__________________________________________________________________ Title: The Apostles' Creed Creator(s): Harnack, Adolf (1851-1930) CCEL Subjects: All; Creeds __________________________________________________________________ THE APOSTLES' CREED BY ADOLF HARNACK A TRANSLATION FROM AN ARTICLE IN THE THIRD EDITION OF HERZOG'S REALENCYCLOPÄDIE BY THE REV. STEWART MEANS REVISED AND EDITED BY THOMAS BAILEY SAUNDERS Wipf and Stock Publishers 150 West Broadway - Eugene OR 97401 The Apostles' Creed By Harnack, Adolf ISBN: 1-57910-663-3 Reprinted by Wipf and Stock Publishers 150 West Broadway - Eugene OR 97401 Previously published by Adam and Charles Black, 1901. __________________________________________________________________ The Apostles' Creed __________________________________________________________________ THE APOSTLES' CREED [1] The first to place the three creeds, the Apostolic, the Nicene-Constantinopolitan, and the Athanasian, side by side, as a full expression of the ecumenical confessions in the Church (with the addition of the Te Deum Laudamus) was probably Luther. Certain it is that it was only after his time, that is, after the second half of the sixteenth century, that Protestants first spoke definitely of the three ancient symbols. Yet it is also certain on the other hand that in the West these very three symbols had been in use in the churches, and had enjoyed great consideration, at least as much as five centuries earlier. [2] In the strict sense of the word, however, the predicate "ecumenical" applies only to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed, for in the Eastern Church neither the Apostolic nor the Athanasian confession of faith has at any time received official recognition. [3] Indeed, the Eastern Church has at no time traced any creed to an Apostolic origin, or designated any as Apostolic in the strict sense of the word. [4] In the West, on the other hand, the three symbols form part of the confessional writings of the main Church, and the shortest of them (Symbolum minus) bears the very name "Apostolicum." But we also find the name "Apostolic" here and there established and in use in the West as a designation of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed; [5] nor is this only among Greeks who had become latinised. The three chief churches of the West possess the Symbolum Apostolicum in a form which agrees in all essential points ("Textus Receptus"). We shall therefore have to begin by treating of the origin of the creed in this form. __________________________________________________________________ [1] Notwithstanding the earlier labours of Laurentius Valla and Erasmus, the writer who may be described as the pioneer in the branch of investigation which deals with the origin of the creeds in the ancient Church is Usher, De Romanae ecclesiae symbolo apostolico vetere aliisque fidei formulis tum ab occidentalibus tum ab orientalibus in prima catechesei et baptismo proponi solitis Diatriba, 1647. Next come the names of Vossius, Pearson, Witsius, King, and Bingham. Walch collected the "Rules of Faith and the Symbols" in his Biblioth. Symbol. vetus, in 1770. His work was superseded in 1842 by Hahn' s Bibliothek. During the last forty-three years a fresh interest has been given to this field of labour by Heurtley' s Harmonia Symbolica (1858). More particularly since the year 1866, Caspari, a second Usher, has, by his various works, enormously increased the material for a study of this subject, and he has also sifted the material with the most critical care, Ungedruckte, unbeachtete und wenig beachtete Quellen zur Geschichte des Taufsymbols and der Glaubensregeln, 3 Bde., 1866-69-75; Alte und neue Quellen zur Geschichte des Taufsymbols and der Glaubensregeln, 1879. His labours enabled Hahn' s son to make a new work of his father' s Bibliothek in 1877. Among German scholars, von Zerschwitz, System der Katechetik, 2 Bde., 2te Auf. 1872, the present writer in the second edition of the Realencyclopädie and in the first volume of his Dogmengeschichte, Zahn, Das apostolische Symbolum, and above all, Kattenbusch, have taken a share in these investigations. In 1894 the last-named writer issued the first volume of a great monograph upon the Creed, which justifies the eagerness with which its continuation is awaited. Among English scholars may be mentioned Harvey, The History and Theology of the Three Creeds, 1854; Foulke, The Athanasian Creed . . . with other Inquiries on Creeds in General, 1872; Lumby, The History of the Creed, 1873; Hort, Two Dissertations, 1876; and, above all, Swainson, The Nicene and Apostles' Creed, London, 1875. The relation of the old Roman symbol to the Formulas of Faith in the pre-Catholic period has been treated by the present writer in his Patr. App. Opp. ii. edit. 1, 2, 1878 (cf. A. Harnack, Das apostol. Glaubensbekenntniss, 26te Auf. 1893). Reference should also be made to the text-books on the History of Dogma. In the controversies periodically occurring over the Apostles' Creed a great number of brochures regularly appear which need not be enumerated here. [2] Köllner, Symbolik, i. ed. 1837, p. 5. [3] Gass, Symbolik d. griech. Kirche, 1872, pp. 116 ff.; Kattenbusch, Das apost. Symbol. Bd. i. S. 1, 1894. [4] Cf. the testimony of Archbishop Marcus Eugenicus at the Council of Florence, in 1438, as given by Sylvester Sguropolis, Hist. Concil. Florent. sect. vi. c. 6, p. 150, edit. Rob. Creyghton, 1660: hemeis oute echomen, oute oidamen sumbolon ton apostolon. Vide Caspari, Ungedruckte . . . Quellen z. Gesch. des Taufsymbols, ii. 1869, S. 106 ff. [5] Caspari, ibid. i. 1866, S. 242, n. 45; ii. 1869, S. 115, n. 88; iii. 1875, S. 12, n. 22. __________________________________________________________________ I The "Textus Receptus" can, with a satisfactory degree of certainty, be traced back, except in certain minute details, to the beginning of the sixth, or to the end of the fifth century. But there is a strong probability that this form of the symbol was not previously in official use in any church, whether as a part of the Interrogationes de fide or the Traditio and Redditio Symboli; nay, there is no discoverable sign of the existence of this particular form before the middle of the fifth century. [6] As it did not, at all events, come to the West from the Eastern Church, and symbols can be shown to have been in use in various provincial churches in the West during the fourth and fifth centuries which materially differ from the "textus receptus" of the Apostolicum, we may infer that it scarcely existed in its received form earlier than the middle of the fifth century, and probably did not assume its present shape, complete in every detail, before about the year 500. In that shape it appears for the first time in a sermon of Caesarius of Arles. [7] The immediate predecessor of Caesarius' symbol, or, as the case may be, of the Apostolicum as we have it, is very probably that of Faustus of Rietz, about 460, but it does not admit of being satisfactorily reconstructed. [8] On the other hand the stage succeeding that of the old Roman symbol in the direction of our Apostles' Creed is represented by the highly interesting symbol discovered by Bratke in the Berne Codex, [9] which I regard with him as a Gallican, or, as the case may be, a Gallico-British symbol, and assign to the fourth century. It differs from the old Roman symbol only by the additions of "passus," "descendit ad inferos," "catholicam," and "vitam aeternam." These four additions all lie in the direction of our Apostles' Creed and at the same time prove that they are the four oldest additions, whilst "conceptus, etc." and "communionem sanctorum" are later. "Creatorem coeli et terrae" and "mortuus" are also earlier. [10] Against the Roman origin of the Apostles' Creed, called by modern writers the later and longer Roman symbol, inasmuch as it was undoubtedly through the influence of Rome that it in later times attained universal authority in the West, we may oppose the fact (1) that it was not found in Rome until the Middle Ages, that is to say, many centuries after its existence had been attested by Caesarius of Arles, and (2) that from the end of the fifth, or the beginning of the sixth century, until the tenth, the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed in Greek, and the Apostles' Creed, were used in Rome in the traditio symboli, [11] and that, so far as the use of a shorter symbol side by side with. the Constantinopolitan was known in Rome during the Byzantine period (the sixth to the eighth century), it was not identical with the Apostles' Creed. Our Apostles' Creed points very plainly to Southern Gaul, and to a period about the year 500. But the spread of the "textus receptus" of the Symbolum Apostolicum throughout Western Europe in the sixth century was soon accompanied by the legend of its wonderful origin. [12] That a symbol of such recent origin should from the beginning bear the name "Apostolic" suggests the conjecture that it has a history earlier than the fifth century, and that another form must have preceded the "textus receptus," the attributes of which were then transferred to the new text supplanting it. The contention that this later creed or symbol traced its origin to a sumbole or "collatio" involves a confusion between sumbole, which also bears the meaning of "summa" or "brevis complexio," and sumbolon, that is, "signum," "indicium," in the sense not only of a distinction between Christians and non-Christians, or between Christians and heretics, but also in the sense of "tessera militum," a token or deed of agreement. [13] The name "Symbolum" is first found in the West in Cyprian; [14] in the East, not until after the beginning of the sixth century. [15] The legend [16] that each of the twelve Apostles, in a general session before their separation, contributed a phrase to the creed, was exploded even as early as Laurentius Valla and Erasmus, [17] but seems to point to a confirmation of the conjecture above hazarded as to the earlier form. This conjecture, which is also suggested by a glance at the very simple contents of the creed and its clear and compact form, is strikingly confirmed by history. __________________________________________________________________ [6] Kattenbusch, ibid. S. 189 ff., who curiously disputes this view, has hitherto only partly stated his reasons for dissenting from it. [7] Pseudo-Augustin. n. 244, vide Kattenbusch, ibid. S. 164 ff., cf. also Sermo 240 and 241; the texts are in Hahn' s Bibliothek der Symbole, 2te Auf. 47-49, and the symbol is in the Missale Gallicanum vetus (Hahn, § 36). [8] Hahn, 38; Kattenbusch, S. 158 ff. [9] N. 645, saec. vii. (StK. 1895, S. 153). [10] That the Greek texts of the Gallicanum-textus receptus are translations, no one disputes (Hahn, §§ 47b, 49). As to these texts, cf. Caspari, Quellen z. Geschichte des Taufsymbols, Bd. iii. [11] Caspari, iii. S. 201 f., 226, ii. S. 114 f. n. 88. [12] Hahn, § 46b. [13] Caspari, ii. S. 88. [14] Ep. 69 ad Magnum, c. 7. [15] Caspari, i. S. 24 f. n. 28. As to the various designations of the creed, cf. Caspari, i. S. 21 f. n. 26, iii. S. 30; Nitzsch, ZThK. Bd. iii. S. 332 ff.; Kattenbusch, S. 1 ff., S. 37 ff.; Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Konfessionskunde, Bd. i. S. 5 ff. [16] Hahn, § 47 f.; Köllner, ibid. S. 7 f.; Caspari, ii. S. 93 f. [17] Monrad, Die erste Kantroverse über d. Ursprung des apost. Glaubensbekenntnisses; Kattenbusch, Apost. Symb. S. 1 ff. The Roman Catechism has nevertheless retained it. __________________________________________________________________ II The fact that the Roman Church in the period between 250 and 460 A.D., and partly also later, [18] used a symbol in its religious services which was held in very great honour and to which no additions were permitted, has been well known ever since Usher' s investigations, [19] but was more particularly proved by Caspari' s researches. At Rome this symbol was believed to have been obtained from the Apostles in the form in which it was used, and this led to the supposition that Peter brought it to Rome. The idea of its Apostolic origin did not arise later than the fourth century. We find this symbol, the older, shorter Roman creed, existing complete in a number of texts, [20] quite independently of the sources from which it could be at least partially reconstructed. The Greek text must be regarded as the original, for at Rome the symbol was for a long time used only in Greek. [21] It was not until long after the Greek text was in use that the Latin text was adopted as a parallel form. What happened here, then, is just the opposite of what happened in the case of the longer symbol. [22] The following is the text of the shorter or Greek form: Pisteuo eis theon patera pantokratora kai eis Christon Iesoun (ton) huion autou ton monogene, ton kurion hemon, ton gennethenta ek pneumatos hagiou kai Marias tes parthenou, ton epi Pontion Pilatou staurothenta kai taphenta, te trite hemera; anastanta ek (ton) nekron, anabanta eis tous ouranous, kathemenon en dexia tou patros hothen erchetai krinai zontas kai nekrous, kai eis pneuma hagion, hagian ekklesian, aphesin hamartion, sarkos anastasin. The legend of the symbol having been composed by the Apostles appears as early as the above-mentioned Explanatio Symboli of Ambrose. The fact that the writer was aware of its being divided into twelve articles perhaps indicates that the legend of each Apostle having contributed one of them was already known. The twelve articles were arranged in three groups of four, or three tetrads. The division into tetrads, however, appears nowhere else. It arose, in my opinion, from the third article and the second half of the second appearing as though composed of four members each. Kattenbusch in his Programme thinks otherwise, but in his chief work [23] his statements on the point are modified. I cannot, however, convince myself that twelve divisions were originally intended. [24] No one who wanted to construct a creed with twelve articles in three main divisions would have been so clumsy as to divide it into 1 + 7 + 4, or, rather, 2 + 6 + 4. At all events the legend did not originate in connexion with the later and Ionger Roman creed, that is, the South Gallican or our present Apostles' Creed, for it already appears in the manuscript of the shorter symbol which Swainson first published, and is also proved elsewhere to apply to this creed. Rufinus, however, who wrote later, knows nothing about it; [25] all that he knows is the common composition of the Roman symbol by the Apostles soon after Pentecost and before. the separation. But he refers this legend to a traditio maiorum. It was doubtless, therefore, in existence from the beginning of the fourth century. Both Ambrose and Rufinus testify, moreover, that the Roman Church preserved the exact words of the Apostles' Creed with the most scrupulous fidelity. [26] The Apostolic origin of this symbol is independently asserted by Jerome, [27] by the Roman bishops Celestin I. (422-431), Sixtus III. (431-440), Leo I. (440-461), by Vigilius of Thapsus, and in the Sacramentarium Gelasianum. [28] The belief in the Apostolic origin of the creed must therefore be regarded as originating in the Roman Church. Finally, it may be added that Augustine must also be claimed as a witness for this shorter Roman symbol. Although he was first a presbyter and then a bishop in a provincial church, in which the recognised and official symbol was one which varied considerably from the Roman, yet as a pupil of Ambrose, and as one who was baptized in the church at Milan, he held to the Roman symbol, with which, according to the Explanatio Symboli, the Milanese symbol was identical. In the eight expositions of the creed which we have from him [29] he follows the Milanese form almost exclusively, and he follows it in all essential points. In view of these facts there can be no doubt that in the fourth and the first half of the fifth century the Roman Church made extensive use in the Redditio of a symbol, and a symbol, too, identical with the one mentioned above, and allowed of absolutely no additions to it. Ambrose was certainly not the only one [30] who expressly protested against any anti-heretical additions. He regarded it as an attack upon the Saints to take account of contemporary difficulties in the creed, however pressing these might be. "He attributed to the creed the very highest authority, higher even than that of Apostolic writings composed by individual Apostles." The epistle of Marcellus to Julius shows us that between the years 330-340 A.D., this symbol was the official one in use in Rome; but other testimonies, which still require to be criticised and sifted, take us back with a sufficient degree of certainty to the middle of the third century. Among these the most important are Novatian's tractate De Trinitate, [31] and the fragments from the epistles and writings of Bishop Dionysius of Rome. [32] That the shorter Roman symbol as represented in the Epistle of Marcellus and in the Psalterium Aethelstani was as early as about the year 250 the predominant one in Rome, must be regarded as one of the most positive results of historical investigation. Here, however, a series of questions arises, the answers to which involve very complicated investigations and the combination of different facts. The most important of these questions are as follow: 1. How is the shorter Roman symbol related to the Western symbols which were used, between the years 250 and 500 (800), in the religious services of the provincial churches until they were driven out by the (Gallican) Symbolum Apostolicum and the Nicene-Constantinopolitan? 2. How is the shorter Roman symbol related to the longer, that is to say, to the Apostles' Creed as we know it from the time of Caesarius, and why was it displaced by the latter? 3. When and where did the shorter symbol originate? 4. How is the shorter Roman symbol related to the Eastern pre-Constantinopolitan symbols? 5. How is the shorter Roman symbol related to the different forms of the Rules of Faith with which we are familiar in the first three centuries? These five questions can be separated only in abstracto. As a matter of fact they are so closely interwoven, each with the others, that a definite and separate answer to every one of them is impossible. In what follows these questions will be discussed together and a general answer attempted. __________________________________________________________________ [18] Vide Gregory the Great. [19] Usher, op. cit. [20] A few of the more important of these texts may be here named: a Greek text in the Epistle of Marcellus of Ancyra to the Roman bishop, Julius, about the year 337 or 338 A.D. (Epiphan. Panar. haer. 52 (72), Opp. T. i. p. 836, ed. Petav.; Hahn, ibid. § 15; Caspari, op. cit. iii. S. 4 f., S. 28-161), and also in a MS. of the Biblioth. Cottoniana, the so-called Psalterium Aethelstani, saec. ix. (Hahn, § 16; Caspari, iii. S. 5 f., S. 161-203). The Latin text is in the Codex Laudianus 35, in the Bodleian Library, belonging to the sixth or seventh century (Caspari, iii. S. 162 f.; Hahn, § 17); also in a MS. in the British Museum, 2 A, xx., of about the eighth century (Swainson, The Nicene and Apostles' Creeds, 1875, p. 161 f.); in the Esplanatio Symboli ad initiandos, attributed to Ambrose or, as the case may be, to Maximus of Turin (A. Mai, Script. Vet. Nova Coll. T. vii. p. 156 f. 1883), B. Brunus, Maximi Tur. Opp. p. 30 f., 1784; Hahn, § 20; Caspari, ii. S. 48 ff., who makes it probable that the treatise came from Ambrose. Against this view Kattenbusch urges some weighty considerations, which, however, do not seem to me conclusive; cf. also in Rufin. Expos. in Symb. Apost. in Opp. Cypr. Append. ed. Fell, p. 17 f. 1682; see Hahn, 14; and also the so-called Florentine Symbol; Caspari, iv. S. 290 ff.; and some statements in the 24th epist. of Leo the Great (Hahn, § 18). [21] See the reconstruction of the text in my treatise upon the old Roman Symbol (Patr. Apost. Opp. 2 edit. 1, 2, 1878), and more especially in Kattenbusch's programme, Beitr. z. Gesch. des altkirchl. Taufsymbols, Giessen, 1892; also his Apost. Symbol. S. 59 ff., where a recension of the Latin text is also given. The best authorities are the Psalterium Aethelstani on the one side, and the Codex Laudianus on the other. [22] On the use of Greek in the Roman Church, cf. Caspari, iii. S. 267-466; upon the liturgical use of the Greek text in the West during the early Middle Ages, cf. ibid. passim, and iii. 466-510. [23] S. 81 ff. [24] Cf. Loofs, I. d. GgA. 1894, S. 675. [25] According to Kattenbusch, Rufinus wrote somewhat earlier than the author of the Explanatio. See also Expos. in Symbol. Apost. Praef. [26] Rufin. l.c. p. 17: "Verum priusquam incipiam de ipsis sermonum virtutibus disputare, illud non importune commonendum puto, quod in diversis ecclesiis aliqua in his verbis inveniuntur adiecta. In ecclesia tamen urbis Romae hoc non deprehenditur factum, quod ego propterea esse arbitror, quod neque haeresis ulla illic sumpsit exordium, et mos ibi servatus antiquus, eos, qui gratiam baptismi suscepturi sunt, publice, id est, fidelium populo audiente, symbolum reddere (see Augustine, Confess. viii. c. 2); et utique adiectionem unius saltem sermonis eorum, qui praecesserunt in fide, non admittit auditus." Ambrose, Ep. 42 ad Siric. P. n. 5 (Opp. T. ii. P. i. p. 1125, ed Migne): Credatur symbolo apostolorum, quod ecclesia Romana intemeratum semper custodit et servat." Ambrose, Explanat. Symb. in Caspari, ii. S. 56, according to a quotation from Rev. 22. 