Aymara

Aymará

Also Aymara (etymology unknown as yet).

A numerous tribe of sedentary Indians inhabiting the northern sections of Bolivia, part of the eastern declivities of the Andes of that republic, and the sections of Peru bordering upon Lake Titicaca, except its northern extremity, which is held by Quichua-speaking Indians. It is not safe as yet to give their numbers, since white blood has been liberally introduced during three centuries, while on the eastern slopes, in the so-called Yungas, mixture with Negroes has been frequent. Still there are certainly several thousands of them, counting in such mestizos (Cholos) as live according to Indian customs. The name "Aymará" rather applies to the language, which seems allied to the Quichua, or prevailing Indian idiom of the Peruvian mountains and of the southern part of the Bolivian highlands. The Aymará are chiefly mountaineers, inhabiting the elevated table land, or Puna, between the eastern Cordillera and the volcanic coast chain. Limited agriculture, the raising of potatoes and kindred tubers, of quinua (chenopodium quinua), maize, in the few places where it will thrive at the general altitude of over 12,000 feet of the table land. The raising of the llama and alpaca and of some cattle and donkeys, are their chief occupations, also service in the cities as journey men, and on the lake-shore as stevedores. They live in tribal communities (estancias), autonomous, and with executive officers (hilacata and alcalde) whom they choose after the indications of their chief medicine-men, to be afterwards confirmed by the civil authorities of Bolivia. Duration of office is mostly one year. They pay a per capita tax, are not subject to military duty in theory, and are seldom required to perform any. Many of these Indians, while apparently indigent, possess no little wealth, chiefly in coin. Some of them are also artisans. They are nominally Catholics, but preserve a remnant of ancient idolatry, with its rituals and ceremonies, carefully hidden from outsiders. In appearance stolid and humble, they are in fact a cruel, treacherous stock, averse to every attempt at progress, hostile to the whites, particularly to foreigners. But they sometimes make good house servants. They were first visited by the Spaniards in the last days of 1533, whom they received well, owing to their hatred of the Inca tribe of Cuzco. The latter had overrun most of the Lake territory in the course of the fifteenth century and established themselves on the Islands of Titicaca and Koati (see articles) and at Copacavana on the mainland. The relations between the Kollas—as the Quichua call the Aymará, to this day (see KOLLAO)—and the Incas were not friendly. The Spaniards were at first treated with hospitality, but as soon as they returned in greater numbers the western and southwestern Aymará rose in arms and had to be repressed by force. During the civil wars (1538 to 1554) the Aymará, remained passive and suffered (like the rest of the Peruvian Indians) from the consequences. Uprisings of Aymará groups against the Spaniards began in 1629, and local disturbances (in many of which the Indians were at fault) continued. In 1780 a general uprising began among the Aymará, of western Bolivia, but there was no concerted action, and although there were terrible massacres, and the investment of La Paz by the Aymará almost ended in the capture of that city, the Indians were finally subdued in 1782. Since then they have remained comparatively quiet. While a necessary and important element as land-tillers and freighters, journeymen and house servants, they would be, on account of their numbers, a steady menace to Bolivia, were it not for their incapacity for united efforts, their adherence to primitive customs preventing any submission to a common leader. With the coming introduction of railways in Bolivia, the Aymará will have to submit, and modify their habits and customs.

The earliest and best description of the northern and central Aymará, is found in the Relatione per Sua Maesta, written 15 July, 1534, by PEDRO SANCHO in the name of Pizarro and officers, and published (in Italian) by RAMUSIO in vol. III (1565). Relacion del Sitio del Cuzo, 1539 (Madrid, by JIMENEZ DE LA. ESPADA); CIEZA, Parte primera de la cronica del Peru (Antwerp, 1555); Sequnda Parte (Madrid); JUAN DE BETANZOS, Suma y Narracion de los Incas, 1551 (recent publication at Madrid); GARCILASSO DE LA VEGA, comentarios reales de los Incas (Lisbon, 1609); OVIEDO, Historia, general y natural de las Indias (Madrid, 1850); HERRERA Historia general de los Hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas y Tierra firme del Mar Oceano (1729, etc.); ANELLO OLIVA, Historia del Peru (Lima, without date,) this history was written in 1631, BERNABE Cobo, Historia del Nuevo Mundo, 1653 (Seville, 1893). Of later works I only refer to WIENER, Perou et Bolivie (Paris, 1880) and to the works of DR. MIDDENDORF—The Aymará idiom appears first in literature in 1583. Catecismo en la Lengua Espanola y Aymará del Peru, Ordenado por autoridad del Concilo Provincial de Lima (Lima. 1583); Tercer Catecismo y Exposicion de la Doctrina Cristiana, por Sermones (Lima, 1586); BERTONIO, Arte de la Lengua Aymará (Rome, 1603; IDEM, Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymará (Juli southern Peru, 1612). On the uprisings of the Aymará in 1780 to 1782, BALLIVIAN, Archivo boliviano (Paris 1872); also ORDIOZOLA, Docummtos historicos de la Peru (1863), I. A very rare work on the Aymará language and seldom consulted, is TORRES RUBIO, Arte de la Lengua Aymará (Lima, 1616).

AD. F. BANDELIER