Contents
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CONTENTS.
Page | |||
CHAPTER 1. — Historical Survey | 1-18 | ||
The Old and New Elements in the formation of the Catholic Church | 2 | ||
The fixing of that which is Apostolic (Rule of Faith, Collection of Writings, Organization, Cultus) | 5 | ||
The Stages in the Genesis of the Catholic Rule of Faith, the Apologists | 7 | ||
Irenæus, Tertullian, Hippolytus | 9 | ||
Clement and Origen | 11 | ||
Obscurities in reference to the origin of the most important Institutions | 15 | ||
Difficulties in determining the importance of individual Personalities | 16 | ||
Differences of development in the Churches of different countries | 17 | ||
I. | Fixing and Gradual Secularising of Christianity as a Church | 18-168 | |
CHAPTER II. — The setting up of the Apostolic Standards for Ecclesiastical Christianity. The Catholic Church | 18-93 | ||
A. | The transformation of the Baptismal Confession into the Apostolic Rule of Faith | 20-38 | |
Necessities for setting up the Apostolic Rule of Faith | 21 | ||
The Rule of Faith is the Baptismal Confession definitely interpreted | 24 | ||
Estimate of this transformation | 27 | ||
Irenæus | 27 | ||
Tertullian | 29 | ||
viiiResults of the transformation | 31 | ||
Slower development in Alexandria: Clement and Origen | 32 | ||
B. | The designation of selected writings read in the Churches as New Testament Scriptures or, in other words, as a collection of Apostolic Writings | 38-67 | |
Plausible arguments against the statement that up to the year 150 there was no New Testament in the Church. | 38 | ||
Sudden emergence of the New Testament in the Muratorian Fragment, in (Melito) Irenæus and Tertullian. | 43 | ||
Conditions under which the New Testament originated. | 45 | ||
Relation of the New Testament to the earlier writings that were read in the Churches | 47 | ||
Causes and motives for the formation of the Canon, manner of using and results of the New Testament | 51 | ||
The Apostolic collection of writings can be proved at first only in those Churches in which we find the Apostolic Rule of Faith; probably there was no New Testament in Antioch about the year 200, nor in Alexandria (Clement) | 56 | ||
Probable history of the genesis of the New Testament in Alexandria up to the time of Origen | 60 | ||
ADDENDUM. The results which the creation of the New Testament produced in the following period | 62 | ||
C. | The transformation of the Episcopal Office in the Church into an Apostolic Office. The History of the remodelling of the conception of the Church | 67-94 | |
The legitimising of the Rule of Faith by the Communities which were founded by the Apostles | 67 | ||
By the “Elders” | 68 | ||
By the Bishops of Apostolic Churches (disciples of Apostles) | 69 | ||
By the Bishops as such, who have received the Apostolic Charisma veritatis | 70 | ||
Excursus on the conceptions of the Alexandrians | 70 | ||
The Bishops as successors of the Apostles | 70 | ||
Original idea of the Church as the Holy Community that comes from Heaven and is destined for it | 73 | ||
The Church as the empiric Catholic Communion resting on the Law of Faith | 74 |
ixObscurities in the idea of the Church as held by Irenmus and Tertullian | 77 | ||
By Clement and Origen | 80 | ||
Transition to the Hierarchical Idea of the Church | 83 | ||
The Hierarchical idea of the Church: Calixtus and Cyprian | 84 | ||
Appendix I. Cyprian’s idea of the Church and the actual circumstances | 90 | ||
Appendix II. Church and Heresy | 90 | ||
Appendix III. Uncertainties regarding the consequences of the new idea of the Church | 93 | ||
CHAPTER III. — Continuation. — The Old Christianity and the New Church | 94-169 | ||