18 ff.: "Si unius apostoli scripturis nihil est detrahendum, nihil addendum, quemadmodum nos symbolo, quod accepimus ab apostolis traditum atque compositum, nihil debemus detrahere, nihil adiungere. Hoc autem est symbolum, quod Romana ecclesia tenet, ubi primus apostolorum Petrus sedit, et communem sententiam eo detulit." [27] Ep. ad Pammach. de errorib. Joannis Hierosol. n. 28 (Opp. T. ii. p. 386, ed. Migne). [28] References in Caspari, ii. S. 108 f. n. 78; cf. iii. S. 94 f.; Hahn, 46, n. 163. [29] Caspari, ii. S. 264 f.; Hahn, § 21. [30] Cf. Celestin's position in the Nestorian controversy. [31] Hahn, § 7. [32] Cf. e.g. Athan. De decretis synodi Nic. c. 26. __________________________________________________________________ III A survey of the provincial and private confessions which remain to us from the Western Church, belonging to the period from the fourth to the sixth (seventh) century, [33] enables us to make six very important observations about them:-- 1. In the choice and arrangement of the single parts they all exhibit the same fundamental type as the shorter Roman symbol. 2. The shorter a Western symbol is, the more closely it approaches the shorter Roman symbol. The shortest symbols of the provincial churches of the West are almost, if not altogether, identical with it. 3. The later a Western symbol is, the more it varies, as a rule in consequence of additions, [34] from the shorter Roman. With the exception of a few expressions, like the anti-modalistic "invisibili et impassibili," added to the "omnipotente," in the first article of the symbol of the church of Aquileia; the plerophoric "huius," as an addition to "carnis," in the third article of the same symbol; the position of "remissionem peccatorum, resurrectionem carnis et vitam aeternam per sanctam ecclesiam" in the Carthaginian Church (this arrangement, however, may be explained otherwise), none of these additions are of a directly polemical nature, but are to be regarded as completions and extensions held to be necessary in the interest of a clear understanding of the Creed. With these may be compared the manifold and various additions to the first article of the old symbol, for example: [35] the formula "natus de Spiritu Sancto ex Virgine Maria," in the symbol of Aquileia and Ravenna; the formula "conceptus de Spiritu Sancto, natus ex Virgine M." in the symbol of Faustus of Rietz; the differentiation of "crucifixus" into "passus . . . crucifixus" in the later symbols; the addition of "catholicam," in the third article in the Spanish and Carthaginian symbols as well as in that of Nicetas; the addition of "vitam aeternam" for example, in Augustine's symbol and in Faustus of Rietz; and so on. The fundamental character of the symbols is not altered by such additions, as they are not of a speculative or dogmatic nature. 4. The majority of the additions which the Western symbols exhibit are of such a character that they may be regarded as intermediate steps between the shorter and longer Roman symbol. This consideration, however, is not so important as the fact that the great provincial churches of the West in the third and fourth centuries, by the additions which they severally made, stamped the symbols with a definite character. Four such types can be readily distinguished, namely, the Italian, the African, the Gallican, which includes the Irish, and the Spanish. [36] As for the Gallican type which is seen in our Apostles' Creed, one of its distinguishing features is that it is characterised by such historical additions as are to be found in the earlier Oriental Rules of Faith or symbols, as the case may be, such as "creator of heaven and earth," "suffered," "died," "descended into hell"; and also the predicate "catholic." The Gallican type in its final form is not in every respect the richest or the longest of the Western symbols; but in so far as its historical contents are concerned, it certainly is so. What gives it its peculiar character is the fact that. with the richest material contents it lacks all those finishing touches or elements of accurate definition which are present in other symbols of provincial churches, such as "invisibilem et impassibilem" in the first article; "omnium creaturarum visibilium et invisibilium conditorem" and "unum," in the first and second; "Deum" in the second; "resurrexit vivus, omnium peccatorum, cum gloria venturus, per baptismum," in the third; "huius carnis, etc." In these important respects the final form of the Gallican type, that is, of our Apostles' Creed, has completely preserved the distinguishing features of the old Roman symbol. It exhibits the same compact and severe style, and nevertheless also preserves all the significant historical features that became attached to the Symbolum Romanum in the course of its career. The Gallican Apostles' Creed also exhibits the same classical elaboration as its Roman predecessor, and like it was regarded as possessing the same ecumenical authority. 5. The less any church was influenced by the church at Rome, the more significant become the progressive variations of its creed from the shorter Roman symbol. The symbols of the Gallican Church are relatively far removed from it. 6. If all the Western symbols be reduced to an archetype, and the differences be disregarded, we arrive without difficulty at the shorter Roman creed. What conclusions are we to draw from these observations? The evidence justifies the assertions (1) that the shorter Roman symbol was the source of all the Western confessions of faith; and (2) that the longer Roman symbol was gradually developed from the other, and as a consequence also preserved the same attributes as originally characterised the shorter symbol. But the process did not take place in Rome. From the first conclusion we may reasonably infer that the shorter Roman symbol must have originated considerably earlier than the middle of the third century. Otherwise how can we explain the fact that all the Western churches originally used the same symbol, and that the African Church, for example, had already developed its own special type, before the year 250, upon the foundation afforded by the old Roman symbol? [37] Accordingly we must refer the Roman symbol to a date at least as early as the year 200, which admits of positive proof from the writings of Tertullian. Moreover, this conclusion is established by a comparison between the shorter Roman symbol and all the Western confessions of faith on the one side, and the provincial and private symbols of the East on the other; and, further, by a comparison of the shorter Roman symbol with the different editions of the Rule of Faith up to the middle of the third century. The Eastern baptismal confessions are distinguished one and all by great flexibility, by freedom in form, and by richness of expression. [38] As the Eastern Church never knew anything of any of the creeds having been composed by the Apostles, it always dealt with them in a much freer spirit, and in its baptismal confession gave expression at one and the same time to its interest in speculative theology and to its horror of every kind of heresy. It was mostly in the East that heresy originated. Thus the Eastern Church often puts dogmatic in the place of historical expressions, omits important passages, largely extends others by additional and preliminary matter, and interpolates anti-Gnostic, anti-Monarchian, anti-Modalistic, anti-Arian, anti-Semiarian, anti-Marcellian, anti-Photinian, anti-Pneumatomachian, anti-Apollinarian, and other observations. "The Oriental symbols frequently exhibit in their separate articles a greater or less freedom of form, whether by inserting dogmatic in place of simple historical expressions or by uniting the two, or by expressing the article in question in a somewhat fuller manner, or, finally, by making one or more additions not of a distinctly anti-heretical character. . . . Further, we often find that they contain whole articles wanting in the Western baptismal confessions. . . . As a general result the Eastern confessions exhibit, some in a higher and some in a less degree, a subjective, reflective and dogmatic character. They wear, moreover, a more or less parti-coloured appearance, and are more or less prolix, diffuse and verbose." Lastly, catechetical instruction in doctrine, which, as is well known, was an accompaniment of the baptismal confession in the East, was much more strongly influenced by dogmatico-polemical theories than in the West. In the Eastern Church the symbol was accordingly in a constant condition of flux and movement. Not until the adoption of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed was this state of things altered, and not even then was it completely altered. The Nicene Creed alone did not do it. From about the year 430 onwards this latter symbol supplanted the others in such parts of the territory of the orthodox Church as lay beyond the imperial jurisdiction. From that time the Byzantine Church became the home of severe conservatism in regard to the Creed, as up to the present day it has clung, persistently and exclusively, to the Nicene Creed. This state of things, which lasted in the East up to the middle of the fifth century, renders it difficult to describe the general characteristics of the Eastern symbols in their universality, and to reduce them to any fundamental type. Yet this much may be said: (1) That a considerable number of Eastern symbols--not all, [39] but certainly those of Syria and Palestine--are based on the same type; [40] (2) that in its range and the disposition of its articles this type exhibits an affinity with the shorter Roman symbol, but also the following variations from it: [41] 1. pisteuomen is almost always used, and in many symbols it is repeated with each article. 