timothy, &c. 1 Cor. 16. 10; Phil. 2. 19; 1 Thess. 3. 2. commends Titus, 2 Cor. 7.13; 8. 23. blames Peter, Gal. 2.14. pleads for Onesimus, Philem. his epistles mentioned by St. Peter, 2 Pet. 3.15. PAVILION, 2 Sam. 22.12; Ps. 27. 5; 31. 20. PEACE to be sought of God, Ezra 6. 10; Jer. 29. 7; 1 Tim. 2. 2. PEACE--cord. bestowed by God, Lev. 26. 6; 1 Kin. 2. 33; 4. 24; 2 Kin. 20. 19; Prov. 16. 7; Is. 45. 7; Jer. 14. exhortations to maintain, Ps. 34.14; Matt. 5. 9; Rom. 12. 18; 14. 19; 1 Cori 7. 15; Eph. 4. 3; 1 Thess. 5.13; 2 Tim. 2. 22: James 3.18; 1 Pet. 3. 11. -----'spiritual, gift of God (John 14. 27); Acts 10.36; Rom. 1.7; 5.1; 8.6; 14.17; Phil. 4. 7; Col. 3.15; 1 Thess. 5. 23; 2 Thess. 3.16; Rev. 1.4. proclaimed to the Gentiles, Zech. 9. 10; Eph. 2.14,17; 3. produced by the Spirit, Gal. 5. 22. denied to the wicked, 2 Kin. 9. 31; Is. 48. 22; 59. 8 (Rom. 3.17); Jer. 12.12; Ezek. 7. 25. to whom promised, Ps. 29.11; 85. 8; 122. 6; 125. 5; 128.6; 147.14; John 14. 27; Gal. 6.16; Eph. 6. 23. on earth, Luke 2.14. in heaven, Luke 19. 38. -------king of (Melchizedec), Heb. 7. 2. -------the prince of (Christ), Is. 9. 6. PEACE OFFERINGS, laws pertaining to, Ex. 20. 24; 24.5; Lev. 3; 6; 7.11; 19.5. PEACOCK, 2 Chr. 9. 21; Job 39. 13. PEARL, parable of, Matt. 7. 6; 13. 45. See 1 Tim. 2.9; Rev. 17. 4. PECULIAR people of God, Deut. 14. 2; Ps. 135. 4. See Tit. 2.14: 1 Pet. 2.9. PEKAH, king of Israel, 2 Kin. 15. 25. his victory over Judah, 2 Chr. 28. 6. denounced in prophecy, Is. 7.1. PEKAHIAH, king of Israel, 2 Kin. 15. 22. PELATIAH, Ezek. 11.1,13. PELEG, Gen. 10. 25. PELICAN, Lev. 11.18; Deut. 14.17; Ps. 102. 6. PENIEL (Penuel), scene of Jacob's wrestling with an angel, Gen. 32. 24. Gideon's vengeance upon, Judg. 8.17. PENINNAH. See Hannah. PENNY (a Roman coin, = 7id?A Matt. 20. 2; Mark 12.15; Rev. 6. 6. PENS, Judg. 5. 14; Ps. 45. 1; Is. 8.1; Jer. 8. 8; 17.1; 3 John 13. PENTECOST (feast of weeks), how observed, Lev. 23. 9; Deut. 16. 9. Holy Spirit given at, Acts 2. PEOPLE of God, their blessings and privileges, Deut. 7. 6; 32. 9; 33; 1 Sam. 12. 22; 2 Sam. 7. 23; Ps. 3. 8; 29. 11; 33. 12; 77. 15; 85; 89. 15; 94. 14; 95. 7; 100; 110; 111. 6; 121; 125; 144. 15; 148. 14; 149. 4; Is. 11. 11; 14. 32; 30. 19; 33. 24; 49. 13; 51. 22; 65.18: Dan. 7. 27; Joel 2. 18; 3.16; Zeph. 3. 9, 20; Matt. 1. 21; Luke 1. 17; Acts 15. 14; Rom. 11; 2 Cor. 6. 16; Tit. 2. 14; Heb. 4. 9; 8. 10; 1 Pet. 2. 9; Rev. 5. 9; 21 3 PEORCBaal), Num. 23. 28; 25. 3,18; Josh. 22.17. PERDITION, what results in, Phil. 1. 28; 1 Tim, 6. 9; Heb. 10. 39: 2 Pet. 3. 7; Rev. 17. 8. the son of, John 17.12; 2 Thess. 2. 3. PERFECTION of God, Deut. 32. 4; 2 Sam. 22. 31; Job 36. 4; Matt. 5. 48. of Christ, Heb. 2.10; 5. 9; 7. 28. of God's law, Ps. 19. 7; 119; James 1. 25. of saints, 1 Cor. 2. 6; Eph. 4. 12; Col. 1. 28; 3.14; 2 Tim. 3. 17. See Matt. 5. 48; 2 Cor. 12. 9; Heb. 6.1; 11.40. PERFUME, the most holy, Ex. 30. 34. PERGA visited by Paul, Acts 13.13; 14. 25. PERGAMOS, epistle to, Rev. 1. 11; 2.12. PERIZZITES, Gen. 13. 7; 15. 20; Judg. 1. 4; 2 Chr. 8. 7. PERJURY condemned, Ex. 20.16; Lev. 6. 3; 19. 12; Deut. 5. 20; Ezek. 17.16; Zech. 5. 4; 8. 17; 1 Tim. 1.10. PERSECUTION, coming of, Matt. 13. 21; 23. 34; Mark 10. 30; Luke 11. 49; John 15. 20; 2 Cor. 4. 9; 2Tim. 3. 12. conduct under, Matt. 5. 44; 10. 22; Acts 5. 41; Rom. 12. 14; Phil. 1. 28; Heb. 10. 34; 1 Pet. 4. 13-19. results of, Matt. 5.10; Luke 6. 22; 9. 24; James 1. 2; IPet. 4. 14; Rev. 6. 9; 7.13. PERSEVERANCE enjoined, Matt. 24. 13; Mark 13. 13; Luke 9. 62; Acts 13. 43; 1 Cor. 15. 58; 16. 13; Eph. 6. 18; Col. 1. 23; 2 Thess. 3. 13; 1 Tim. 6.14; Heb. 3. 6,13; 10. 23, 38; 2 Pet. 3.17; Rev. 2.10, 25. PERSIA, kingdom of, 2 Chr. 36. 20; Est. 1. 3; Ezek. 27. 10; 38. 5; Dan. 6. prophecies concerning, Is. 21. 2; Dan. 5. 28; 8. 20; 10. 13; 11.2. PERSIS, the beloved, Rom. 16.12. PERSONS, God no respecter of, Deut. 10. 17; 2 Chr. 19. 7; Job 34. 19; Acts 10. 34; Rom. 2. 11; Gal. 2. 6; Eph. 6. 9; Col. 3. 25; 1 Pet. 1.17. PESTILENCE, the penalty of disobedience, Lev. 26. 25; Num. 14. 12; Deut. 28. 21; Jer. 14. 12; 27. 13; Ezek. 5. 12; 6. 11; 7. 15; Matt. 24. 7; Luke 21. 11. Israel visited with, Num. 14. 37; 16. 46; 25.9; 2 Sam. 24. 15: Ps. 78.50. removed, Num. 16. 47; 2 Sam. 24.16. PETER, Apostle, called, Matt. 4.18; Mark 1.16; Luke 5; John 1. 35. sent forth, Matt. 10. 2; Mark 3.16; Luke 6.14. tries to walk to Jesus on the sea, Matt. 14. 29. confesses Jesus to be the Christ, Matt. 16. 16; Mark 8. 29; Luke 9. 20. witnesses the transfiguration, Matt. 17; Mark 9: Luke 9. 28; 2 Pet. 1. 16. , his self-confidence reproved, Luke 22. 31; John 13. 36. thrice denies Christ, Matt. 26. 69; Mark 14. 66; Luke 22. 57; John 18. 17. his repentance, Matt. 26. 75; Mark 14. 72; Luke 22. 62. the assembled disciples addressed by, Acts 1.15. the Jews preached to by, Acts 2.14; 3.12. brought before the counoil, Acts 4. condemns Ananias and Sapphira, Acts 5. denounces Simon the sorcerer, Acts 8.18. restores ^neas and Tabitha, Acts 9. 32, 40. sent for by Cornelius, Acts 10. instructed by a vision not to despise the Gentiles, Acts 10. 