Introduction | 94 | ||
The Original Montanism | 95 | ||
The later Montanism as the dregs of the movement and as the product of a compromise | 100 | ||
The opposition to the demands of the Montanists by the Catholic Bishops: importance of the victory for the Church | 104 | ||
History of penance: the old practice | 109 | ||
The laxer practice in the days of Tertullian and Hippolytus | 110 | ||
The abolition of the old practice in the days of Cyprian | 111 | ||
Significance of the new kind of penance for the idea of the Church; the Church no longer a Communion of Salvation and of Saints, but a condition of Salvation and a Holy Institution and thereby a corpus permixtum | 113 | ||
After effect of the old idea of the Church in Cyprian | 115 | ||
Origen’s idea of the Church | 116 | ||
Novatian’s idea of the Church and of penance, the Church of the Catharists | 118 | ||
Conclusion: the Catholic Church as capable of being a support to society and the state | 122 | ||
Addenda I. The Priesthood | 128 | ||
” II. Sacrifice | 131 | ||
” III. Means of Grace. baptism and the Eucharist | 138 | ||
Excursus to Chapters II. and III. — Catholic and Roman | 149-169 |
x II. Fixing and Gradual Hellenising of Christianity as a System of Doctrine. | |||
CHAPTER IV. — Ecclesiastical Christianity and Philosophy. | |||
The Apologists | 169-230 | ||
1. | Introduction | 169 | |
The historical position of the Apologists | 169 | ||
Apologists and Gnostics | 170 | ||
Nature and importance of the Apologists’ theology | 172 | ||
2. | Christianity as Philosophy and as Revelation | 177 | |
Aristides | 179 | ||
Justin | 179 | ||
Athenagoras | 188 | ||
Miltiades, Melito | 190 | ||
Tatian | 190 | ||
Pseudo Justin, Orat. ad Gr. | 193 | ||
Theophilus | 194 | ||
Pseudo Justin, de Resurr. | 195 | ||
Tertullian and Minucius | 196 | ||
Pseudo-Justin, de Monarch | 199 | ||
Results | 199 | ||
3. | The doctrines of Christianity as the revealed and rational religion | 202 | |
Arrangement | 202 | ||
The Monotheistic Cosmology | 204 | ||
Theology | 205 | ||
Doctrine of the Logos | 206 | ||
Doctrine of the World and of Man | 212 | ||
Doctrine of Freedom and Morality | 214 | ||
Doctrine of Revelation (Proofs from Prophecy) | 215 | ||
Significance of the History of Jesus | 217 | ||
Christology of Justin | 220 | ||
Interpretation and Criticism, especially of Justin’s doctrines | 225 | ||
CHAPTER V. — The Beginnings of an Ecclesiastico-theological interpretation and revision of the Rule of Faith in opposition to Gnosticism, on the basis of the New Testament and the Christian Philosophy of the Apologists; Melito, Irenæus, Tertullian, Hippolytus, Novatian | 231-319 |
1. | xiThe theological position of Irenæus and of the later contemporary Church teachers | 231 | |
Characteristics of the theology of the Old Catholic Fathers, their wavering between Reason and Tradition | 231 | ||
Loose structure of their Dogmas | 234 | ||
Irenæus’ attempt to construct a systematic theology and his fundamental theological convictions | 236 | ||
Gnostic and anti-Gnostic features of his theology | 237 | ||
Christianity conceived as a real redemption by Christ (recapitulatio) | 239 | ||
His conception of a history of salvation | 244 | ||
His historical significance: conserving of tradition and gradual hellenising of the Rule of Faith | 244 | ||
2. | The Old Catholic Fathers’ doctrine of the Church | 247 | |
The Antithesis to Gnosticism | 247 | ||
The “Scripture theology” as a sign of the dependence on “Gnosticism” and as a means of conserving tradition | 250 | ||
The Doctrine of God | 253 | ||
The Logos Doctrine of Tertullian and Hippolytus | 256 | ||
(Conceptions regarding the Holy Spirit) | 261 | ||