2. In the first and second article hena is added to theon and to kurion. 3. In the first article, God is designated as the Creator of all things, that is, of Heaven and Earth. 4. The position of the words in the beginning of the second article is as follows: kai eis hena (ton) kurion Ies. Chr. ton huion autou ton monogene In the Western symbol the words Chr. Ies. stand first; ton huion autou ton monogene follow, and only after them comes ton kurion. This order is almost everywhere preserved, and hemon is added to kurion. 5. Frequently "ek spermatos Dabid," or something similar, is added to the phrase gennethenta ktl. 6. In the East the separate clauses of the second article are run together, polysyndetically; in the West, asyndetically; there, the affirmations regarding Christ take the form of sentences placed in juxtaposition; here, of relative sentences. 7. The article ton epi Pontiou Pmlatou staurothenta kai taphenta is almost entirely lacking; here and there it appears in a modified form. 8. The words te trite hemera are placed after anastanta. 9. Instead of anabanta, anelthonta or analephthenta is used. 10. The article concerning the "coming again," is co-ordinated with the preceding. 11. Meta doxes or endoxos is added to palin erchomenon. 12. In the third article the reading is to pneuma to hagion, or t. ha. p. to prophetikon or something similar is often added. 13. ekklesia has the predicate katholike after the other predicate hagia. Where the former appears in the later Western symbols, it stands after "Ecclesiam." 14. Baptism is frequently mentioned in the third article. 15. The words zoen aionion are found almost everywhere. All these characteristics, however, attach to a set of symbols dependent on the symbol of Nicaea, or, as the case may be, on that on which it was based (the symbol which Eusebius laid before the Council at Nicaea, usually called the Caesarean); also on Lucian's. This symbol, therefore, is not older than the beginning of the fourth century. The assertion would, of course, be open to challenge if the symbol produced by Eusebius were the baptismal confession of the Church of Caesarea. [42] But the connexion in which Eusebius communicates the symbol in his letter to his community makes it anything but probable that it is the symbol or baptismal confession of that place. It ought, rather, to be regarded as a symbol which Eusebius had constructed expressly for the existing situation, [43] not, of course, ab ovo but according to the formulas familiar at Antioch or, as the case may be, in the schools of Origen and Lucian. [44] That the congregation at Caesarea in the course of its instruction heard the faith which Eusebius here formulated is certain; but whether, over and above the baptismal confession, it possessed a definite creed consisting of three divisions is very questionable. Any such contention is strongly rebutted by the fact that in Eusebius' formula the third article simply consists of pisteuomen kai eis hen pneuma hagion. The assumption that Eusebius made any omission from the church confession is a very dangerous one to make. There is also the fact that a long-winded sentence follows, [45] ending in the general order to baptize. Eusebius regards this as belonging to the confession of faith as much as what preceded it: touton hekaston einai kai huparchein pisteuontes, patera alethos patera kai huion alethos huion kai pneuma hagion alethos pneuma hagion, kathos ho kurios hemon apostellon eis to kerugma tous heautou mathetas eipe; poreuthentes matheteusate panta ta ethne, baptizontes autous eis to onoma tou patros ktl. This is evidently the reason why Eusebius as well as Lucian went on to the baptismal confession and repeated it in extenso; he felt the necessity of presenting his new formula as a paraphrase of the formula known to the community. But if the Caesarean symbol is not one framed for a particular community, then we know absolutely nothing of any definite, detailed, ancient communal symbols in the East of any date preceding the Nicene Creed. This negative conclusion is confirmed by four considerations: (1) by the curious symbol of Gregory Thaumaturgus, [46] and the equally curious one of Aphraates. [47] The argument seems to me unassailable that, where such "symbols" as these can be constructed, there is as yet no communal symbol, such as the Roman, in existence; and Gregory knew the Eastern Church from Pontus to Egypt. (2) By the free and easy way in which the symbols were formed and also accepted in the East. With pain and astonishment we see this process going on in the fourth and down to the middle of the fifth century. If any old symbols had been in existence, which had come down from previous generations, how could this state of chaotic confusion and lack of reverence in the formation and acceptance of creeds in the East be explained? (3) By the above-mentioned typical similarity of structure exhibited in the Eastern symbols of the fourth century, where the type of the Lucian-Eusebean-Nicene creed is almost the only one which emerges. (4) By the uncertainty about the third article which prevailed in the East up to the middle of the fourth century. Even as late as the first Antiochian formula of the year 341 it runs as follows: ei de dei prostheinai pisteuomen kai peri sarkos anastaseos k. zoes aioniou. In connexion with this last point I may observe that the construction of the old Roman symbol is perfectly clear. It is based on the baptismal formula with its three divisions. The first division is defined by the words, "God Almighty"; the second is characterised by the phrases "Only Begotten Son" and "Our Lord," as well as by the historical account which it gives; the third is conceived of as a gift, and hence three further blessings are associated with it, which together express the content of the salvation which faith brings. Of the thirty Eastern confessions of faith from the fourth century which come into question more than two-thirds contain either no third article at all or else only a bare confession of belief in the Holy Ghost. Putting aside the symbols derived from the Nicene-Constantinopolitan, [48] and also the obviously abridged symbols mentioned by Hahn, §§ 71, 72, [49] we find that the only symbol containing the third article in a complete form, or the more than complete form which mentions Baptism, is that in the seventh book of the Apostolic Constitutions, in the symbol handed by Arius to the Emperor, in that of Cyril of Jerusalem, in the symbol of Salamis (which developed into the Constantinopolitan), and in the longer symbol of Epiphanius. [50] These five symbols evidently go back to one common root, which is most visible in Cyril's form, although it certainly does not easily lend itself to reconstruction. But in the close affinity which it exhibits with the old Roman symbol this very symbol takes precedence of all the rest. The relationship is so close that Cyril's symbol can only be the daughter or the sister of the Roman one. That it can have been the mother is out of the question, as the Roman symbol undoubtedly reveals an older and simpler form. Hitherto there has been no reason for regarding it as even a sister, for the date of this set of Palestino-Syrian symbols is not earlier than the beginning of the fourth century, whilst we can certainly place the old Roman symbol a century earlier. Now, as regards the more than twenty Eastern symbols which possess only a rudimentary third article or none at all, it is clear from the way in which christological attributes are accumulated, even in the oldest of them, that we are dealing with symbols of late origin. Still, however, the formula theos pater pantokrator, and the structure of the christological section, unmistakably exhibit a certain affinity with the Roman symbol. Moreover they almost all possess, in common with the former group, additions to the first article, as well as the hena in the first and second. Finally, there is a certain grammatical and literary character common to them all. Hence the simplest solution of the problem presented by the relation between the Eastern confessions of faith of the fourth century and the old Roman symbol, is to say that, whilst there was no established baptismal confession of faith in the East in the third century, there was, however, an old, flexible "christological rule," and also old, ceremonial or polemical formulas of belief in One God the Creator, and in His Only Son Christ. Apart from the singular confession of Gregory Thaumaturgus, the venturesome character of which is apparent in the very extravagances of the legend connected with it, we may say that it was towards the end of the third century, probably in the school of Lucian, at all events at some point in Syria-Palestine, that the formation of symbols began in the East, where men--first, it seems, in theological circles--had come to know and value the Roman symbol. At the period of the struggles with Paul of Samosata other features of the Roman Church also came to be appreciated. The direct and full acceptance of the Roman symbol was, however, hindered by (1) the circumstance that the christological section of the Roman symbol came into conflict with a christological type already established; (2) by the desire to give fuller expression to the "higher christology" in the creed. It was not until the time of the Arian controversy that fixed symbols in the East began to be formed. The type [51] that was apparently, at least, the most frequent up to the year 381, was that with the short third article (in "the," or, as the case might be, the "One," "Holy Ghost"; or also, in some instances, with additions such as "Who spake by the Prophets"); whilst the type which, in the third article, is in essential agreement with the old Roman symbol came to the front in the Jerusalem-Salamis symbol, and in that contained in the seventh book of the Apostolic Constitutions, [52] and then gradually gained the supremacy through the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed. The question may be asked whether this conclusion is not upset by an examination of the Rules of Faith, and the fragments of those rules and formula-like sentences with which we are familiar as belonging to the Eastern half of the Church from the middle of the first to the middle of the third century. This is the opinion entertained by Caspari, Zahn, Loofs, and many others, and formerly I, too, shared it. The idea is that we must take an Eastern symbol or, to be more precise, a symbol from Asia Minor, and relate the old Roman symbol to it as daughter or sister. The assumption rests principally if not exclusively oft what we find in Clement of Alexandria, Irenaeus, Justin and Ignatius. The opponents of this view argue briefly as follows:--"The writings of Justin, who was baptized in Ephesus about the year 130, show us that he assumes the existence of a symbol which on the one hand much resembles the old Roman, and on the other is most characteristically distinguished from it. These distinguishing marks also appear in the majority of the later Eastern symbols (Iesous Christos not Ch. I.; staurotheis epi P. P. not epi P. P st.; apothanonta; palin meta doxes etc.); further, they are also to be found in the formulas of Irenaeus, who employs others as well as hena, poieten ouranou kai ges, and in certain peculiarities of style which may also be shown to exist in Eastern symbols of the fourth century. Some of these can be traced back as far as Ignatius, nay, even to the Epistles of St. Paul, or, in fact, to the New Testament in general. Finally, it follows from what Clement says that in his time there existed a formal and fixed baptismal confession in Alexandria. In the East, then, there existed in the second century a fixed symbol, or, rather, many symbols, related to the Roman symbol, but independent of it. The history of Eastern symbols may therefore be traced well into the second century, and this history, accordingly, though latent in the third century, was still existent. The Roman symbol at best is contemporaneous with the Asiatic or Syrian; more probably it is later; and this Asiatic or Syrian symbol leaves it free to the critic to assign it to the years 120-130, 100-120, or 70-100." Such is the argument. Against it four considerations may be urged: (1) The fact that single sentences seem to be echoes of the symbol or tally with it offers no guarantee that they themselves derive from one symbol. Before any symbol existed God was pantokrator; Jesus Christ was called "the Only Begotten Son, our Lord"; he was proclaimed as "born of the Holy Ghost of the Virgin Mary," as having suffered under Pontius Pilate, and as coming to judge the quick and the dead. (2) Formula-like sentences, if not obviously a part of the baptismal formula, need not necessarily have originated in a baptismal confession, even though they be identical with the sentences of that confession. The oldest tradition gave a fixed or, as the case may be, a more fixed shape to "The Faith," not only in the form of a baptismal confession and for the purposes of baptism, but also in (a) liturgical sentences, (b) formulas of exorcism, (c) precepts concerning faith and morals, and (d) historical summaries, and that, too, with a view to the most diverse objects (instruction, apologetics, polemics, religious worship). As illustrating (a) we may take the prayers in the Didaché; (b) statements in Justin and others; (c) Hermas, Mand. 1 and Didaché 1-6; (d) 1 Cor. xv. 1 ff., Mark xvi. 9 ff. The words of John xvii. 3 hina ginoskosi se ton monon alethinon theon kai hon apesteilas I. Chr. were in the middle of the second century as much a formula of faith as Hermas, Mand. 1 proton panton pisteuson, hoti heis estin theos ktl., yet they have nothing to do with the baptismal formula. Such passages as Ephes. iv. 9 furnished themes for homiletical discourses; formulas were also set up which led from the confession of the One God to the chief practical commandments; of these some fine and powerful examples are found in Mand. 1 ff. and Didaché 1 ff. Finally, the preaching of Christ is not unfrequently attached, on the foundation of numerous Pauline passages, to a confession of belief in the One God, without any mention of the Holy Spirit, of the Church, or of Christian blessings. (3) In particular, the preaching of Christ, apart from the detailed form which it received in the Gospels, [53] also underwent various longer or shorter epitomisations, [54] which took a fixed form without being placed in a Trinitarian framework. These epitomisations proceeded on various plans: (a) the mere chronicle, (b) the chronicle with proofs attached, (c) the plan of fulfilled prophecy, (d) the plan kata sarka kata pneuma, (e) the plan of the first and second coming, (f) the plan katabas--anabas. All these plans, in part united with one another, issued in affirmations of a character relatively fixed, even if capable of being modified. (4) Out of the great number of predicates attached to God, Christ, and the Spirit, some which were in general use very soon came to the front, apart from the detailed Trinitarian confession. Those chiefly used in connexion with God are, heis, pantokrator, pater, despotes and Creator, with additions; with Christ, ho huios tou theou, ho kurios, soter, didaskalos, monogenes, heis, logos; with the Holy Ghost agios, prophetikos. In the same way, out of the great number of blessings which the Christian faith affords, some are named with especial frequency, such as aphesis hamartion (with or without mention of baptism), zoe (aionios), anastasis (with or without tes sarkos), gnosis, aphtharsia, etc. Everything thus variously produced was regarded as "the Faith," "the Rule of Faith," "Kerugma" (or "Proclamation"), "Truth," "Rule of Truth," mathema, paradosis, taradotheis logos, didache, etc. A consideration of the facts contained in the foregoing, the truth of which no scholar will question, must make us very cautious in arguing from formula-like confessional sentences to a formulated baptismal confession in three parts. Caution of this kind seems to be everywhere wanting at the present time, as is seen, for example, in Zahn's treatise on the Apostles' Creed (1893) and in the way in which it has been received by the most distinguished students in this branch of learning. No one has a right to claim a particular proposition, which forms no part of any creed framed on the Trinitarian plan, as part of a fixed baptismal confession, unless he is in a position to offer very strong evidence for his contention. What is the net result of the "testimony" of Ignatius, Justin, Irenaeus, and Clement of Alexandria? (1) We find that Ignatius has freely reproduced a "kerugma" of Christ which seems, in essentials, to be of a fairly definite historical character and which contained, inter alia, the Virgin Birth, Pontius Pilate and the apethanen. There is no trace of any evidence, however, that it was part of any creed based on the Trinitarian plan. (2) As to Justin we find (a) that he knew of a definite christological "kerugma," and used it again and again; this was closely related to the second article of the Roman symbol, although quite independent of it, and it even exhibits many of the characteristic peculiarities of the later Eastern symbols; (b) that with him this "kerugma" forms no part of any baptismal symbol, that is to say, is not a formal second article; (c) that with him the baptismal formula was not developed into a symbol at all, except that the three Persons were described as follows: ho pater ton holon kai despotes theos, Iesous Christos ho staurotheis epi Pontiou Pilatou, to pneuma hagion ho dia ton propheton proekeruxe ta kata ton Iesoun panta, or, simply, to prophetikon any such description, however, in the baptismal formula itself, is improbable; (d) that it is extremely likely that the christological "kerugma" above indicated was formally stated as fulfilled prophecy, that is to say, stood as part of a plan as follows: "The Holy Ghost prophesied etc."; but we can go no farther in this direction than the assumption that Justin knew of a "kerugma"; that after the mention of pater ton holon kai despotes, and Jesus Christ, a "kerugma" of Christ, in the form of fulfilled prophecy or, as the case may be, in the form of a belief in the prophetic spirit, was added. But the contention that this mathema was a baptismal confession, or, as the case may be, claimed to be a developed baptismal formula, and that it existed in a crystallised form at all, is unsupported by any evidence. (3) As regards Irenaeus, (a) as I have shown in the first article against Zahn in the Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche, Bd. iv. S. 149 ff., we must be very cautious in drawing conclusions from his "testimonies on behalf of the baptismal confession"; a very small portion of the material which I collected from Irenaeus in the treatise on the old Roman symbol [55] is sufficient to determine the "symbol" which he employed; (b) according to Irenaeus i. 9, 4 baptism bestows the kanon tes aletheias; this canon he himself communicates in i. 10, 1. The form in which he here produces it, supplemented by the watchwords of his theology, and given in other places with fragmentary variations, shows that he is compiling it independently out of a large number of fixed confessional formulas of the Church. Among these may be distinguished: i. The expanded formula of Hermas. [56] 2. The formula heis theos pantokrator united with Johannine expressions or, as the case may be, with pepoiekos t. ouranon k. t. gen k. t. thalassas kai panta t. en autois, or heis monogenes Iesous Christos. 3. A christological formula of confession (in an historical form), showing a close relation to the old Roman symbol, but a still closer one to Justin's. 4. The theos pater pantokrator of the Roman symbol. 