9. imprisoned, and liberated by an angel, Acts 12. his decision about circumcision, Acts 15. 7. rebuked by Paul, Gal. 2. 14.' bears witness to Paul's teaching, 2 Pet. 3.15. comforts the church, and exhorts to holy living by his epistles, 1 & 2 Pet. his martyrdom foretold by Christ, John 21. 18; 2 Pet, 1.14. PHARAOH (title of rulers of Egypt), Gen. 12. 14; Ezek. 29. 3. Abram's wife taken into house of, Gen. 12.15. Pharaoh plagued because of her, Gen. 12.17. --------(patron of Joseph), his dreams, &c. Gen. 40. his hospitality to Joseph's father and brethren, Gen. 47. --------(oppressor of the Israelites), Ex. 1. 8. miracles performed before, and plagues sent, Ex. 7-10. grants Moses' request, Ex. 12. 31. repenting, pursues Israel, and perishes in the Red sea, Ex. 14 (Neh. 9.10; Ps. 135. 9; 136.15; Rom. 9. 17). *-------(father-in-law of Solomon), 1 Kin. 3.1. shelters Hadad, Solomon's adversary, 1 Kin. 2.19. PHARAOH-HOPHRA, his fate predicted, Jer. 44. 30. See Ezek. 30--32. compared to a dragon, Ezek. 29. 3. PHARAOH-NECHOH slays Josiah, 2 Kin. 23. 29; 2 Chr. 35. 20. his wars with Israel, 2 Kin. 23. 33; 2 Chr. 36. 3. PHARAOH'S DAUGHTER preserves Moses, Ex. 2. 5,10; Acts 7. 21. PHAREZ, Gen. 38. 29; Ruth 4. 18. PHARISEE and Publican, Luke 18. PHARISEES, celebrated ones: Nicodemus, John 3. 1; Simon, Luke 7; Gamaliel, Acts 5. 34; Saul of Tarsus, Acts 23. 6; 26. 5; Phil. 3. 4. Christ entertained by, Luke 7. 36; 11. 37; 14.1. Christ utters woes against, Matt. 23. 13; Luke 11. 42. Christ questioned by, about divorce, Matt. 19. 3; eating, Matt. 9. 11; 15. 1; Mark 2.16; Luke 5. 30; forgiveness of sin, Luke 5. 21; sabbath, Matt. 12.2,10; fasting, Mark 2.18; tribute, Matt. 22. 17. deride Christ, Luke 16.14. murmur against Christ, Matt. 9. 34; Luke 15. 2. denounced by Christ, Matt. 5. 20; 16. 6; 21. 43; 23.2; Luke 11. 39. people cautioned against, Mark 8.15; Luke 12.1. seek a sign from Christ, Matt. 12. 38; 16.1. take counsel against Christ, Matt. 12.14; Mark 3. 6. Nicodemus remonstrates with, John 7. 51. cast out the man cured of blindness, John 9.13. dissensions about, John 9.16. send officers to take Christ, John 7. 32. contend about circumcision, Acts 15. 5. their belief in the resurrection, &c. Acts 23.8. PHEBE commended, Rom. 16. 1. PHENICE, Acts 11. 19; 15.3; 27.12. PHENICIA, Acts 21. 2. PHILADELPHIA, church of, commended, Rev. 1. 11; 3.7. PHILEMON; Paul's letter to, concerning Onesi- mus, Philem. PHILIP, Apostle, called, John 1. 43. sent forth, Matt. 10. 3; Mark 3. 18; Luke 6. 14; John 12. 22; Acts 1.13. remonstrated with by Christ, John 14. 8. --------deacon, elected, Acts 6. 5. preaches in Samaria, Acts 8. 5. baptizes the eunuch, Acts 8. 27. his four virgin daughters prophesy, Acts 21. 8. --------(brother of Herod), Matt. 14. 3; Mark 6.17; Luke 3.1,19. PHILIPPI, Paul persecuted at, Acts 16.12. church at, commended and exhorted, Phil. 1--4. PHILISTIA, Gen. 21. 34; Ex. 13. 17; Josh. 13. 2; 2 Kin. 8. 2. PHILISTINES, origin of, Gen. 10.14; 1 Chr. 1.12. fill up Isaac's wells, Gen. 26.14. contend with Joshua, Josh. 13; Shamgar, Judg. 3. 31; Samson, Judg. 14--16; Samuel, 1 Sani. 4. 7; Jonathan, 1 Sam. 14; Saul, 1 Sam. 17; David, 1 Sam. 18. their wars with Israel, 1 Sam. 4. 1; 28; 29; 31; 2 Chr. 21. 16. mentioned, Ps. 60. 8; 83. 7; 87. 4; 108. 9; Is. 2. 6; 9. 12; 11.14; Jer. 25. 20. their destruction predicted, Jer. 47: Ezek. 25.15; Amos 1. 8; Obad. 19; Zeph. 2. 5; Zech. 9. 6. PHILOLOGUS, Julia, and all saints with them, Rom. 16.15. PHILOSOPHERS mentioned, Acts 17.18. PHILOSOPHY, vanity of, Col. 2. 8. PHINEHAS, Ex. 6. 25. slays Zimri and Cozbi, Num. 25. 7, 11; Ps. 106. 30. sent against the Midianites, Reubenites, and Benjamites, Num. 31. 6; Josh. 22.13; Judg. 20. 28. --------son of Eli, his sin and death, 1 Sam. L 3; 2 22* 4 11 PHRYGIA, Acts 16. 6; 18. 23. PHYGELLUS and Hermogenes turned away from Paul, 2 Tim. 1.15. PHYLACTERIES, Matt. 23. 5. See Ex. 13. 9,16; Num. 15. 38. PHYSICIAN mentioned, Matt. 9.12; Mark 2.17; Luke 4. 23; 5. 31. See Jer. 8. 22. PIECE of silver, parable, Luke 15. 8; 1 Sam. 2. 36. PIETY at home, 1 Tim. 5. 4. PIGEONS as offerings, Lev. 1. 14; 12. 6; Num. 6.10; Luke 2. 24. PI-HAHIROTH, Ex. 14. 2. PILATE, Pontius, governor of Judasa during our Lord's ministry, sufferings, and death, Luke 3.1. Christ delivered to, admonished by his wife, examines Jesus, washes his hands, but delivers Him to be crucified, Matt. 27; Mark 15; Luke 23; John 18. 19. grants request of Joseph of Arimathasa, Matt. 27. 57; Mark 15. 42; Luke 23. 50; John 19. 38. See Acts 3. 13; 4. 27; 13. 28; 1 Tim. 6. 13. PILGRIMAGE, typical, Gen. 47. 9; Ex. 6. 4; Ps. 119. 54; Heb. 11.13; 1 Pet, 2.11. PILLAR of salt, Lot's wife turned into, Gen. 19. 26. See Luke 17. 32. PILLARS erected by Jacob, Gen. 28. 18; 35. 20; and Absalom, 2 Sam. 18.18. in porch of the temple, 1 Kin. 7. 21; 2 Chr. 3.17; Rev. 3. 12. of cloud and fire in wilderness, Ex. 13. 21; 33. 9; Neh. 9.12; Ps. 99. 7. PINE TREE, Is. 41.19; 60.13. PISGAH, mount, Num. 23.14; Deut. 3. 27; 34.1. PISIDIA, Acts 13. 14; 14. 24. PISON, a river in Eden, Gen. 2.11. PIT, the grave, death, Job 17. 16; 33. 18; Ps. 28. 