PROPOSITION X.

Concerning the Ministry.

As by the light or gift of God all true knowledge in things spiritual is received and revealed, so by the same, as it is manifested and received in the heart, by the strength and power thereof, every true minister of the gospel is ordained, prepared, and supplied in the work of the ministry; and by the leading, moving, and drawing hereof ought every evangelist and Christian pastor to be led and ordered in his labour and work of the gospel, both as to the place where, as to the persons to whom, and as to the time wherein he is to minister. Moreover, they who have this authority may and ought to preach the gospel, though without human commission or literature; as on the other hand, they who want the authority of this divine gift, however learned, or authorized by the commission of men and churches, are to be esteemed but as deceivers, and not true ministers of the gospel. ⁵⁶³⁵⁶³The gospel to be preached freely. Mat. x. 8. Also they who have received this holy and unspotted gift, as they have freely received it, so are they freely to give it, without hire or bargaining, far less to use it as a Trade to get money by: yet if God hath called any one from their employment or trades, by which they acquire their livelihood, it may be lawful for such, according to the liberty which they feel given them in the Lord, to receive such temporals (to wit, what may be needful for them for meat and clothing) as are given them freely and cordially by those to whom they have communicated spirituals.

§. I. Hitherto I have treated of those things which relate to the Christian faith and Christians, as they stand each in his private and particular condition, and how and by what means every man272may be a Christian indeed, and so abide. Now I come in order to speak of those things that relate to Christians, as they are stated in a joint fellowship and communion, and come under a visible and outward society, which society is called the church of God, ⁵⁶⁴⁵⁶⁴The church of God is the spiritual body of Christ and in scripture compared to a body, and therefore named the body of Christ. As then in the natural body there be divers members, all concurring to the common end of preserving and confirming the whole body, so in this spiritual and mystical body there are also divers members, according to the different measures of grace and of the Spirit diversely administered unto each member; and from this diversity ariseth that distinction of persons in the visible society of Christians, as of apostles, pastors, evangelists, ministers, &c. That which in this proposition is proposed, is, What makes or constitutes any a minister of the church, what his qualfications ought to be, and how he ought to behave himself? But because it may seem somewhat preposterous to speak of the distinct offices of the church, until something be said of the church in general, though nothing positively be said of it in, the proposition; yet, as here implied, I shall briefly premise something thereof, and then proceed to the particular members of it.

§. II. It is not in the least my design to meddle with those tedious and many controversies, wherewith the Papists and Protestants do tear one another concerning this thing; but only according to the truth manifested to me, and revealed in me by the testimony of the Spirit, according to that proportion of wisdom given me, briefly to hold forth as a necessary introduction both to this matter of the ministry and of worship, which followeth those things which I, together with my brethren, do believe concerning the church.

⁵⁶⁵⁵⁶⁵I. The Church then, according to the grammatical signification of the word, as it is used in the holy scripture, signifies an assembly or gathering273 of many into one place; ⁵⁶⁶⁵⁶⁶The etymology of the word ἐκκλησία the church and signification of it. for the substantive ἐκκλησία comes from the word ἐκκαλέω I call out of, and originally from καλέω I call; and indeed, as this is the grammatical sense of the word, so also it is the real and proper signification of the thing, the church being no other thing but the society, gathering, or company of such as God hath called out of the world, and worldly spirit, to walk in his Light and Life. The church then so defined is to be considered, as it comprehends all that are thus called and gathered truly by God, both such as are yet in this inferior world, and such as having already laid down the earthly tabernacle, are passed into their heavenly mansions, which together do make up the one catholic church, concerning which there is so much controversy. ⁵⁶⁷⁵⁶⁷No salvation without the church. Out of which church we freely acknowledge there can be no salvation; because under this church and its denomination are comprehended all, and as many, of whatsoever nation, kindred, tongue, or people they be, though outwardly strangers, and remote from those who profess Christ and Christianity in words, and have the benefit of the scriptures, as become obedient to the holy light and testimony of God in their hearts, so as to become sanctified by it, and cleansed from the evils of their ways. ⁵⁶⁸⁵⁶⁸What the church is. For this is the universal or catholic spirit, by which many are called from all the four corners of the earth, and shall sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob: by this the secret life and virtue of Jesus is conveyed into many that are afar off; even as by the blood that runs into the veins and arteries of the natural body the life is conveyed from the head and heart unto the extreme parts. ⁵⁶⁹⁵⁶⁹Turks and Jews may become members of this church. There may be members therefore of this catholic church both among heathens, Turks, Jews, and all the several sorts of Christians, men and women of integrity and simplicity of heart, who though blinded in some things in their understauding, and perhaps burdened with the 274superstitions and formality of the several sects in which they are engrossed, yet being upright in their hearts before the Lord, chiefly aiming and labouring to be delivered from iniquity, and loving to follow righteousness, are by the secret touches of this holy light in their souls enlivened and quickened, thereby secretly united to God, and therethrough become true members of this catholic church. Now the church in this respect hath been in being in all generations; for God never wanted some such witnesses for him, though many times slighted, and not much observed by this world; and therefore this church, though still in being, hath been oftentimes as it were invisible, in that it hath not come under the observations of the men of this world, being, as saith the scripture, Jer. iii. 14. one of a city, and two of a family. And yet though the church thus considered may be as it were hid from wicked men, as not then gathered into a visible fellowship, yea, and not observed even by some that are members of it; yet may there notwithstanding many belong to it, as when Elias complained he was left alone, 1 King. xix. 18. God answered unto him, I have reserved to myself seven thousand men, who have not bowed their knees to the image of Baal; whence the apostle argues, Rom. xi. the being of a remnant in his day.