Irenæus’ doctrine of the Logos | 262 | ||
(Conceptions regarding the Holy Spirit) | 266 | ||
The views of Irenæus regarding the destination of man, the original state, the fall and the doom of death (the disparate series of ideas in Irenæus; rudiments of the doctrine of original sin in Tertullian) | 267 | ||
The doctrine of Jesus Christ as the incarnate son of God | 275 | ||
Assertion of the complete mixture and unity of the divine and human elements | 275 | ||
Significance of Mary | 277 | ||
Tertullian’s doctrine of the two natures and its origin | 279 | ||
Rudiments of this doctrine in Irenæus | 283 | ||
The Gnostic character of this doctrine | 286 | ||
Christology of Hippolytus | 286 | ||
Views as to Christ’s work | 288 | ||
Redemption, Perfection | 289 | ||
Reconciliation | 292 | ||
Categories for the fruit of Christ’s work | 292 | ||
xii Things peculiar to Tertullian | 293 | ||
Satisfacere Deo | 294 | ||
The Soul as the Bride of Christ | 294 | ||
The Eschatology | 294 | ||
Its archaic nature, its incompatibility with speculation and the advantage of connection with that | 297 | ||
Conflict with Chiliasm in the East | 299 | ||
The doctrine of the two Testaments | 300 | ||
The influence of Gnosticism on the estimate of the two Testaments, the complexus oppositorum; the Old Testament a uniform Christian Book as in the Apologists | 301 | ||
The Old Testament a preliminary stage of the New Testament and a compound Book | 304 | ||
The stages in the history of salvation | 305 | ||
The law of freedom the climax of the revelation in Christ | 309 | ||
3. | Results to Ecclesiastical Christianity, chiefly in the West, (Cyprian, Novatian) | 312 | |
CHAPTER VI. — The Transformation of the Ecclesiastical Tradition into a Philosophy of Religion, or the Origin of the Scientific Theology and Dogmatic of the Church: Clement and Origen | 319 | ||
(1) | The Alexandrian Catechetical School and Clement of Alexandria | 319 | |
Schools and Teachers in the Church at the end of the second and the beginning of the third century; scientific efforts (Alogi in Asia Minor, Cappadocian Scholars, Bardesanes of Edessa, Julius Africanus, Scholars in Palestine, Rome and Carthage) | 320 | ||
The Alexandrian Catechetical School. Clement | 323 | ||
The temper of Clement and his importance in the History of Dogma; his relation to Irenus, to the Gnostics and to primitive Christianity; his philosophyof Religion | 324 | ||
Clement and Origen | 331 | ||
(2) | The system of Origen | 332 | |
Introductory: The personality and importance of Origen | 332 | ||
The Elements of Origen’s theology; its Gnostic features | 334 | ||
The relative view of Origen | 334, 336 | ||
His temper and final aim: relation to Greek Philosophy | 335 | ||
xiiiTheology as a Philosophy of Revelation, and a cosmological speculation | 340 | ||
Porphyry on Origen | 341 | ||
The neutralising of History, esoteric and exoteric Christianity | 342 | ||
Fundamental ideas and arrangement of his system | 343 | ||
Sources of truth, doctrine of Scripture | 346 | ||
I. | The Doctrine of God and its unfolding | 349 | |
Doctrine of God | 349 | ||
Doctrine of the Logos | 352 | ||
Clement’s doctrine of the Logos | 352 | ||
Doctrine of the Holy Spirit | 357 | ||
Doctrine of Spirits | 359 | ||
II. | Doctrine of the Fall and its consequences | 361 | |
Doctrine of Man | 363 | ||
III. | Doctrine of Redemption and Restoration | 365 | |
The notions necessary to the Psychical | 367 | ||
The Christology | 369 | ||
The Appropriation of Salvation | 375 | ||
The Eschatology | 377 | ||
Concluding Remarks: The importance of this system to the following period | 378 |
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