1; 30. 9; 88. 4; 143. 7; Is. 14. 15; 38. 17; Ezek. 26. 20; 32.18. as a prison, Is. 24. 22; Zech. 9.11. PITCH, used for the ark, &c. Gen. 6. 14; Ex. 2. 3; Is. 34. 9. PITCHER, Gen. 24. 15, 20; Mark 14. 13; Luke 22.10. PITCHERS, used by Gideon, with lamps, against the Midianites, Judg. 7. PITHOM (and Raamses), cities built by Israelites in Egypt, Ex. 1.11. PITY, Deut. 7.16; 13. 8; 2 Sam. 12. 6; Job 19. 21; Ps. 69. 20; Prov. 19.17; Joel 2.18; Matt. 18. 33. PLACES, idolatrous, 1 Kin. 11. 7; 12. 31-13; Ps. 78. 58; Ezek. 16. 24; destruction of, Lev. 26. 30; 2 Kin. 18. 4; 23; 2 Chr. 14. 3; 17. 6; 34. 3; Ezek. 6. 3. PLAGUES--of Egypt. See Egypt. '* of Israel. See Pestilence. PLANT, used figuratively, Ps. 128. 3; 144. 12; Cant. 4. 13; Is. 5. 7; 53. 2; Jer. 2. 21; Ezek. 34. 29; Matt. 15.13. PLEADING of God with Israel, Is. 1; 3. 13; 43. 26; Jer. 2-6; 13; Ezek. 17. 20; 20. 36; 22; Hos. 2, &c.; Joel 3. 2; Mic. 2. of Job with God, Job 9.19; 16. 21. PLEASURES, vanity of worldly, Eccles. 2. effects of, Luke 8.14; James 5; 2 Pet. 2.13. exhortations against, 2 Tim. 3. 4; Tit. 3. 3; Heb. 11. 25; 1 Pet. 4. PLEDGES, limitations of, Ex. 22. 26; Deut. 24. 6. See Job 22. 6; 24. 3; Ezek. 18. 7; Amos 2. 8. PLEIADES, Job 9. 9; 38. 31; Amos 5. 8. PLENTY, the gift of God, Gen. 27. 28; Deut. 16. 10; 28.11; Ps. 65. 8; 68. 9; 104.10; 144. 13; .loel 2. 26; Acts 14. 17. PLOUGHING, Deut. 22. 10. figuratively mentioned, Job 4. 8; Hos. 10.13; 1 Cor. 9. 10. PLOUGHSHARES beaten into swords, Joel 10. * swords to be beaten into ploughshares, Is. 2. 4; Mic. 4. 3. PLUMBLINE and plummet, 2 Kin. 21.13; Is. 28. 17: Amos 7. 8; Zech. 4.10. POETS, heathen, quoted, Acts 17.28; Tit. 1.12. POISON of serpents, Ps. 58. 4; 140. 3; Rom. 3.13; James 3. 8. POLLUTIONS under the Law, Lev. 5; 11; 13; 15; 21; 22; Num. 5; 9. 6; Ezek. 22. of the heathen, Lev. 18. 24; 19. 31; 20. 3; Acts 15.20. of the sabbath, Neh. 13.15; Is. 56. 2; Ezek. 20.13. of God's altar, &c. Ex. 20. 25; 2 Chr. 33. 7; 36. . 14; Ezek. 8. 6; 44.7; Dan. 8.11; Zeph. 3.4; Mai. 1. 7. POMEGRANATES on the priest's robe, Ex. 28. 33; 39.24. on the pillars of the temple, 1 Kin. 7.18; 2 Kin. 25. 17; 2 Chr. 3. 16. PONTIUS. See Pilate. POOR, always to be found, Deut. 15. 11; 1 Sam. 2. 7; Matt. 26. 11; Mark 14. 7; John 12. 8. their condition described, Job 24. 4; Prov. 13. 8; 14. 20; 18. 23; 19.4; 30. 9; Eccles. 9.15; James 2. comfort for, Job 31. 19; Prov. 31. 6; 1 John 3. 17. causes of poverty^ Prov. 6. 11; 10. 4; 13. 4; 19. 15; 20.13; 23.12; 28.19. oppression of, described and condemned, Ex. 22. 25; 23. 3; Deut. 15. 7; 24. 12; Job 24. 9; Ps. 12. 5; 14. 6; 82. 3; Prov. 14. 31; 17. 5; 22. 16, 22; 28. 3; Eccles 5. 8; Is. 3. 14; Jer. 22. 3; Amos 2. 6; 4; 5.11; 8. 4; Zech. 7.10; James 2. 2. kindly treatment of, Ex. 23. 11; Lev. 19. 10; 23. 22; 25. 25; Deut. 15. 7; Ps. 41.1; Prov. 14. 21; Is. 58. 7; 2 Cor. 8; 9; Gal. 2.10. their right to justice, Lev. 19. 15; Deut. 1. 17; 16.19; Prov. 24. 23; 28. 21; James 2. God's consideration for, Job 5.15; Ps. 9.18; 68. 10; 69. 33; 72. 2; 102. 17; 113. 7; 132.15; Zech. 11. 7. when blessed by God, Prov. 15.16; 16. 8; 19. 1; 28. 6,11. to be cared for by the church, Acts 6. 1; 1 Cor. 16.2; 2 Cor. 8; 9; Gal. 2.10. not to be encouraged in litigation, Ex. 23. 3. --------in spirit, blessed by Christ, Matt. 5. 3; Luke 6. 20; Is. 66. 2. POTIPHAR, Joseph's master, Gen. 39. POTTAGE, Esau's mess of, Gen. 25. 29. injurious, healed by Elisha, 2 Kin. 4. 38. POTTER, as a type of God's power, Is. 64. 8; Jer. 18.2; Rom. 9. 21. POTTERS, ancient, 1 Chr. 4. 23. POURING out of God's wrath, Ps. 69. 24; 79. 6; Jer. 10. 25; Ezek. 7. 8; Hos. 5. 10. of the Holy Spirit, Is. 32. 15; 44. 3; Ezek. 39. 29; Joel 2. 28: Zech. 12.10; Acts 2; 10. 45. of the vials, Rev. 16. POWER bestowed by God, Is. 40. 29; Acts 6. 8; Rom. 15.18; 1 Cor. 5. 4; 2 Cor. 12. 9; Eph. 1.19. POWERS, heavenly, Matt. 24. 29; Eph. 3.10. earthly, to be obeyed, Rom. 13; Tit. 3; 1 Pet. 2.13. PRAISE, God worthy of, Deut. 10. 21; Judg. 5. 2; Is. 12; 25; 38. 19; 42. 10; Jer. 31. 7; Dan. 2. 23; Joel 2. 26; Hab. 3. 3; Luke 1. 46, 68; Eph. 1. 6; Rev. 19. 5. of man, vanity of, Prov. 27. 2; Matt. 6.1. PRAYER, occasions, objects, examples of, 1 Chr. 16. 35; Job 33. 26; Ps. 122. 6; Matt. 5. 44; 9. 38; 26. 41; Luke 18. 3, 38; Rom. 15. 30; 1 Cor. 7. 5; James 5. 13; 1 Pet. 3. 7; 4. 7. commanded, Is. 55. 6; Matt. 7. 7; 26. 41; Luke 18. 1; 21. 36; Eph. 6. 18; Phil. 4. 6; Col. 4. 2; 1 Thess. 5.17, 25; 1 Tim. 2.1, 8. encouragements to, Job 33. 26; Ps. 6. 9; 32. 6; 66. 19; Is. 65. 24; Zech. 13. 9; Matt. 18. 19; 21. 22; Mark 11. 24; Luke 11. 9; Rom. 10.13; James.13 I. 5. God hears and answers, Ps. 10. 17; 65. 2; 99. 6; Is. 58. 9; John 11. 42. how to be offered, Ps. 145. 18; Prov. 15. 29; Eccles. 5. 2; Matt. 6. 5, 7; 21. 22; Mark 11. 24; Luke 11. 5; 18. 1; John 9. 31; 15. 7; Rom. 12. 12; Eph. 6.18; Col. 4. 2; 1 Tim. 2. 8; 5. 5; Heb. II. 6; James 1. 6; 4. 8. through Christ, Eph. 2.18; Heb. 10.19. in the name of Christ, John 16. 26. promises for, Is. 65. 24; Amos 5. 4; Zech. 13. 9; Matt. 6. 6; Luke 11.9; John 14.13. posture for, Num. 16. 22; Josh. 5.14; 1 Kin. 8. 