⁵⁷⁰⁵⁷⁰II. ⁵⁷¹⁵⁷¹The definition of the church of God, as gathered into a visible fellowship. §. III. Secondly, The church is to be considered as it signifies a certain number of persons gathered by God's Spirit, and by the testimony of some of his servants raised up for that end, unto the belief of the true principles and doctrines of the Christian faith, who, through their hearts being united by the same love, and their understandings informed in the same truths, gather, meet, and assemble together to wait upon God, to worship him, and to bear a joint testimony for the truth against error, suffering for the same, and so becoming through this fellowship as one family 275and household in certain respects, do each of them watch over, teach, instruct, and care for one another, according to their several measures and attainments: such were the churches of the primitive times gathered by the apostles; whereof we have divers mentioned in the holy scriptures. And as to the visibility of the church in this respect, there hath been a great interruption since the apostles' days, by reason of the apostacy, as will hereafter appear.

⁵⁷²⁵⁷²How to become a member of that church.§. IV. To be a member then of the Catholic church, there is need of the inward calling of God by his light in the heart, and a being leavened into the nature and spirit of it, so as to forsake unrighteousness, and be turned to righteousness, and in the inwardness of the mind to be cut out of the wild olive tree of our own first fallen nature, and ingrafted into Christ by his Word and Spirit in the heart. And this may be done in those who are strangers to the history, (God not having pleased to make them partakers thereof,) as in the fifth and sixth propositions hath already been proved.

⁵⁷³⁵⁷³The outward profession of the members of the true church. To be a member of a particular church of Christ, as this inward work is indispensably necessary, so is also the outward profession of, and belief in, Jesus Christ, and those holy truths delivered by his Spirit in the scriptures; seeing the testimony of the Spirit recorded in the scriptures, doth answer the testimony of the same Spirit in the heart, even as face answereth face in a glass. Hence it follows, that the inward work of holiness, and forsaking iniquity, is necessary in every respect to the being a member in the church of Christ; and that the outward profession is necessary to be a member of a particular gathered church, but not to the being a member of the Catholic church; yet it is absolutely necessary, where God affords the opportunity of knowing it: and the outward 276 testimony is to be believed, where it is presented and revealed; the sum whereof hath upon other occasions been already proved.

⁵⁷⁴⁵⁷⁴The members of the Antichristian church in the apostacy their empty profession. §. V. But contrary hereunto, the devil, that worketh and hath wrought in the mystery of iniquity, hath taught his followers to affirm, That no man, however holy, is a member of the church of Christ without the outward profession; and unless he be initiated thereinto by some outward ceremonies. And again, That men who have this outward profession, though inwardly unholy, may be members of the true church of Christ, yea, and ought to be so esteemed. This is plainly to put light for darkness, and darkness for light; as if God had a greater regard to words than actions, and were more pleased with vain professions than with real holiness; but these things I have sufficiently refuted heretofore. Only from hence let it be observed, that upon this false and rotten foundation Antichrist hath built his Babylonish structure, and the Antichristian church in the apostacy hath hereby reared herself up to that height and grandeur she hath attained; so as to exalt herself above all that is called God, and sit in the temple of God as God.

