Encampments of the Israelites. (b. c. 1452.)

1 These are the journeys of the children of Israel, which went forth out of the land of Egypt with their armies under the hand of Moses and Aaron.   2 And Moses wrote their goings out according to their journeys by the commandment of the Lord: and these are their journeys according to their goings out.   3 And they departed from Rameses in the first month, on the fifteenth day of the first month; on the morrow after the passover the children of Israel went out with an high hand in the sight of all the Egyptians.   4 For the Egyptians buried all their firstborn, which the Lord had smitten among them: upon their gods also the Lord executed judgments.   5 And the children of Israel removed from Rameses, and pitched in Succoth.   6 And they departed from Succoth, and pitched in Etham, which is in the edge of the wilderness.   7 And they removed from Etham, and turned again unto Pi-hahiroth, which is before Baal-zephon: and they pitched before Migdol.   8 And they departed from before Pi-hahiroth, and passed through the midst of the sea into the wilderness, and went three days' journey in the wilderness of Etham, and pitched in Marah.   9 And they removed from Marah, and came unto Elim: and in Elim were twelve fountains of water, and threescore and ten palm trees; and they pitched there.   10 And they removed from Elim, and encamped by the Red sea.   11 And they removed from the Red sea, and encamped in the wilderness of Sin.   12 And they took their journey out of the wilderness of Sin, and encamped in Dophkah.   13 And they departed from Dophkah, and encamped in Alush.   14 And they removed from Alush, and encamped at Rephidim, where was no water for the people to drink.   15 And they departed from Rephidim, and pitched in the wilderness of Sinai.   16 And they removed from the desert of Sinai, and pitched at Kibroth-hattaavah.   17 And they departed from Kibroth-hattaavah, and encamped at Hazeroth.   18 And they departed from Hazeroth, and pitched in Rithmah.   19 And they departed from Rithmah, and pitched at Rimmon-parez.   20 And they departed from Rimmon-parez, and pitched in Libnah.   21 And they removed from Libnah, and pitched at Rissah.   22 And they journeyed from Rissah, and pitched in Kehelathah.   23 And they went from Kehelathah, and pitched in mount Shapher.   24 And they removed from mount Shapher, and encamped in Haradah.   25 And they removed from Haradah, and pitched in Makheloth.   26 And they removed from Makheloth, and encamped at Tahath.   27 And they departed from Tahath, and pitched at Tarah.   28 And they removed from Tarah, and pitched in Mithcah.   29 And they went from Mithcah, and pitched in Hashmonah.   30 And they departed from Hashmonah, and encamped at Moseroth.   31 And they departed from Moseroth, and pitched in Bene-jaakan.   32 And they removed from Bene-jaakan, and encamped at Hor-hagidgad.   33 And they went from Hor-hagidgad, and pitched in Jotbathah.   34 And they removed from Jotbathah, and encamped at Ebronah.   35 And they departed from Ebronah, and encamped at Ezion-gaber.   36 And they removed from Ezion-gaber, and pitched in the wilderness of Zin, which is Kadesh.   37 And they removed from Kadesh, and pitched in mount Hor, in the edge of the land of Edom.   38 And Aaron the priest went up into mount Hor at the commandment of the Lord, and died there, in the fortieth year after the children of Israel were come out of the land of Egypt, in the first day of the fifth month.   39 And Aaron was an hundred and twenty and three years old when he died in mount Hor.   40 And king Arad the Canaanite, which dwelt in the south in the land of Canaan, heard of the coming of the children of Israel.   41 And they departed from mount Hor, and pitched in Zalmonah.   42 And they departed from Zalmonah, and pitched in Punon.   43 And they departed from Punon, and pitched in Oboth.   44 And they departed from Oboth, and pitched in Ije-abarim, in the border of Moab.   45 And they departed from Iim, and pitched in Dibon-gad.   46 And they removed from Dibon-gad, and encamped in Almon-diblathaim.   47 And they removed from Almon-diblathaim, and pitched in the mountains of Abarim, before Nebo.   48 And they departed from the mountains of Abarim, and pitched in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho.   49 And they pitched by Jordan, from Beth-jesimoth even unto Abel-shittim in the plains of Moab.

This is a review and brief rehearsal of the travels of the children of Israel through the wilderness. It was a memorable history and well worthy to be thus abridged, and the abridgment thus preserved, to the honour of God that led them and for the encouragement of the generations that followed. Observe here,

I. How the account was kept: Moses wrote their goings out, v. 2. When they began this tedious march, God ordered him to keep a journal or diary, and to insert in it all the remarkable occurrences of their way, that it might be a satisfaction to himself in the review and an instruction to others when it should be published. It may be of good use to private Christians, but especially to those in public stations, to preserve in writing an account of the providences of God concerning them, the constant series of mercies they have experienced, especially those turns and changes which have made some days of their lives more remarkable. Our memories are deceitful and need this help, that we may remember all the way which the Lord our God has led us in this wilderness, Deut. viii. 2.

II. What the account itself was. It began with their departure out of Egypt, continued with their march through the wilderness, and ended in the plains of Moab, where they now lay encamped.