22; 1 Chr. 21.16; 2 Chr. 6.13; Ps. 28. 2; 95. 6; Is. 1. PRAYER--cont 15; Lam. 2.19; Matt. 25. 39; Mark 11.25; Luke 22. 41; Acts 20. 36; 1 Tim. 2. 8. -------(public), Ex. 20. 24; 2 Chr. 7.14,16; Is. 56.7; Matt. 12. 9; 18.19, 20; Luke 4.16; 11. 2. instances of:--Joshua, Josh. 7. 6--9; David, 1 Chr. 29. 10, 12; 2 Sam. 6. 18; Solomon, 2 Chr. 6.12; Jews, Luke 1.10; early church, Acts 2. 46; 4. 24; 12. 5,12; Peter and John, Acts 3.1; church at Antioch, Acts 13. 3; Paul and Silas, Acts 16. 16; Paul with the elders, Acts 20. 36; 21. 5. -------(private), Ps. 55. 17; 88. 1; Dan. 6. 10; 1 Thess. 5.17. instances of:--Abraham, Gen. 18. 23--32; Lot, Gen. 19. 19; Eliezer, Gen. 24. 12; Jacob, Gen. 32. 9; Gideon, Judg. 6. 13, 22, 36, 39; Hannah, 1 Sam. 1; David, 2 Sam. 7. 18; 1 Chr. 29. 10; Elijah, 1 Kin. 18. 36; Hezekiah, 2 Kin. 20. 2; Isaiah, 2 Kin. 20. 11; Jabez, 1 Chr. 4.10; Ma- nasseh, 2 Chr. 33. 19; Ezra, Ezra 9. 5, 6; Ne. 5, 6- hemiah, Neh. 2. 4; Jeremiah, Jer. 32. 16; Daniel, Dan. 9. 3; Jonah, Jonah 2.1; Anna, Luke 2. 37; Paul, Acts 9.11; 1 Thess. 5. 23; Cornelius, Acts 10. 2, 30; Peter, Acts 9. 40; 10. 9. -------of the hypocrite condemned, Ps. 109. 7; Prov. 1. 28; 28. 9; Matt. 6. 5. -------the Lord's, Matt. 6. 9; Luke 11. 2. -------of malefactor on the cross, Luke 23. 42. PRAYERS (of Christ), Matt. 14. 23; 26. 36; 27. 46; Mark 6. 46; 14. 32; 15. 34; Luke 6.12; 9. 28; 23. 34, 46; John 17. 9. PREACHER, the, Ecclesiastes. PREACHING the gospel of Christ, Matt. 4.17; 5; 28.19; Mark 1.14; 16.15; Luke 4.18 (Is. 61. 1); 9. 60: 24. 47; Acts 2.14; 3. 12; 4. 8; 10. 42: 13. 16. See Rom. 10. 8; 1 Cor. 1.17; 2; 15.1; Gal. 1; Eph. 1--3. gospel manifested through. Tit. 1. 3. repentance, by John the Baptist, Matt. 3; Mark 1; Luke 3. of Noah, 2 Pet. 2. 5, &c. of Jonah, Jonah 3; Matt. 12.41; Luke 11. 32. PREDESTINATION, Rom. 8. 29; 9-11; Eph. 1. 5. PRESBYTERY, 1 Tim. 4. 14. PRESENCE of God, 1 Chr. 16. 27; Ps. 16. 11; 18. 7; 68. 8; Is. 64.1: Jer. 5. 22; Ezek. 1; Dan. 7. 9; Nah. 1; Hab. 3; Rev. 1. Christ has entered, Heb. 9. 24. angels and elders stand in, Luke 1. 19; Rev. 5. 8,11. PRESENTS made, Gen. 32. 13; 33. 10; 43. 11; Judg. 3.15; 1 Sam. 9.7; 2 Kin. 8.8; 20.12; Matt. 2.11. PRESERVER (God) of the faithful, Ps. 31. 23; 37. 28; 97.10; 145. 20; Prov. 2. 8. of men, Josh. 24.17; 2 Sam. 8. 6; Job 7. 20; Ps. 36.6; 116.6: 146.9. PRESUMPTION of Israelites, Num. 14. 44; Deut. 1. 43; prophets, Deut. 18. 20; builders of Babel, Gen. 11; Koran, &c. Num. 16; Beth-shemites, 1 Sam. 6. 19; Hiel, the Beth-elite, 1 Kin. 16. 34; Uzzah, 2 Sam. 6. 6; Uzziah, 2 Chr. 26.16; Jewish exorcists, Acts 19.13; Diotrephes, 3 John 9. PRESUMPTUOUS sins, Ex. 21. 14; Num. 15. 30; Deut, 17.12; Ps. 19.13; 2 Pet. 2.10. PRICE of Him that was valued. See Matt. 26. 15; cf. Zech. 11.12. of virtue, Prov. 31.10; of wisdom, Job 28. 13. of redemption, 1 Cor. 6. 20; 7. 23. pearl of great, Matt. 13. 46; ornament of, 1 Pet. 3.4. PRIDE, 1 Sam. 2. 3: Prov. 6. 16; 8. 12; 16.'5; 21. 4; Dan. 5. 20; Mark 7. 20; Rom. 12. 3,16. origin of, 2 Kin. 20.13; Zeph. 3.11; Luke 18.11; 1 Cor. 8.1; 1 Tim. 3. 6. evil results of, Ps. 10. 2; Prov. 13. 10; 21. 24; 28. 25; Jer. 43. 2; 49.16; Obad. 3. followed by shame and destruction, Prov. 11. 2; 16.18; 18.12; 29.23; Is. 28. 3. exhortations against, Is. 28.1; Jer. 13. 15, PRIEST, HIGH, Ex. 28; 39; Lev. 8; 16. PRIESTHOOD of Christ, Aaron, and Melchize-dec, Rom. 8. 34; Heb. 2.17; 3; 5; 7; 1 John2.1. PRIESTS, Levitical, Ex. 28. 1; Lev. 8; their duties, offerings, rites, Lev. 1; 9; 21; 22; Num. 3; Deut. 31. 9; Josh. 3; 4; 1 Kin. 8. 3. fourscore and five slain by command of Saul, 1 Sam. 22.17. divided by lot by David, 1 Chr. 24. denounced for unfaithfulness, Jer. 1. 18; 5. 31; Hos. 5; 6; Mic. 3.11; Zeph. 3. 4; Mai. 2. -- of Baal, slain, 1 Kin. 18. 40; 2 Kin. 10. 19; 11.18. -------Christians called, 1 Pet. 2. 5; Rev. 1. 6; 5. 10:20.6. PRINCE of peace, Is. 9. 6; of life, Acts 3.15. -------of this world, John 12. 31; 14. 30; 16. 11; of the power of the air, Eph. 2. 2. of devils, Christ's miracles ascribed to, Matt. 9. 34; 12.24; Mark 3. 22; Luke 11.15. PRINCES of the tribes, Num. 1. 5. their offerings, Num. 7. PRINCIPALITIES and powers, Eph. 6. 12; Col. 2. 15; Christ the head of all, Eph. 1. 21; Col. 1.16; 2.10. PRISCILLA (and Aquila), Acts 18; Rom. 16. 3; 1 Cor. 16. PRODIGAL son. parable of, Luke 15.11. PROFANITY, Lev. 18. 21; 19. 12; Neh. 13. 18; Ezek. 22. 8; Mai. 1.12. PROFESSION of Christ, to hold fast, 1 Tim. 6.12; Heb. 3.1; 4.14; 10. 23. PROMISES of God, Ps. 89. 3; Rom. 1. 2; Eph. 3.6; 2 Tim. 1.1; Heb. 6.17; 8.6. inviolable and precious, Num. 23.19; Deut. 7. 9; Josh. 23. 14; 1 Kin. 8. 56; Ps. 77. 8; 89. 3; 105. 42; 2 Cor. 1. 20; Gal. 3. 21; Heb. 6.17; 2 Pet. 1. 4. God faithful to His, Ps. 105. 42; Luke 1. 54; Tit. 1.2; Heb. 10.23. pleaded in prayer, Gen. 32. 9, 12; 1 Chr. 17. 23; Is. 43. 26.. to the repentant and returning, Ex. 34. 7; Ps. 65. 3; 103. 9,13; 130. 4; Is. 1.18; 27. 5; 43. 25; 44. 22; 45. 25; 46. 13; 53; 55; Jer. 31. 34; 33. 8; Ezek. 33.16; 36. 25; Mic. 7.18; Rom. 4; 5; 2 Cor. 6.18; 7.1; Eph. 2.13. to uphold and perfect, Ps. 23; 37.17; 42. 