Adolf Harnack: History of Dogma - Volume VI - Christian Classics Ethereal Library

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Prefatory Material

vivii

TRANSLATOR’S NOTE.

As at several places in this volume Latin quotations are largely introduced, so as to form portions of the text, these have in many cases been simply reproduced in English. Where the meaning is less obvious, and the reader might desire to be made acquainted with the original, the Latin has been inserted within brackets.

viiiixix

CONTENTS.

PART II.

DEVELOPMENT OF ECCLESIASTICAL DOGMA.

BOOK II., Continued.

Expansion and Remodelling of Dogma into a Doctrine of Sin, Grace, and Means of Grace on the basis of the Church.

Page
CHAPTER I¹¹The two chapters which make up this volume answer to Chapters VII. and VIII. of Part II., Book II., in the Original German Edition.. — History of Dogma in the Period of Clugny, Anselm, and Bernard		1-83
	Introduction	1
1.	Fresh rise of piety	3-15
	Clugny. Renunciation of the world and rule over it. Monastic training of the clergy	3
	The Crusades and their consequences for piety	8
	The piety of St. Bernard	10
	Objectionable elements in his Mysticism	12
2.	Development of Ecclesiastical Law	16-23
	Development of the papacy into an autocracy. The Papal Decretals	16
	The new ecclesiastical law more definitely framed. Union of law and Dogma	19
	Jurisprudence as a dominant force	21
3.	Revival of science	23-44
	Essence of Scholasticism	23
	Scholasticism and Mysticism	25
	xPreparation in history for mediæval science. Its relation to Greek science. The inherited capital	28
	The Carlovingian Era	30
	The period of transition	30
	The Eleventh Century. The prevailing influence of Realism. The question of the Universals. The Dialecticians	32
	“Aristotelianism”	36
	The negative and positive significance of the science of Abelard	37
	Disciples and opponents of Abelard. Reconciliation of Dogma with Aristotle	42
4.	Elaboration of Dogma	45-83
4.	Introduction	45
a.	The Berengarian Controversy	46
	Doctrine of Transubstantiation as framed after the Controversy	51
	The importance of the Fourth Lateran Council for the doctrines of the Eucharist, Baptism, and Repentance	53
b.	Anselm’s doctrine of Satisfaction	54
	Criticism of this doctrine	67
	Its limited measure of influence	78
	Doctrine of the Merit of Christ. Abelard’s doctrine of Reconciliation	79
	Peter Lombard	81
CHAPTER II.--History of Dogma in the Period of the Mendicant Monks, till the beginning of the Sixteenth Century		84-317
	Introduction	84
1.	On the history of piety	85-117
	St. Francis, the Apostolic life, the Franciscan piety (the Waldensians, and the “Poor” of Lombardy)	85
	St. Francis and the Church	91
	The doctrine of poverty, the different tendencies, the Fraticelli and the Spirituales	94
	Conservative influence of the religious awakening upon Dogma	96
	Mysticism and the Mendicant Orders	97
	xiMysticism as Catholic piety	97
	Description of Mysticism, Pantheism, the rise of Individualism	101
	Thomist and Scotist Mysticism	105
	Quickened activity in practical life	108
	The awakening of the laity, free associations, and preachers of repentance	110
	The stages in the development of piety	111
	Piety in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; its opposition to the Church	113
	Piety, Dogma (unassailed), and the Church; glance forward to the Reformation	116
	Gothic architecture as the style of building corresponding with mediæval piety	117
2.	On the history of Ecclesiastical Law. The doctrine of the Church	118-149
	The supremacy of the papal system; jurisprudence as a commanding influence	118
	The leading thoughts in the papal system with regard to the Church	119
	The doctrine of the Pope; the new forgeries; infallibility	121
	The Concordats; national churches	126
	The slight share of theology in fixing the hierarchical conception of the Church	127
	The negotiations with the Greeks; Thomas’s conception of the Church	130
	The opposition to the hierarchical and papal conception of the Church is to be traced to Augustinianism	132