5. A formula of confession which to the confession of belief in the One God and One Christ Jesus joined a confession of belief in the Holy Spirit, and incorporated with this confession the history of Christ as fulfilled prophecy. As we were enabled to make a similar conjecture in Justin's case, so it is probable that not only in Irenaeus' time but also in Justin's a confessional formula existed in the East containing something like the following:--he eis hena theon pantokratora (or eis ton patera ton holon kai despoten theon) pisstis kai eis hena Iesoun Christon ton huion tou theou, ton sarkothenta huper hemon (or huper tes hemeteras soterias) kai eis pneuma hagion, to dia ton propheton kekeruchos tas oikonomias, ten ek parthenou gennesin ktl. From this formula, which Irenaeus made the foundation of his kanon tes aletheias, the historico-christological formula of confession containing the sentences about the birth, suffering under Pontius Pilate, burial, resurrection, and coming again in glory (in finite verb or, as the case may be, participle) is perhaps, or even probably, to be distinguished. Parallels are also to be found for this formula in Justin and Ignatius or, as the case may be, in 1 Cor. xv. This is as far as the material hitherto discovered will allow us to go on this subject. That Irenaeus assumed the existence of a symbol, or, in other words, that the formulas (plans) indicated above were in existence in their crystallised form, not only cannot be demonstrated but is entirely improbable. Irenaeus' whole line of argument must have issued in a different conclusion had there existed in a fixed form, recognised in his community, what is necessary for his demonstration, that "Multa," that is to say, many familiar formulas and short statements of faith, existed, but no "Multum," that is to say, that there was no symbol. There is nothing in the objection that Tertullian proceeds in a similar way, and that he certainly assumes the Roman symbol to be already known. Tertullian's references to a symbol are incomparably clearer. [57] But that he had to serve up to his readers as Apostolic tradition the quid pro quo, that is to say, formulas constructed ad hoc, followed from the fact that the text of the Roman symbol was insufficient for the theological and anti-Gnostic objects which he had in view. We may, however, ask whether the Irenaeus of Asia Minor and Gaul had ever heard of the Roman symbol. In view of the distinct formula theos pater pantokrator, and the way in which he uses the Roman community as evidence in his argument for tradition, I am disposed to assume that he had. Lastly, as regards Clement of Alexandria, there is a still unsettled controversy as to whether he does not in one place assume the existence of a fixed symbol in that city. Even if this be so--it seems to me still extremely doubtful--there is no art which can discover how this symbol ran. It may have been something entirely different from what we call a symbol. Therefore we may leave it out of account. That there existed in Asia Minor, or in Syria, or, in short, in the East before the beginning of the third century, symbols used as baptismal confessions which were based upon the baptismal formula, gave the second article in the form of an historical account, and summarised in the third the blessings which faith receives, cannot be shown. To prove the existence in the East at all, in the earliest period, of any fixed crystallised confession, and therefore of a primitive Eastern symbol closely related to the old Roman one, but still independent of it, is impossible. Not only can the existence of any such primitive symbol not be proved, but it is quite improbable, as the history of the Eastern Church shows in the third century by its silence, and in the fourth by what it says. Nevertheless the result of our investigations is not merely negative. On the contrary, we can agree that those who defend the existence of a primitive typical Eastern symbol are, up to a certain point, right. There did actually exist in the East (in Asia Minor or, as the case may be, Asia Minor and Syria), as early as the beginning of the second century, inter alia a christological mathema, which is most intimately related to the second article of the Roman creed, and which, as regards the formulas and details peculiar to it, made its way into the Eastern symbols of the fourth century. There existed, further, formulas referring to One God, the Creator of Heaven and Earth, and to His Incarnate Son, which also made their way, and exerted an influence on the whole process of forming symbols, including many modifications of the Roman symbols in the West. The exclusively theological tenor of the Eastern symbols in the second article may be traced to the primitive sarkothenta. Finally, there existed a formula which asserted of the holy prophetic Spirit the facts which it proclaimed in regard to Christ. Apart from these leading formulas the words "descensus" and "catholica" point to the East. But nevertheless the great feat of having formed the symbol, and of therewith laying the foundation of all ecclesiastical symbols, remains the glory of the community at Rome. When did this happen? We have traced the old Roman symbol to the time of Tertullian. It is this symbol that he means when he writes de praescr. haer. 36: "Si autem Italiae adjaces, habes Romam, unde nobis quoque auctoritas praesto est . . . videamus quid didicerit, quid docuerit, cum Africanis quoque ecclesiis contesserarit. Unum deum dominum novit, creatorem universitatis, et Christum Jesum ex Virgine Maria filium dei creatoris et carnis resurrectionem . . . et ita adversus hanc institutionem neminem recipit." This symbol we unhesitatingly trace back to about the middle of the second century. Had a symbol been established in Rome at the time of the fierce struggle with Gnosticism and Marcionism (about 145-190), it would have taken a different form; on the other hand, to go back too far beyond the middle of the second century is unwise. There are a great many things in the Shepherd of Hermas, both as a whole and in its several parts, which would be difficult to explain if the Roman symbol had been familiar to the writer. Justin shows us that about the middle of the second century the distinction between ek and dia Marias had not yet been effected. The omission of Jesus' baptism by John, and also of the Johannine expression huios monogenes, the omission of the chiliastic hopes, and the sharp distinction between anastanta, anabanta and kathemenon, are facts to be seriously weighed. In addition, the expression theos pater pantokrator has no history behind it, and it gradually displaced an older expression heis theos pantokrator. This I have already shown in the Zeitschrift für Theologie and Kirche, [58] in which I refuted Zahn's hypothesis that the old Roman symbol originally began with the words pisteuo heis hena theon pantokratora. The old Roman symbol always ran as it now runs, but the text of its first article must have made its way in opposition to an older and very wide-spread form of the confession of God as the Creator. To Hermas the formula theos pater pantokrator is as yet unknown. This also makes it probable that the symbol originated about the middle of the second century or shortly before. The text, too, of the Eastern christological mathema, which was presumably known to the author of the old Roman symbol, is, if it contains Jesus' Baptism by John and does not mention the Ascension, older than the Roman symbol, just as the pathonta, apothanonta, as well as palin and en doxe, can be put a long way back. Finally, if we examine the Roman symbol clause by clause, the following facts are established: (1) The symbol itself is the oldest witness for the formula theos pater pantokrator, which gradually superseded an older form. (2) huios ho monogenes is Johannine. (3) The oldest and frequently recurring formula for the Virgin birth always runs gennethenta ek Marias tes parthenou. The addition of ek pneumatos hagiou in the "kerugmatic" sentences is relatively late, and presumably comes from the Gospels. (4) The taphenta there is in like manner late. (5) The addition of te trite hemera to anastanta. Both come from the First Epistle to the Corinthians. (6) The special prominence given to anabanta between anastanta and kathemenon is also relatively late, and shows a desire for completeness which is best explained by the high regard felt for the only existing account. [59] (7) The enumeration of the blessings of salvation, as given in the third article, cannot be understood apart from the Pauline Epistles, but it lends a precision to what was taken from those Epistles by the particular prominence given to the Resurrection as a Resurrection of the body. The fact that in the Roman symbol older and shorter "kerugmatic" sentences were somewhat further developed under the influence of the New Testament writings, and particularly under that of John, the Synoptists, Paul, and probably the Acts of the Apostles, makes it unwise to trace the composition of the symbol backwards beyond the middle of the second century. To sum up: the symbol originated in Rome about the middle of the second century. It was based upon the baptismal formula and on confessional formulas of a summarising character (such as we can identify from the New Testament and from Ignatius, Justin, and Irenaeus), which had been generally handed down, including Eastern formulas (Asia Minor, Syria), as also largely under the influence of the New Testament writings. Among these confessional formulas the most important was a christological mathema of fairly fixed form, yet capable of being added to and modified. Its main outlines, I presume, are recognisable. In Rome itself the Roman symbol was never altered. It made its way into the Western provinces from the end of the second century onwards, without raising any claim to have been, in the strictest sense, composed by the Apostles. That is why it underwent different modifications in those provinces. (In Rome it was not until some time between 250 and 350 onwards that it was designated as Apostolic in the strict sense of the term.) Amongst these modifications, those became historically