8; 73. 26; 84.11; 94. 14; 103. "13; Is. 25. 8; 30. 18; 40. 29; 41.10; 43. 4; 46. 3; 49. 14; 63. 9; Jer. 31. 3; Hos. 13. 10; 14. 4; Zeph. 3. 17; Zech. 2. 8; 10; Rom. 16. 20; 1 Cor. 10. 13; 15. 57; 2 Cor. 6. 18; 12. 9; Eph. 1. 3; 1 Pet. 1. 3; 5. 7. to Adam, Gen. 3. 15; to Noah, Gen. 8. 21; 9. 9; to Abraham, Gen. 12. 7; 13. 14; 15; 17; 18. 10; 22. 15; to Hagar, Gen. 16. 10; 21. 17; to Isaac, Gen. 26. 2; to Jacob, Gen. 28. 13; 31. 3; 32. 12; 35.11; 46. 3; to David, 2 Sam. 7.11; 1 Chr. 17.10; to Solomon, 1 Kin. 9; 2 Chr. 1. 7; 7.12. of Christ to His disciples, Matt. 6. 4, 33; 7. 7; 10; 11. 28; 12. 50; 16. 18, 24; 17. 20; 19. 28; 28. 20; Luke 9--12; 12. 32; 22. 29; John 14--16; 20. 21. Gentiles partakers of, Eph. 3. fulfilled in Christ, 2 Sam. 7.12 (with Acts 13. 23); Luke 1. 69--73. to the poor, fatherless, &c. Deut. 10. 18; Ps. 9. 8; 10. 14; 12. 5; 68. 5; 69. 33; 72. 12; 102. 17; 107. 41; 109. 31; 113. 7; 146. 9; Prov. 15. 25; 23. 10; Jer. 49.11; Hos. 14. 3. Of temporal blessings, Ex. 23. 25; Lev. 26. 6; Ps. 34. 9; 37.3; 91; 102. 28; 112; 121. 3; 128; Prov. 3. 10; Is. 32.18; 33.16; Matt. 6. 25; Phil. 4. 19; 1 Tim. 4. 8. exhortation concerning, Heb. 4.1. PROMOTION, Ps. 75. 6. PROPHECIES respecting Christ, and their fulfilment :--Prophecy, Ps. 2. 7; fulfilled, Luke 1. 32, 35. Gen. 3. 15--(Gal. 4. 4). Gen. 17. 7; 22. 18-- (Gal. 3. 16). Gen. 21. 12-(Heb. 11. 17--19). Ps. 132.11; Jer. 23. 5--(Acts 13. 23; Rom. 1. 3). Gen. 49. 10; Dan. 9. 24, 25--(Luke 2. 1). Is. 7. 14-- (Matt. 1. 18; Luke 2. 7). Is. 7. 14-(Matt. 1. i) '? K 22, 23). Mic. 5. 2--(Matt. 2. 1; Luke 2. 4-6). Ps. 72. 10--(Matt. 2. 1--11). Jer. 31. 15--(Matt. 2. 16-18). Hos. 11. l-(Matt. 2. 15). Is. 40. 3; Mai. 3. 1--(Matt. 3. 1, 3; Luke 1.17). Ps. 45. 7; Is. 11. 2; 61. 1--(Matt. 3. 16; John 3. 34; Acts 10. 38). Deut. 18. 15--18--(Acts 3. 20-22). Ps. 110. 4--(Heb. 5. 5, 6). Is. 61. 1, 2--(Luke 4. 16 --21,43). Is. 9.1, 2-(Matt. 4.12--16, 23). Zech. 9. 9-(Matt. 21. 1-5). Hag. 2. 7, 9; Mai. 3. 1 --(Matt. 21. 12; Luke 2. 27--32; John 2. 13 --16). Is. 53. 2--(Mark 6. 3; Luke 9. 58). Is. 42. 2--(Matt 12. 15, 16, 19). Is. 40. 11; 42; 3-- (Matt. 12.15, 20; Heb. 4.15). Is. 53. 9--(1 Pet. 2. 22). Ps. 69.' 9- (John 2.17). Ps. 78. 2-(Matt. 13. 34, 35). Is. 35. 5, 6--(Matt. 11/4-6; John 11. 47). Ps. 22. 6; 69. 7, 9, 20--(Eom. 15. 3). Ps. 69. 8; Is. 63." 3--(John 1. 11; 7. 3). Is. 8. 14-(Rom. 9. 32; 1 Pet. 2. 8). Ps. 69. 4; Is. 49. 7 --(John 15. 24, 25). Ps. 118. 22--(Matt. 21. 42; John 7. 48). Ps. 2. 1, 2-(Luke 23. 12; Acts 4. 27). Ps. 41. 9; 55. 12-14-(John 13. 18, 21). Zech. 13.7--(Matt. 26. 31,56). Zech. 11.12--(Matt. 26.15). Zech. 11. 13--(Matt. 27. 7). Ps. 22. 14, 15--(Luke 22. 42, 44). Is. 53. 4-6,12; Dan. 9. 26 --(Matt. 20. 28). Is. 53. 7--(Matt. 26. 63; 27.12-- 14). Mic. 5. l-(Matt. 27. 30). Is. 52.14; 53. 3-(John 19. 5). Is. 50. 6--(Mark 14. 65; John 19. 1). Ps. 22. 16--(John 19. 18; 20. 25). Ps. 22. 1 --(Matt. 27. 46). Ps. 22. 7, 8--(Matt. 27. 39-44). Ps. 69. 21--(Matt. 27. 34). Ps. 22. 18--(Matt. 27. 35). Is. 53.12--(Mark 15. 28). Is. 53.12-(Luke 2a 34). Is. 53. 12--(Matt. 27. 50). Ex. 12. 46; Ps. 34. 20--(John 19. 33, 36). Zech. 12.10--(John 19. 34, 37). Is. 53. 9--(Matt. 27. 57--60). Ps. 16. 10--(Acts 2. 31), Ps. 16. 10; Is. 26. 19-(Luke 24. 6, 31, 34). Ps. 68.18-(Luke 24. 51; Acts 1. 9). Ps. 110. 1--(Heb. 1. 3). Zech. 6. 13-(Rom. 8.34). Is. 28.16--(1 Pet. 2. 6, 7). Ps. 2. 6-(Lukex 1. 32; John 18. 33--37). Is. 11.10; 42.1--(Matt. 1. 17, 21; John 10. 16; Acts 10. 45, 47). Ps. 45. 6, 7--(John 5. 30; Rev. 19.11). Ps. 72. 8; Dan. 7.14--(Phil. 2. 9,11). Is. 9.7 j Dan. 7.14--(Luke I. 32, 33) PROPHECY, God author of, Is. 44. 7; 45. 21; Luke 1. 70; 2 Pet. 1.19, 21; Rev. 1.1. gift of Christ, Eph. 4.11; Rev. 11. 3. of Holy Ghost, 1 Cor. 12. 10. Christ the great subject of, Luke 24. 44; Acts 3. 22--24; 10. 43; 1 Pet. 1.10, 1L to be received with faith and reverence, 2 Chr. 20. 20; Luke 24. 25; 1 Thess. 5. 20; 2 Pet. 1.19. ? pretended, guilt of, Jer. 14.14; 23.13; Ezek. 13. 3. how tested, Deut. 13.1; 18. 20; Jer. 14.15; 23.16. PROPHETS, sent by God, Is. 58.1; Jer. 1. 4; 23. 28; 25. 4; Ezek. 2. 3. Christ predicted as a Prophet, Deut. 18.15; called one, Matt. 21. 11; Luke 7. 16; mocked at as, Luke 22. 64. persons so called:--Aaron, Ex. 7. 1; Abraham, Gen. 20. 7; Agabus, Acts 21.10; Ahijah, 1 Kin. II. 29; Amos, Amos 7. 14; Balaam, Num. 24. 2; Daniel, Dan. 10; 11; Matt. 24. 15; David, Matt. 13. 35; Acts 2. 30; EldadkNum. 11. 26; Elijah, 1 Kin. 18. 36; Elisha, 2 Kik 6.12; Eze-kiel, Ezek. 1. 3; Gad, 1 Sam. 22. 5; Habakkuk, Hab. 1. 1; Haggai, Ezra 5. 1; 6. 14; Hag. 1.1; Hananiah, Jer. 28.17; Hosea, Hos. 1.1; Rom. 9. 25; Iddo, 2 Chr. 13. 22; Isaiah, 2 Kin. 20. 11; Is. 1. 1; Matt. 3. 3; Jehu, 1 Kin. 16. 7; Jeremiah, 2 Chr. 36. 12; Jer. 1. 5; Joel, Joel 1. 1; Acts 2.16; John the Baptist, Luke 7.28; Joshua, 1 Kin. 16. 34; Jonah, 2 Kin. 14. 25; Jonah 1.1; Matt. 12. 39; Malachi, Mai. 1.1; Medad, Num. 11. 26; Micah, Jer. 26. 18; Mic. 1. 1; Moses, Deut. 34.10; Nahum, Nah. 1.1; Nathan, 1 Kin. 1. 32; Obadiah, Obad. 1; Oded, 2 Chr. 15. 8; Paul, Acts 13. 9; 27.10; Samuel, 1 Sam. 3. 