	The conception of the Church held by the opposing parties has a common root with the hierarchical, and differs only in its conclusions	134
	Hence the ineffectiveness of its criticism	136
	The opposition of the Waldensians, Apocalyptists, Franciscans, Imperialists, and Episcopalists	138
	The conception of the Church held by Wyclif and Huss, and their opposition to the hierarchy	141
	Criticism of this movement; Dogma, as strictly understood, remains unassailed	146
	xiiPositive significance of the Wyclifite and hierarchical conceptions of the Church	147
3.	3. On the history of ecclesiastical science	149-173
	The causes of the revival of science at the beginning of the thirteenth century (Arabs, Jews)	150
	The victory of Aristotle and of the Mendicant Orders. “Qualified” Realism	151
	Scholasticism at its zenith, its nature, and relation to the Church and to reason	153
	The science of St. Thomas	157
	The “Summa” of St. Thomas	157
	Transition to Duns Scotus	160
	New stress laid upon reason and authority, Nominalism	161
	Probabilism, Casuistry, and fides implicita	162
	Elimination of Augustinianism	166
	Augustinian reaction in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Bradwardine, Wyclif, Huss, Wesel, Wessel	169
	Decline of Nominalism, the re-discovered Plato, the Renaissance	170
4.	The Moulding of Dogma in Scholasticism	174-317
	The pre-suppositions of the thirteenth century Scholasticism	174
	The finis theologiæ (the idea of salvation) and its main elements	174
	The old articuli fidei and the doctrine of transubstantiation	176
	The threefold task which Scholasticism carried out with regard to Dogma; strained relation with piety	176
a.	Revision of the traditional articuli fidei	178
	(1) The doctrine of God	178
	(2) The doctrine of the Trinity	182
	(3) The doctrines of creation, preservation, and government	184
	(4) The doctrine of the person of Christ (of the Holy Ghost)	187
	The doctrine of the work of Christ (satisfaction and merit)	190
	The doctrine of Thomas	191
	Of Duns Scotus	196
	Disintegration and reaction	198
b.	The Scholastic doctrine of the Sacraments	200
	Significance and principle	200
	xiiiNumber of the Sacraments	201
	Definition (Hugo and the Lombard)	204
	Their nature, relation of grace to Sacrament	206
	Questions in detail	209
	The Thomist doctrine of the Sacraments	201
	(The Sacraments in their operation, their character	210
	Definition, materia, forma, etc.	212
	Necessity	213
	Effect	214
	Cause)	217
	The administrator of the Sacrament (minister sacramenti)	217
	Conditions of saving reception, disposition	220
	Attritio	225
	Peculiarities of the Scotist doctrine of the Sacraments	226
	The Sacraments singly. Baptism	227
	Confirmation	230
	The Eucharist	232
	Sacrament of Penance	243
	(Sorrow	248
	Confession	251
	Absolution	255
	Satisfaction	257
	Indulgence	259
	Opposition to indulgences; Wyclif, Huss, Wesel, Wessel)	267
	Extreme unction	269
	Ordination to the priesthood	270
	Sacrament of Marriage	272
	Transition to the doctrine of grace	275
c.	Revision of Augustinianism in the direction of the doctrine of merit	275
	The Lombard on grace, freedom, and merit	276
	Thomas. Elements of principle in the Scholastic doctrine of grace, the conception of God, grace as participation in the divine nature, merit	279
	Thomas’s doctrine of grace (lumen superadditum naturæ, gratia operans et cooperans, præveniens et subsequens), essence of grace, disposition for grace, its effects, forgiveness of sins, love, merits de condigno et de congruo	281
	xivHistoric estimate of the Thomist doctrine of grace, connection with Augustine (doctrine of predestination) and Aristotle	295
	Thomas on the primitive state, original righteousness (justitia originalis), the Fall, Sin	297
	Evangelical counsels (consilia evangelica)	298
	The Thomist doctrine of sin and grace faces in two directions	300
	The later Scotistic Scholasticism: its doctrines of sin and grace	301
	Its doctrines of justification and merit (Bradwardine’s reaction)	308
	Supplement: The doctrines of the immaculate conception of Mary, and of her co-operation in the work of redemption	312