the most important which derive from the primitive confessional formulas of the East or, as the case may be, the mathema, namely, "creator of heaven and earth," "suffered," "died," "descended into hell," "eternal life," besides the "catholica"--these are just the modifications traceable in the Gallic symbols which issue in our Apostles' Creed--in addition, the "conceptus," which is obscure in its origin and otherwise of little importance, and, most perplexing of all, the "communio sanctorum." In this connexion may rightly be borne in mind the particularly close relations existing between Southern Gaul and the East. But an historical circumstance of very special importance seems also to have played a part. Hitherto I have said nothing about the Symbol of Nicetas. [60] Morin [61] has made it very probable that Nicetas means the Nicetas of Remesiana in Dacia, the friend of Paulinus of Nola. [62] The symbol which he adduces can unhappily be no longer reconstructed in detail from his Explanatio; but so much is certain, that it is closely related to the old Roman symbol. What is much more interesting, however, is the fact that throughout (partly word by word) he explains it by the catechising activity of Cyril of Jerusalem, and in this connexion brings in the sentence "Ergo in hac una ecclesia crede to communionem consecuturum esse sanctorum." Whether the catchwords belong to Nicetas' symbol is very questionable (to me improbable); but in any case, so far as their origin is concerned, their presence there could be explained by reference to Cyril's words. As there is a certain relationship between Nicetas' symbol and the Gallican (we may ask whether his symbol was not even influenced by Cyril's), and as connexions between Gaul and Pannonia are not lacking, the possibility presents itself--more than this I will not say at present--of conceiving the Gallican symbol, with the clause "communio sanctorum," that is to say, our Apostles' Creed, as having arisen about the year 500 under the indirect influence of Cyril's catechising (carried on throughout the Remesiana in Pannonia and Aquileia). Loofs [63] and I [64] have indicated this possibility independently of each other. At all events a piece of ecclesiastical "ecumenicity" adheres to a part of the additions which distinguish our Apostles' Creed from the old Roman symbol. If "communio sanctorum" is not to be traced to Cyril, but to be regarded, rather, as a product of chance, it must be understood in Augustine's sense (i.e., the Church as the community of the Saints), or, with Faustus of Rietz, as a fellowship with the martyrs and specially holy men. Zahn [65] has recently suggested another derivation, namely, that "communio sanctorum" is equivalent to ten koinonian ton hagion, the latter meaning "sacramenta." Sub judice lis est." That the Roman Church after the beginning of the sixth century gradually let itself be separated from and finally robbed of the symbol which it had previously guarded so faithfully, is a striking phenomenon which has not yet had its causes clearly explained. Meanwhile, however, Caspari [66] has made some very important contributions towards a solution of the problem. The most critical fact that it was not in the first instance the longer (Gallican) daughter edition (our Apostles' Creed) which displaced the mother symbol but the Nicene-Constantinopolitan, which from the beginning of the sixth century first took the place of the shorter one in Rome in the Traditio and Redditio symboli, while in the baptismal interrogation the old Roman still remained in use. The displacement of the old Roman symbol by the Constantinopolitan becomes very intelligible, as soon as we consider the conditions of the time. From the end of the fifth century, under the dominion of Odoacer and the Ostrogoths, Arianism had impinged upon the Roman Church, and had become a danger to it. By way of counteracting it the Roman Church will have resolved to give up its ancient practice, so as in its very baptismal formula to express its disavowal of Arianism. When three centuries later the church returned to a shorter symbol, the old Roman one had already retreated into the background, and the new Roman symbol, which was, in fact, the Gallican, the Apostles' Creed, possessed the recommendation of having a series of elaborations which were wanting in the earlier one, and which now seemed indispensable. But we may probably also assume--direct information we have, of course, none--that the Roman Church would have difficulties about accepting the Frankish symbol as a baptismal one, had it not been recognised as an old acquaintance. It is, moreover, very probable that there was still enough historical tradition present in Rome to allow of the Frankish confession reminding people of one that was old and once highly honoured. The differences were overlooked or else not regarded as considerable. Thus the legend which had encircled the old symbol with a halo of glory awoke again around the new one, and again and for a long time became a power in the Church. Not until the age of the Renaissance and the Reformation was it exploded. __________________________________________________________________ [33] Hahn, §§ 20-45; Caspari, Bd. ii. and iii. The fullest appreciation, however, is in Kattenbusch, S. 59-215, and in the addenda, S. 392 ff. The number of symbols found is very great, and is still increasing. We know of six Italian (besides Rome, we have symbols from Milan, Turin, Ravenna, Aquileia, and possibly also Florence), African (but none from Sardinia, for the very important one of the date 340-360, which Caspari has discussed [ii. S. 128 f.], can scarcely be attributed to that country; see Kattenbusch, S. 202 f.). There are also Spanish, Gallican (South Gallican and Frankish, also one from Treves), and Irish. [34] Hardly ever by omissions; on the symbol of Venantius Fortunatus, printed in Hahn, § 27, see Kattenbusch, S. 130 ff. The question of alleged omissions in the Western symbols may be put aside in view of the uncertainty of the tradition. [35] Hahn, § 42. [36] Kattenbusch, S. 189 ff., 194 ff. makes no distinction between the last two, and recognises only one type in Western Europe; but this view is not correct. [37] Cyprian, Hahn, §§ 28, 29. [38] See Hahn, op. cit. pp. 61 ff., pp. 183 ff.; Caspari, op. cit. ii. S. 112 ff., iii. S. 46 f.; Swainson, op. cit. p. 60; Hort, Two Dissertations, ii., On the Constantinopolitan Creed and other Eastern Creeds of the Fourth Century, 1876, p. 73; and, above all, Kattenbusch, S. 216 ff. [39] See, e.g., the symbol of Gregory Thaumaturgus, Hahn, § 114. [40] But, as Kattenbusch has proved, and as I previously maintained in my answer to Cremer's polemic (Leipzig, 1892, S. 9 ff.), there is no universal, independent Eastern type of the baptismal symbol. [41] Caspari, ii. S. 44-88. [42] As Hort and Loofs, S. 673, maintain. Both assume that the third article is abridged. [43] This may be inferred from the predicates applied to Christ: the series beginning with ton tou theou logon is evidently made for the situation. [44] See his symbol. [45] Cp. Lucian's symbol. [46] Hahn, § 114. [47] Kattenbusch, S. 249. [48] To which those mentioned by Hahn, §§ 68, 69, 70, belong. [49] As against Kattenbusch, i. S. 330. [50] Hahn, § 68. [51] Lucian, Eusebius, Arius, § 117, the Nicene, the whole of the Antiochian and Sirmian symbols, etc. [52] How old this symbol may be is a question. [53] Luke i. 4. [54] See the above-mentioned fragments 1 Cor. xv. and Mark xvi. 9. [55] Patr. App. Opp. edit. 2, T. i. 2, pp. 123 ff. [56] Mand. 1. [57] See the evidence adduced in my above-mentioned treatise, and Kattenbusch, i. pp. 141 ff. [58] Bd. iv. S. 130 ff. [59] Acts i. [60] Caspari, Anecdota, S. 341 ff.; Kattenbusch, i. pp. 108 ff.; Hahn, § 25. [61] Rev. bénédict. Tom. xi. Febr. [62] His date is the beginning of the fifth century. [63] Loofs, S. 677. [64] Theologische Literaturzeitung, 1894, Kol. 582. [65] Op. cit. pp. 82 ff. [66] Op. cit. ii. S. 114 f., iii. S. 201 f., 230 f. __________________________________________________________________ IV In interpreting the Apostles' Creed historically the foregoing observations supply us with the rule that those portions of it which were already a part of the old Roman confession are to be explained from the theology of the later Apostolic and post-Apostolic ages, not simply, as some claim, from the New Testament. This explanation must take note of the fact that the symbol is an elaborated baptismal formula, [67] and therefore it must not be regarded in its ancient form as in any way an expression of intra-church polemics, but rather as a Christian confession, framed with the object of giving instruction in Christianity, as distinguished from Judaism and Heathenism. [68] In the course of history, the theological explanation of the symbol naturally keeps pace, in the main, with the general development of dogmatics and theology. But the distinction between theological rules of faith and a confession serving for Christian instruction is always clear to Western consciousness, and is characteristically reflected in the Explanationes Symboli. As regards the phrases which we find in the Apostles' Creed but not in the old Roman one, we must ascertain when, where, and under what conditions they first appeared. Of most of them it may be said that they are a natural elaboration of the old symbol, that they do not alter its character, that they contain only the common faith of the Church, even of the Church of the second century, and that at the end of the second century they were also known to the churches of the West, even though they had not yet found a stable place in any of the provincial symbols. [69] Two only of the additions made cannot be so regarded; these are the phrases "descendit ad inferna" in the second article, and "sanctorum communionem" in the third. "Catholicam" is in a different case. [70] The first phrase appears in the West at the earliest in the symbol of Aquileia as given by Rufinus. [71] The second has been discussed above. At all events. the first is so far in a better position in that there is a clear tradition supporting it, which goes back far into the second century. In Marcion' s time the "descensus ad inferos" formed