20; Shemaiah, 2 Chr. 12. 5; Zacharias, Luke 1. 67; Zechariah, Zech. 1.1; Zephaniah, Zeph. 1.1. -------false, Zedekiah, 1 Kin. 22. 11; Jer. 29. 21; PROPHETS, false--con*. Bar-jesus, Acts 13. 6; denounced, Deut. 13; 18. 20; Is. 9. 15; Jer. 6. 13; 14.13; 23. 9, 34; 28.15; 29. 20, 31; Ezek. 13. 3; 14. 9; Matt. 7. 15; 24. 11; 2 Pet. 2.1; 1 John 4.1. PROPHETESSES, Anna, Luke 2. 36; Deborah, Judg. 4. 4; Huldah, 2 Kin. 22.14; Miriam, Ex, 15. 20; Noadiah, Neh. 6.14. PROPITIATION for sin, Rom. 3. 25; 1 John 2. 2; 4.10. PROSELYTES, Jewish, Acts 2.10; 6. 5; 13. 43. PROSPERITY of the righteous, Ps. 36. 8; 37.11, 18; 75.10; 84. 11; 92. 12; Prov. 3. 2; Eccles. 8 12 of' the wicked, Job 12. 6; 20. 5; 21. 7; Ps. 17.10; 37; 73. 3; 92. 7; Eccles. 8.14; 9.1; Jer. 12. dangers of, Deut. 6.10; Prov. 1. 32; 30. 8; Luke 6. 24; 12.16; 16.19; James 5.1. PROVERBS of Solomon, Book of Proverbs; collected under Hezekiah, Prov. 25--29. various, 1 Sam. 10.12; 24.13; Luke 4. 23; 2 Pet. PROVIDENCE of God, Gen. 8. 22; Josh. 7. 14; 1 Sam. 6. 7; Ps. 36. 6; 104; 136; 145; 147; Prov. 16; 19; 20; 33; Matt. 6. 26; 10. 29, 30; Luke 21. 18; Acts 1.26; 17.26. PRUDENCE, Prov. 12. 16. 23; 13. 16; 14. 8, 15, 18; 15. 5; 16. 21; 18.15; 19.14; 22. 3; Hos. 14. 9; Amos 5.13. PSALMODY, singing, service of song, Jewish, Ex. 15. 1; 1 Chr. 6. 31; 13. 8; 2 Chr. 5. 13; 20. 22; 29. 30; Neh. 12. 27. Christian, Matt. 26. 30; Mark 14. 26; James 5.13. spiritual songs, Eph. 5.19; Col. 3.16. THE PSALMS May be divided into Five Parts, as follows:-- I. Davidic (i.--xli.). II. Davidic (xlii.--lxxii.). III. Asaphic (lxxiii.--Ixxxix.). IV. Or the Captivity (xc--cvl.). V. Op Restoration (cvii.--el.). Or may be classified according to their subjects, thus:-- (i.) Psalms or Supplication. 1. On account of sin, Ps. 6; 25; 32; 38; 51; 102; 130. 2. suffering Ps. 7; 10; 13; 17; 22; 31; 35; 41--43; 54--57;" 59; 64; 69--71; 77; 86; 88; 94; 109; 120; 140-143. 3. persecution, Ps. 44; 60; 74; 79; 80; 83; 89; 94 * 102 ? 123? 137 4. public worship, Ps. 26; 27; 42; 43; 63; 65; 84; 92; 95-100; 118; 122; 132; 144; 145-150. 5. trust in God, Ps. 3--5; 11; 12; 16; 20; 23; 27; 28; 31; 42: 43; 52; 54; 56; 57; 59; 61--64; 71; 77; 86; 108; 115; 118; 121; 125; 131; 138; 141. 6. the Psalmist's piety, Ps. 7; 17; 26; 35; 101; 119. (ii.) Gratitude. 1. The Psalmist personally, Ps. 9; 18; 30; 32; 34; 40; 61-63; 75; 103; 108; 116; 118; 138; 144. 2. relative to the Church, Ps. 33; 46; 47; 65; 66; 68; 75; 76; 81; 85; 87; 95; 98; 105-107; 124; 126; 129; 134-136; 149. (in.) Adoration. 1. Of God's goodness and mercy, Ps. 3; 4; 9; 16; 18; 30--34; 36; 40; 46; 65--68; 84; 85; 91; 99; 100/103; 107; 111; 113; 116; 117; 121; 126; 145; 146. 2. of God's power, majesty, and glory, Ps. 2; 3; 8; 18; 19; 24; 29; 33; 45-48; 50; 65-68; 76; 77; 89; 91-100; 104-108; 110; 111; 113-118; 135; 136; 139; 145-150. (iv.) Didactic. 1. Shewing the blessings of God's people and the misery of His enemies, Ps. 1; 3; 4; 5; 7; 9 --15; 17; 24; 25; 32; 34; 36; 37; 41; 50; 52; 53; 58; 62; 73; 75; 82; 84; 91; 92; 94; 101; 112; 119; 121; 125; 127--129; 133-149. 2. the excellence of God's law, Ps. 19; 119. 3. the vanity of human life, &c. Ps. 14; 39; 49; 53; 73; 90. (v.) Prophetical, Typical, and Historical. Ps. 2; 16; 22; 24; 31; 35; 40; 41; 45; 50; 55; 68; 69; 72; 78; 87; 88; 102; 105; 106; 109; 110; 118; 132; 135; 136. PSALTERY, 2 Sam. 6. 5; 2 Chr. 9.11; Dan. 3. 5, PTOLEMAIS, Paul at, Acts 21. 7. PUBLICAN, parable of Pharisee and, Luke 18.10. PUBLICANS, Matt. 5. 46; 9. 11; 11. 19; 18. 17; Luke 3.12. become believers in Jesus, Matt. 21. 32; Luke 5. 27; 7.29; 15. 1; 19. 2. PUBLIUS entertains Paul, Acts 28. 7. PUL, king of Assyria, 2 Kin. 15.19; 1 Chr. 5.26. PUNISHMENTS:-- burning, Gen. 38. 24; Lev. 20.14; 21. 9, hanging, Gen. 40. 22; Deut. 21. 23; Ezra 6. 11; Est. 2. 23; 7.10. scourging, Lev. 19. 20; Deut. 25.1; Matt. 27. 26; Acts 22 25 stoning'Lev. 20. 2; 24. 14; 1 Kin. 21. 10; John 8.59; Acts 7. 58; 14.19. beheading, 2 Kin. 6. 31; 10. 7; Matt. 14. 10. See Heb. 11. 36. crucifying, Matt. 20.19; 27. 31, &c. PURCHASES, Gen. 23; Ruth 4; Jer. 32. 6. PURIFICATION, laws concerning, Lev. 13-16; Num. 9. 4; 19; 31. 19 (Mai. 3. 3; Acts 21. 24; Heb. 9. 13). of women, Lev. 12; Est. 2.12; Luke 2. 22. of the heart by faith, Acts 15. 9; 1 Pet. 1. 22; 1 John 3. 3. See Dan. 12. 10. PURIM, the feast of, Est. 9. 20. PURITY, moral, enjoined, Gal. 5.16; Eph. 5. 3; Phil. 2. 15; 4. 8; Col. 3. 5; 1 Tim. 5. 22; Tit. 1.15; 1 Pet. 2.11; 2 Pet. 3.1; 1 John 3. 3. PURITY of God's word and law, Ps. 12. 6; 19. 8; 119.140; Prov. 30. 5. PUTEOLI (Pozzuoli), seaport of Italy, Acts 28.13. __________________________________________________________________ QUAILS, Israel fed with, Ex. 16.12; sent in wrath, Num. 11. 31; Ps. 78. 27; 105. 40. QUARRELLING. See Strife. QUATERNIONS (of soldiers), Acts 12. 4. QUEEN of heaven, incense burnt to, by the women of Judah, Jer. 44. 17, 25. QUICK and the dead, Acts 10. 42; 2 Tim. 4. 1; 1 Pet. 4. 5. QUICKENING, spiritual, Ps. 71. 20; 80.18; John 5. 21; 6. 63; Rom. 4. 17; 8. 11; 1 Cor. 15. 45; 2 Cor. 3. 6; Eph. 2.1; 1 Tim. 6.13; 1 Pet. 3.18. QUICKSANDS, Acts 27. 