1. Some things are observed here concerning their departure out of Egypt, which they are reminded of upon all occasions, as a work of wonder never to be forgotten. (1.) That they went forth with their armies (v. 1), rank and file, as an army with banners. (2.) Under the hand of Moses and Aaron, their guides, overseers, and rulers, under God. (3.) With a high hand, because God's hand was high that wrought for them, and in the sight of all the Egyptians, v. 3. They did not steal away clandestinely (Isa. lii. 12), but in defiance of their enemies, to whom God had made them such a burdensome stone that they neither could, nor would, nor durst, oppose them. (4.) They went forth while the Egyptians were burying, or at least preparing to bury, their first-born, v. 4. They had a mind good enough, or rather bad enough, still to have detained the Israelites their prisoners, but God found them other work to do. They would have God's first-born buried alive, but God set them a burying their own first-born. (5.) To all the plagues of Egypt it is added here that on their gods also the Lord executed judgments. Their idols which they worshipped, it is probable, were broken down, as Dagon afterwards before the ark, so that they could not consult them about this great affair. To this perhaps there is reference, Isa. xix. 1, The idols of Egypt shall be moved at his presence.

2. Concerning their travels towards Canaan. Observe, (1.) They were continually upon the remove. When they had pitched a little while in one place they departed from that to another. Such is our state in this world; we have here no continuing city. (2.) Most of their way lay through a wilderness, uninhabited, untracked, unfurnished even with the necessaries of human life, which magnifies the wisdom and power of God, by whose wonderful conduct and bounty the thousands of Israel not only subsisted for forty years in that desolate place, but came out at least as numerous and vigorous as they went in. At first they pitched in the edge of the wilderness (v. 6), but afterwards in the heart of it; by less difficulties God prepares his people for greater. We find them in the wilderness of Etham (v. 8), of Sin (v. 11), of Sinai, v. 15. Our removals in this world are but from one wilderness to another. (3.) They were led to and fro, forward and backward, as in a maze or labyrinth, and yet were all the while under the direction of the pillar of cloud and fire. He led them about (Deut. xxxii. 10), and yet led them the right way, Ps. cvii. 7. The way which God takes in bringing his people to himself is always the best way, though it does not always seem to us the nearest way. (4.) Some events are mentioned in this journal, as their want of water at Rephidim (v. 14), the death of Aaron (v. 38, 39), the insult of Arad (v. 40); and the very name of Kibroth-hattaavah—the graves of lusts (v. 16), has a story depending upon it. Thus we ought to keep in mind the providences of God concerning us and our families, us and our land, and the many instances of that divine care which has led us, and fed us, and kept us, all our days hitherto. Shittim, the place where the people sinned in the matter of Peor (ch. xxv. 1), is here called Abel-shittim. Abel signifies mourning (as Gen. l. 11), and probably this place was so called from the mourning of the good people of Israel on account of that sin and of God's wrath against them for it. It was so great a mourning that it gave a name to the place.

The Canaanites Doomed. (b. c. 1452.)

50 And the Lord spake unto Moses in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho, saying,   51 Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye are passed over Jordan into the land of Canaan;   52 Then ye shall drive out all the inhabitants of the land from before you, and destroy all their pictures, and destroy all their molten images, and quite pluck down all their high places:   53 And ye shall dispossess the inhabitants of the land, and dwell therein: for I have given you the land to possess it.   54 And ye shall divide the land by lot for an inheritance among your families: and to the more ye shall give the more inheritance, and to the fewer ye shall give the less inheritance: every man's inheritance shall be in the place where his lot falleth; according to the tribes of your fathers ye shall inherit.   55 But if ye will not drive out the inhabitants of the land from before you; then it shall come to pass, that those which ye let remain of them shall be pricks in your eyes, and thorns in your sides, and shall vex you in the land wherein ye dwell.   56 Moreover it shall come to pass, that I shall do unto you, as I thought to do unto them.

While the children of Israel were in the wilderness their total separation from all other people kept them out of the way of temptation to idolatry, and perhaps this was one thing intended by their long confinement in the wilderness, that thereby the idols of Egypt might be forgotten, and the people aired (as it were) and purified from that infection, and the generation that entered Canaan might be such as never knew those depths of Satan. But now that they were to pass over Jordan they were entering again into that temptation, and therefore, 1. They are here strictly charged utterly to destroy all remnants of idolatry. They must not only drive out the inhabitants of the land, that they may possess their country, but they must deface all their idolatrous pictures and images, and pull down all their high places, v. 52. They must not preserve any of them, no, not as monuments of antiquity to gratify the curious, nor as ornaments of their houses, nor toys for their children to play with, but they must destroy all, both in token of their abhorrence and detestation of idolatry and to prevent their being tempted to worship those images, and the false gods represented by them, or to worship the God of Israel by such images or representations. 2. They were assured that, if they did so, God would by degrees put them in full possession of the land of promise, v. 53, 54. If they would keep themselves pure from the idols of Canaan, God would enrich them with the wealth of Canaan. Learn not their way, and then fear not their power. 3. They were threatened that, if they spared either the idols or the idolaters, they should be beaten with their own rod and their sin would certainly be their punishment. (1.) They would foster snakes in their own bosoms, v. 55. The remnant of the Canaanites, if they made any league with them, though it were but a cessation of arms, would be pricks in their eyes and thorns in their sides, that is, they would be upon all occasions vexatious to them, insulting them, robbing them, and, to the utmost of their power, making mischief among them. We must expect trouble and affliction from that, whatever it is, which we sinfully indulge; that which we are willing should tempt us we shall find will vex us. (2.) The righteous God would turn that wheel upon the Israelites which was to have crushed the Canaanites: I shall do to you as I thought to do unto them, v. 56. It was intended that the Canaanites should be dispossessed; but if the Israelites fell in with them, and learned their way, they should be dispossessed, for God's displeasure would justly be greater against them than against the Canaanites themselves. Let us hear this, and fear. If we do not drive sin out, sin will drive us out; if we be not the death of our lusts, our lusts will be the death of our souls.