a part of the church teaching. [72] I am therefore disposed to believe that what led to the acceptance of this part of the creed was less any anti-Apollinarian interest, or any definite theory as to the condition of the souls in the kingdom of the dead, than the endeavour to give as complete an account as possible of the history of Christ' s passion and his glory. The oldest interpreters make "descendit" equivalent to "sepultus." Nevertheless, even from the point of view of comparative criticism, both additions will, on account of their dubious meaning, be allowed to be failures. Even in modern times they are explained quite differently by different parties in the Church. [73] Printed by R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, Edinburgh. __________________________________________________________________ [67] "Amplius aliquid respondentes, quam dominus in evangelio determinavit" (Tertul. De coron. mil. 3). [68] Upon the use of the symbol as the foundation of catechetical instruction, cp. Zerschwitz, Katechetik, ii. i. S. 73-139. See also the work on the Disciplina Arcani. [69] Zerschwitz, op. cit. 116 f. [70] Ibid. 118 f.; Caspari, iii. S. 149 f. On the substitution of the predicate "Catholic" for "Christian," which already appears in the pre-Reformation symbols, see Zerschwitz, p. 127. [71] Cp. the fourth Sirmian formula in Hahn, § 93. [72] Caspari, iii. S. 206 f.; Zerschwitz, S. 117 f., 119 f., 125 f. [73] On the principal Articles of Faith in the Middle Ages and in the Reformation churches, see Zerschwitz, p. 129 f. On the various attempts from Calixtus and Lessing down to Grundvig and his followers to enhance the authority of the Apostles' Creed and raise it to a position side by side with, nay, above, the New Testament, whether in a syncretistic, eirenic, antibiblical, or conservative-catholic interest, cp. the literature cited ibid. p. 77 f., and in Kattenbusch, op. cit. i. pp. 1 ff. The latter gives a detailed survey of the entire literature of the subject. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Indexes __________________________________________________________________ Index of Scripture References Mark [1]16:9 [2]16:9 Luke [3]1:4 John [4]17:3 Acts [5]1:1-26 1 Corinthians [6]15:1 [7]15:1 [8]15:1-58 Ephesians [9]4:9 Revelation [10]22:18 __________________________________________________________________ Index of Greek Words and Phrases * staurotheis epi P. P.: [11]1 * Meta doxes: [12]1 * Pisteuo eis theon patera pantokratora kai eis Christon Iesoun (ton) huion autou ton monogene, ton kurion hemon, ton gennethenta ek pneumatos hagiou kai Marias tes parthenou, ton epi Pontion Pilatou staurothenta kai taphenta, te trite hemera; anastanta ek (ton) nekron, anabanta eis tous ouranous, kathemenon en dexia tou patros hothen erchetai krinai zontas kai nekrous, kai eis pneuma hagion, hagian ekklesian, aphesin hamartion, sarkos anastasin.: [13]1 * Ch. I.: [14]1 * Chr. Ies.: [15]1 * b: [16]1 [17]2 * gennethenta ktl: [18]1 * gennethenta ek Marias tes parthenou: [19]1 * gnosis, aphtharsia: [20]1 * dia Marias: [21]1 * ei de dei prostheinai pisteuomen kai peri sarkos anastaseos k. zoes aioniou.: [22]1 * heis monogenes Iesous Christos: [23]1 * heis theos pantokrator: [24]1 [25]2 * heis, pantokrator, pater, despotes: [26]1 * zoen aionion: [27]1 * zoe (aionios), anastasis: [28]1 * theos pater pantokrator: [29]1 [30]2 [31]3 [32]4 [33]5 [34]6 * theon: [35]1 * katholike: [36]1 * kathemenon: [37]1 [38]2 * kanon tes aletheias: [39]1 * kanon tes aletheias: [40]1 * katabas--anabas: [41]1 * kata sarka kata pneuma: [42]1 * kai eis hena (ton) kurion Ies. Chr. ton huion autou ton monogene: [43]1 * kurion: [44]1 [45]2 * mathema: [46]1 [47]2 [48]3 [49]4 [50]5 * mathema, paradosis, taradotheis logos, didache: [51]1 * pathonta, apothanonta: [52]1 * pantokrator: [53]1 * pater ton holon kai despotes: [54]1 * pepoiekos t. ouranon k. t. gen k. t. thalassas kai panta t. en autois,: [55]1 * pisteuomen: [56]1 * pisteuomen kai eis hen pneuma hagion: [57]1 * pisteuo heis hena theon pantokratora: [58]1 * proton panton pisteuson, hoti heis estin theos ktl.: [59]1 * palin: [60]1 * palin meta doxes: [61]1 * palin erchomenon: [62]1 * sarkothenta: [63]1 * sumbole: [64]1 [65]2 * sumbolon: [66]1 * t. ha. p. to prophetikon: [67]1 * taphenta: [68]1 * touton hekaston einai kai huparchein pisteuontes, patera alethos patera kai huion alethos huion kai pneuma hagion alethos pneuma hagion, kathos ho kurios hemon apostellon eis to kerugma tous heautou mathetas eipe; poreuthentes matheteusate panta ta ethne, baptizontes autous eis to onoma tou patros ktl.: [69]1 * ten koinonian ton hagion: [70]1 * to pneuma to hagion: [71]1 * to prophetikon: [72]1 * ton kurion: [73]1 * ton tou theou logon: [74]1 * ton huion autou ton monogene: [75]1 * ton epi Pontiou Pmlatou staurothenta kai taphenta: [76]1 * tes sarkos: [77]1 * te trite hemera: [78]1 [79]2 * huios monogenes: [80]1 * huios ho monogenes: [81]1 * anabanta: [82]1 * anabanta, anelthonta: [83]1 * analephthenta: [84]1 * anastanta: [85]1 [86]2 [87]3 * anastanta, anabanta: [88]1 * apothanonta: [89]1 * apethanen: [90]1 * hagia: [91]1 * agios, prophetikos: [92]1 * aphesis hamartion: [93]1 * ek: [94]1 * ek pneumatos hagiou: [95]1 * ek spermatos Dabid: [96]1 * ekklesia: [97]1 * en doxe: [98]1 * endoxos: [99]1 * epi P. P st.: [100]1 * hena: [101]1 [102]2 * hena, poieten ouranou kai ges: [103]1 * he eis hena theon pantokratora (or eis ton patera ton holon kai despoten theon) pisstis kai eis hena Iesoun Christon ton huion tou theou, ton sarkothenta huper hemon (or huper tes hemeteras soterias) kai eis pneuma hagion, to dia ton propheton kekeruchos tas oikonomias, ten ek parthenou gennesin ktl.: [104]1 * hemeis oute echomen, oute oidamen sumbolon ton apostolon. : [105]1 * hemon: [106]1 * hina ginoskosi se ton monon alethinon theon kai hon apesteilas I. Chr.: [107]1 * Iesous Christos: [108]1 * ho pater ton holon kai despotes theos, Iesous Christos ho staurotheis epi Pontiou Pilatou, to pneuma hagion ho dia ton propheton proekeruxe ta kata ton Iesoun panta: [109]1 * ho huios tou theou, ho kurios, soter, didaskalos, monogenes, heis, logos: [110]1 __________________________________________________________________ Index of Latin Words and Phrases * Amplius aliquid respondentes, quam dominus in evangelio determinavit: [111]1 * Catholicam: [112]1 * Creatorem coeli et terrae: [113]1 * Credatur symbolo apostolorum, quod ecclesia Romana intemeratum semper custodit et servat.: [114]1 * Deum: [115]1 * Ecclesiam: [116]1 * Ergo in hac una ecclesia crede to communionem consecuturum esse sanctorum.: [117]1 * Multa: [118]1 * Multum: [119]1 * Si autem Italiae adjaces, habes Romam, unde nobis quoque auctoritas praesto est . . . videamus quid didicerit, quid docuerit, cum Africanis quoque ecclesiis contesserarit. Unum deum dominum novit, creatorem universitatis, et Christum Jesum ex Virgine Maria filium dei creatoris et carnis resurrectionem . . . et ita adversus hanc institutionem neminem recipit.: [120]1 * Si unius apostoli scripturis nihil est detrahendum, nihil addendum, quemadmodum nos symbolo, quod accepimus ab apostolis traditum atque compositum, nihil debemus detrahere, nihil adiungere. Hoc autem est symbolum, quod Romana ecclesia tenet, ubi primus apostolorum Petrus sedit, et communem sententiam eo detulit.: [121]1 * Sub judice lis est.: [122]1 * Symbolum: [123]1 * Verum priusquam incipiam de ipsis sermonum virtutibus disputare, illud non importune commonendum puto, quod in diversis ecclesiis aliqua in his verbis inveniuntur adiecta. In ecclesia tamen urbis Romae hoc non deprehenditur factum, quod ego propterea esse arbitror, quod neque haeresis ulla illic sumpsit exordium, et mos ibi servatus antiquus, eos, qui gratiam baptismi suscepturi sunt, publice, id est, fidelium populo audiente, symbolum reddere (see Augustine, Confess: [124]1 * ab ovo: [125]1 * ad hoc: [126]1 * brevis complexio: [127]1 * carnis: [128]1 * catholica: [129]1 [130]2 * catholicam: [131]1 [132]2 * collatio: [133]1 * communio sanctorum: [134]1 [135]2 [136]3 [137]4 * communionem sanctorum: [138]1 * conceptus: [139]1 [140]2 * conceptus de Spiritu Sancto, natus ex Virgine M.: [141]1 * crucifixus: [142]1 * descendit: [143]1 * descendit ad inferna: [144]1 * descendit ad inferos: [145]1 * descensus: [146]1 * descensus ad inferos: [147]1 * huius: [148]1 * huius carnis: [149]1 * in abstracto: [150]1 * in extenso: [151]1 * indicium: [152]1 * inter alia: [153]1 [154]2 * invisibilem et impassibilem: [155]1 * invisibili et impassibili: [156]1 * mortuus: [157]1 * natus de Spiritu Sancto ex Virgine Maria: [158]1 * omnipotente: [159]1 * omnium creaturarum visibilium et invisibilium conditorem: [160]1 * passus: [161]1 * passus . . . crucifixus: [162]1 * quid pro quo: [163]1 * remissionem peccatorum, resurrectionem carnis et vitam aeternam per sanctam ecclesiam: [164]1 * resurrexit vivus, omnium peccatorum, cum gloria venturus, per baptismum: [165]1 * sacramenta: [166]1 * sanctorum communionem: [167]1 * sepultus: [168]1 * signum: [169]1 * summa: [170]1 * tessera militum: [171]1 * textus receptus: [172]1 [173]2 [174]3 * traditio maiorum: [175]1 * unum: [176]1 * vitam aeternam: [177]1 [178]2 __________________________________________________________________ Index of Pages of the Print Edition [179]i [180]ii [181]2 [182]3 [183]4 [184]5 [185]6 [186]7 [187]8 [188]9 [189]10 [190]11 [191]12 [192]13 [193]14 [194]15 [195]16 [196]17 [197]18 [198]19 [199]20 [200]21 [201]22 [202]23 [203]24 [204]25 [205]26 [206]27 [207]28 [208]29 [209]30 [210]31 [211]32 [212]33 [213]34 [214]35 [215]36 [216]37 [217]38 [218]39 [219]40 [220]41 [221]42 [222]43 [223]44 [224]45 [225]46 [226]47 [227]48 [228]49 [229]50 [230]51 [231]52 [232]53 [233]54 [234]55 [235]56 [236]57 [237]58 [238]59 [239]60 [240]61 [241]62 [242]63 [243]64 [244]65 [245]66 [246]67 [247]68 [248]69 [249]70 [250]71 [251]72 [252]73 [253]74 [254]75 [255]76 [256]77 [257]78 [258]79 [259]80 [260]81 [261]82 [262]83 [263]84 [264]85 [265]86 [266]87 [267]88 __________________________________________________________________ This document is from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library at Calvin College, http://www.ccel.org, generated on demand from ThML source. 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