17. QUIET, the faithful shall dwell in, Prov. 1. 33; Is. 30.15; 32.17,18. to be, enjoined, 1 Thess. 4. 11; 2 Thess. 3. 12; 1 Tim. 2. 2; 1 Pet. 3. 4. __________________________________________________________________ RABBAH (Rabbath), city, 2 Sam. 11: 12. 26; Jer. 49. 2; Ezek. 21. 20; 25. 5; Amos 1.14. RABBI (Master), John 1. 38; 3. 2; Matt. 23. 7, 8. RABBONI, title addressed to Christ by Mary, John 20.16. RABSHAKEH reviles Hezekiah, 2 Kin. 18. 19; 19.1; Is. 36. 4. RACA (vain fellow), 2 Sam. 6. 20; Matt. 5. 22. RACE, typical, Ps. 19. 5; Eccles. 9. 11; 1 Cor. 9. 24; Heb. 12. 1. RACHEL (Rahel) and Jacob, Gen. 29.10, 28; 31. 19, 34; 35. 16. RAGE, 2 Kin. 19.27; Ps. 2.1; Prov. 14.16. RAHAB, the harlot, Josh. 2; 6. 22. See Matt. 1. 5; Heb. 11. 31; James 2. 25. -------(Egypt), Ps. 87. 4; 89. 10; Is. 51. 9. RAILING, 1 Sam. 25.14; 2 Sam. 16. 7; Mark 15. 29; 1 Cor. 5. 11; 1 Tim. 6. 4; 1 Pet. 3. 9; 2 Pet. 2.11; Jude9. RAIN (the deluge), Gen. 7; Ex. 9. 34; 1 Sam. 12. 17; Ps. 105. 32. the gift of God, Matt. 5. 45; Acts 14.17. withheld, 1 Kin. 17; Jer. 14; Zech. 14.17; James 5.17. emblematic, Lev. 26. 4; Deut. 32. 2; 2 Sam. 23. 4; Ps. 68. 9; Hos. 10.12. RAINBOW, God's covenant with Noah, Gen. 9. 12; Ezek. 1. 28. in heaven, Rev. 4. 3; 10.1. RAM, in sacrifices, Gen. 15. 9; 22.13; Ex. 29.15; Lev. 9; Num. 5. 8. typical, Dan. 8. 20. -------battering, Ezek. 4. 2; 21. 22. RAMS' horns, trumpets of, Josh. 6. 4. RAMAH, Josh. 18. 25; Judg. 4. 5; 1 Sam. 1. 19; 7.17; 8. 4; 19.18; 25.1. RAMOTH-GILEAD, Deut. 4. 43; 1 Kin. 22; 2 Kin. 8. 28; 9.1; 2 Chr. 18; 22. 5. RANSOM, Christ a, Matt. 20. 28; 1 Tim. 2. 6; Job 33. 24. RANSOMED of the Lord, Is. 35. 10; Jer. 31. 11; Hos. 13.14. RASHNESS, Eccles. 5. 2; Prov. 14. 29; Acts 19.36. RAVENS, Gen. 8. 7; Lev. 11. 15; Deut. 14. 14; 1 Kin 17. 4; Job 38. 41; Ps. 147. 9; Luke 12. 24. READING of the Law, Ex. 24. 7; Josh. 8. 34; 2 Kin 23; Neh. 8; 9. -------of the Prophets, Luke 4.16. -------of the Epistles, Col. 4. 16; 1 Thess. 5. 27. See Acts 13.15. REAPING, Lev. 19. 9; 23.10, 22; 25. 5. figurative, Job 4. 8; Ps. 126. 5; Prov. 22. 8; Matt. 13. 30; John 4. 36; 1 Cor. 9.11; 2 Cor. 9.6; Gal. 6. 7; Rev. 14.15. REBEKAH, history of, Gen. 22; 24. 15, 67; 27. 6, 43; 49. 31; Rom. 9.10. REBUKE (Mid reprove), Luke 17. 3; Eph. 5.11. RECHABITES, Jer. 35. 18. RECONCILIATION with God, Is. 53. 5; Dan. 9. 24; Rom. 5; 2 Cor. 5. 19; Eph. 2.16; Col. 1. 20; Heb. 2.17. RECORD of God, 1 John 5. 7,10. REDEEMER, the Lord, Job 19. 25; Ps. 19.14; 78. 35; Prov. 23.11; Is. 41.14; 47. 4- 59. 20; 63.16; Jer. 50. 34; Hos. 13.14. REDEMPTION, by Christ, Rom. 5; Gal. 1. 4; 3; 4; Eph.l;2;Col.l; Heb.9; 10; Tit.2.14; IPet. 1.18; Rev. 5. 9. REDEMPTION of land, &c. Lev. 25; Neh. 5. 8. of the firstborn, Ex. 13.11; Num. 3.12. RED DRAGON, Rev. 12. 3. RED HORSE, vision of, Zech. 1. 8; 6.2; Rev. 6. 4. RED SEA, Ex. 14; 15; 1 Kin. 9. 26. REED, bruised, 2 Kin. 18. 21; Is. 42; Matt. 12. 20. for measuring, Ezek. 40. 3; Rev. 11.1; 21.15. REFINER, the, Is. 48.10; Zech. 13. 9; Mai. 3. 2. REFUGE, the Divine, Deut. 33. 27; 2 Sam. 22. 3; Ps. 9. 9; 46.1; 48. 3; Heb. 6.18. cities of, Num. 35; Deut. 4. 41; 19; Josh. 20. REGENERATION, Matt. 19. 28; John 1.13; 3. 3; Tit. 3. 5. REHOBOAM, king of Judah, 1 Kin. 11; 12; 14; 2 Chr. 9-12. REHOBOTH, Gen. 28. 22. REJOICING of the faithful, Lev. 23. 40; Deut. 12. 10; 16. 11; 1 Chr. 16. 10; 2 Chr. 6. 41; Ps. 5. 11; 33; 48.11; 68. 4; 89. 16; 97. 12; 103; Is. 41. 16; Joel 2. 23; Hab. 3.18; Zech. 10. 7; Rom. 12. 15; Phil. 3.1; 4. 4; 1 Thess. 5. 16; James 1. 9; Rev. 12.12; 18. 20. RELEASE, year of, Ex. 21. 2; Deut. 15.1; 31.10; Jer. 34.14. RELIEF sent to the brethren, Acts 11. 29; 24.17. RELIGION, pure and undefiled, James 1.27. REMISSION of sins, Matt. 26. 28; Mark 1. 4; Luke 24. 47; Acts 2. 38; 10. 43; Heb. 9. 22; 10. 18. REMPHAN, Acts 7. 43. RENDING the clothes, Gen. 37. 34; 2 Sam. 13. 19; 2 Chr. 34. 27; Ezra 9. 5; Job 1. 20; 2. 12; Joel 2.13; by the high priest, Matt. 26.65; Mark 14. 63. REPENTANCE, preached by John the Baptist, Matt. 3; Mark 1. 4; Luke 3. 3. by Jesus Christ, Matt. 3. 2; 4. IT; Mark 1.15; 6. 12; Luke 15; 24. 47; Acts 2. 38; 3.19; 17. 30. exhortations to, Job 11.13; Is. 1; Jer. 3--5; 26; 31. 18; Ezek. 14. 6; 18; Hos. 6; 12; 14; Joel 1. 8; 2; Zeph. 2; Zech. 1; Mai. 1--4; Rev. 2. 5,16, 21* 313 19 REPETITIONS, vain, forbidden, Matt. 6. 7. See 1 Kin 18. 26. REPHIDIM, Amalek subdued there by Joshua, Ex. 17. REPROACHES, Ps. 69. 9; Rom. 15. 3. See Luke 6.22; 2 Cor. 12.10; Heb. 10. 33; 1 Pet. 4.14. REPROBATE, Jer. 6. 30; Rom. 1. 28; 2 Tim. 3. 8; Tit. 1.16. See 2 Cor. 13. 5. REPROOF, Prov. 6. 23; 13.18; 15.5, 31; 17.10; 19. 25;25.12;27.5;29.15;Eccles.7.5;Eph.5.13;2Tim. 3.16. necessary, Lev. 19. 17; Is. 58.1; Ezek. 2. 3; 33; 2 Thess 3.15; 1 Tim. 5. 20; 2 Tim. 4.2; Tit. 1. 13; 2.15. beneficial, Ps. 141. 5; Prov. 9. 8; 10. 17; 15. 5; 24. 25. not to be despised, Prov. 1.25; 5.12; 10.17; 12.1; 15.10; 29.1. REREWARD, Is. 52.12; 58. 8. REST, future, promised, Heb. 3.11; 4. See Is. 11. 10: 14. 3; 30.15; Jer. 6.16; Matt. 11. 28. RESTITUTION, Ex. 22.1; Lev. 5.16; 6.4; 24.21; Num. 5. 5 (Luke 19. 8); times of, Acts 3. 21. RESURRECTION of the body foretold, Job 19.26; Ps. 17.15; Is. 26.19; Dan. 12.2; typical, Ezek. 37. proclaimed by Christ, Matt. 22. 31; Luke 14.14; John 5. 28; 11.23. preached by the apostles, Acts 4. 2; 17.18; 24.15; 26. 8; Rom. 6. 5; 8. 11; 1 Cor. 15; 2 Cor. 4. 17; Phil. 3. 20; Col. 3. 3; 1 Thess. 4. 15; 5. 23; Heb. 6.2; 2 Pet. 1.11; 1 John 3. 2. RETURN from captivity, Ezra 1; Neh. 2; Jer. 16.14; 23; 24; 30; 31; 32; 50. 4,17, 33; Amos 9. 14; Hag. 1; Zech. 1. REUBEN, son of Jacob, Gen. 29; 30; 35; 37; 42; 49: IChr. 5.1. REUBENITES, their number and possessions, Num. 1; 2; 26; 32; Deut. 3.12; Josh. 13. 15; 1 Chr. 5.18. dealings of Moses and Joshua with, Num. 32?. Deut. 33; Josh.l; 22. go into captivity, 1 Chr. 5. 26 (Rev. 7. 5). REVELATION of Jesus Cheist to John, Rev. 1; the messages to the churches, Rev. 2; 3; the glory of heaven, Rev. 4; 5; opening of the seven seals, Rev. 6; 8; the sealing of God's servants, Rev. 7; the seven trumpets, Rev. 8; 9; 11.15; the seven thunders, Rev. 10. 4; the two witnesses and the beast, Rev. 11; the woman clothed with the sun, the red dragon, Michael fighting against, overcomes, Rev. 12; 13; of fallen Babylon, Rev. 14; 17; 18; 19; the seven vials, Rev. 15; 16; the marriage of the Lamb, Rev. 19; the last judgment, Rev. 20; the new Jerusalem, &c. Rev. 21; 22. REVELATIONS, merciful, from God, Deut. 29. 29; Job 33. 16; Is. 40. 5; 53.1; Jer. 33. 6; Dan. 2. 22; Amos 3. 7; Matt. 11. 25; 16.17; 1 Cor. 2. 10; 2 Cor. 12; Gal. 1.12; Eph. 3. 9; Phil. 3. 15; 1 Pet. 1.5; 4.13. wrathful, Rom. 1.18; 2. 5; 2 Thess. 1. 7. REVENGE deprecated, Lev. 19. 18; Prov. 20. 22; 24.29; Matt. 5. 39; Rom. 12.19; 1 Thess. 5.15; 1 Pet. 3. 9. REVERENCE to God, Ex. 3. 5; Ps. 89. 7; 111. 9; Heb. 12. 28. to God's sanctuary, Lev. 19. 30. from wives to husbands, Eph. 5. 33. REVILING condemned, Ex. 21.17; 22. 28; Matt. 5.22; 1 Cor. 6.10. REVILING-con*. examples of enduring, Is. 51. 7; Matt. 5.11; 27. 39; ICor. 4.12; 1 Pet. 2. 23. REVOLT, instances of:--cities of the plain, Gen. 14. 1; Koran, Dathan, Abiram, Num. 16.1; Israel from Mesopotamia, Judg. 3. 9 (under Oth-niel); southern tribes from the Philistines, Judg. 3. 31; eastern tribes from Eglon, Judg. 3. 12; Deborah and Barak, Judg. 4. 4; southern tribes from Midian, Judg. 6--8; southern tribes from Ammon, Judg. 11; Samson, Judg. 15; Ish-bosheth, 2 Sam. 2. 8; Abner, 2 Sam. 3; Absalom, 2 Sam. 15. 10; Adonijah, 1 Kin. 1. 5; 2. 13; Hadad and Rezon, 1 Kin. 11. 14, 23; ten tribes, 1 Kin. 12. 19; 2 Chr. 10.19; Moab, 2 Kin. 1: 3; 5; 7; Libnah, 2 Kin. 8. 20; 2 Chr. 21. 10; E'dom, 2 Kin. 8. 22; 2 Chr. 21. 4; Jehu, 2 Kin. 9. 11; Hoshea, 2 Kin. 17.4; Hezekiah, 2 Kin. 18. 4; Jehoiakim, 2 Kin. 24.1; Zedekiah, 2 Kin. 24. 20; 2 Chr. 36.13; Jer. 52. 3; Theudas, Acts 5. 36; Judas of Galilee, Acts 5. 37. REWARD to the righteous, Gen. 15. 1; Ps. 19. 11; 58. 11; Prov. 11. 18; 25. 22; Matt. 5. 12; 6.1; 10. 41; Luke 6. 35; 1 Cor. 3. 8; Col. 2. 18; 3. 24; Heb. 10. 35; 11.6; Rev. 22.12. threatened to the wicked, Deut. 32. 41; 2 Sam. 3. 39; Ps. 54. 5; 91. 8; 109; Obad. 15; 2 Pet. 2. 13; Rev. 19.17; 20.15; 22. lo. exceeding great, Gen. 15. 1. REZIN.ilng of Syria, 2 Kin. 15. 37; 16. 5, 9; Is. 7.1. REZON, of Damascus, 1 Kin. 11. 23. RHODES, island of, Acts 21. 1. RIBLAH, in Syria, 2 Kin. 23. 33; 25. 6; Jer. 39. 5; 52 9 RICHES, God gives, 1 Sam. 2. 7; Prov. 10. 22; Eccles. 5.19. the true, Luke 16.11; 1 Cor. 1. 30; Eph. 3. 8; Col. 23 * 1 Pet 2 7 earthly, Deut. 8.17; 1 Chr. 29.12; Ps.49. 6; Prov. 11. 4; 15. 16; 23. 5; 27. 24; Eccles. 4. 8; 5.10; 6; Jer. 9. 23; 48. 36; Ezek. 7.19; Zeph. 1.18; Matt. 6.19; 13. 22; 1 Tim. 6.17; James 1.11; 5. 2; 1 Pet. 1.18. uncertain, 1 Tim. 6.17. dangers of, Deut. 8.13; 32.15; Neh. 9. 25; Prov. 15.17; 18. 23; 28.11; 30.8: Eccles. 5.12; Hos. 12. 8; Mic. 6.12; Matt. 13. 22; 19. 23; Mark 10. 22; Luke 12.15; 1 Tim. 6.10; James 2. 6; 5.1. proper use of, 1 Chr. 29. 3; Job 31.16, 24; Ps. 62. 10; Jer. 9. 23; Matt. 6. 19; 19. 21; Luke 16. 9; 1 Tim. 6.17; James 1. 9; 1 John 3.17. evil use of, Job 20. 15; 31. 24; Ps. 39. 6; 49. 6; 73.12; Prov. 11. 28; 13. 7,11; 15. 6; Eccles. 2. 26; 5.10; James 5. 3. end of the wicked rich, Job 20.16; 21.13; 27.16; Ps. 52.7; Prov. 11.4; 22.16; Eccles. 5.14; Jer. 17. 11; Mic. 2. 3; Hab.2. 6; Luke 6. 24; 12.16; 16. 19; James 5.1. RIDDLE of Samson, Judg. 14.12. RIGHTEOUS, blessings and privileges of the, Job 36. 7; Ps. 1; 5.12; 14. 5; 15; 16. 3,11; 32. 11; 34.15; 37; 52. 6: 55. 22; 58.10; 64.10; 89; 92. 12; 97. 11; 112: 125. 3; 146. 8; Prov. 2. 7; 3. 32; 10-13; 12. 26; 28.1; Is. 3.10; 26. 2; 60. 21; Ezek. 18; Matt. 13. 43; Acts 10. 35; Rom. 2.10; IPet. 3.12; 1 John 3. 7; Rev. 22.11. RIGHTEOUSNESS, by faith, Gen. 15. 6; Ps. 106. 31; Rom. 4. 3; Gal. 3. 6; James 2. 23. -------of Christ, imputed to the Church, Is. 54. 17; Jer. 23. 6; 33.16; Hos. 2.19; Mai. 4. 2; Rom. 1.17; 3. 22; 10. 3; 1 Cor. 1. 30; 2 Cor. 5. 21; Phil. 3.9; Tit. 2. 14; 2 Pet. 1.1. of the law and faith, Rom. 10. -------of man, Deut. 9. 4; Is. 64. 6; Dan. 9. 18; Phil. 3. 9. RIMMON, idol, 2 Kin. 5.18. RINGS, Gen. 41. 42; Ex. 25.12; 26. 29; Est. 3.10; Ezek. 1.18; Luke 15. 22.