⁵⁷⁵⁵⁷⁵The decay of the church. For the particular churches of Christ, gathered in the apostles' days, soon after beginning to decay as to the inward life, came to be overgrown with several errors, and the hearts of the professors of Christianity to be leavened with the old spirit and conversation of the world. Yet it pleased God for some centuries to preserve that life in many, whom he emboldened with zeal to stand and suffer for his name through the ten persecutions; but these being over, the meekness, gentleness, love, long-suffering, goodness, and temperance of Christianity began to be lost. For after that the princes of the earth came to take upon them that profession, and that it ceased to be a reproach to be a Christian, but rather became a means to preferment; 277 ⁵⁷⁶⁵⁷⁶When men became Christians by birth, and not by conversion, christianity came to be lost. men became such by birth and education, and not by conversion and renovation of spirit: then there was none so vile, none so wicked, none so profane, who became not a member of the church. And the teachers and pastors thereof becoming the companions of princes, and so being enriched by their benevolence, and getting vast treasures and estates, became puffed up, and as it were drunken with the vain pomp and glory of this world: and so marshalled themselves in manifold orders and degrees; not without innumerable contests and altercations who should have the precedency. ⁵⁷⁷⁵⁷⁷As were betwixt the bishop of Rome, and the bishop of Constantinople. So the virtue, life, substance, and kernel of Christian religion came to be lost, and nothing remained but a shadow and image; which dead image, or carcase of Christianity (to make it take the better with the superstitious multitude of heathens that were engrossed in it, not by any inward conversion of their hearts, or by becoming less wicked or superstitious, but by a little change in the object of their superstition) not having the inward ornament and life of the Spirit, became decked with many outward and visible orders, and beautified with the gold, silver, precious stones, and the other splendid ornaments of this perishing world: so that this was no more to be accounted the Christian religion, and Christian church, notwithstanding the outward profession, than the dead body of a man is to be accounted a living man; which, however cunningly embalmed, and adorned with ever so much gold or silver, or most precious stones, or sweet ointments, is but a dead body still, without sense, life, or motion. ⁵⁷⁸⁵⁷⁸In the church of Rome are no less superstitions and ceremonies introduced, than were either among Jews or heathens. For that apostate church of Rome has introduced no fewer ceremonies and superstitions into the Christian profession, than were either among Jews or heathens; and that there is and hath been as much, yea, and more pride, covetousness, 278uncleanness, luxury, fornication, profaneness, and atheism among her teachers and chief bishops, than ever was among any sort of people, none need doubt, that have read their own authors, to wit, Platina and others.

⁵⁷⁹⁵⁷⁹Whether and what difference there is betwixt the Protestants and Papists in superstitions? Now, though Protestants have reformed from her in some of the most gross points and absurd doctrines relating to the church and ministry, yet (which is to be regretted) they have only lopt the branches, but retain and plead earnestly for the same root, from which these abuses have sprung. So that even among them, though all that mass of superstition, ceremonies, and orders be not again established, yet the same pride, covetousness, and sensuality is found to have overspread and leavened their churches and ministry, and the life, power, and virtue of true religion is lost among them; and the very same death, barrenness, dryness, and emptiness, is found in their ministry. So that in effect they differ from Papists but in form and some ceremonies; being with them apostatized from the life and power the true primitive church and her pastors were in: so that of both it may be said truly (without breach of charity) that having only a form of Godliness, (and many of them not so much as that,) they are deniers of, yea, enemies to, the power of it. And this proceeds not simply from their not walking answerably to their own principles, and so degenerating that way, which also is true; but, which is worse, their laying down to themselves, and adhering to certain principles, which naturally, as a cursed root, bring forth these bitter fruits: these therefore shall afterwards be examined and refuted, as the contrary positions of truth in the proposition are explained and proved.

For as to the nature and constitution of a church, ⁵⁸⁰⁵⁸⁰i.e. national. The Protestant Church how they become members thereof. (abstract from their disputes concerning its constant visibility, infallibility, and the primacy of the church of Rome,) the Protestants, as in practice, so in principles, differ not from Papists; for they engross 279within the compass of their church whole nations, making their infants members of it, by sprinkling a little water upon them; so that there is none so wicked or profane who is not a fellow-member; no evidence of holiness being required to constitute a member of the church. Nay, look through the Protestant nations, and there will no difference appear in the lives of the generality of the one, more than of the other; he, who ruleth in the children of disobedience, reigning in both: ⁵⁸¹⁵⁸¹Christianity chiefly consists in the renewing of the heart. so that the reformation, through this defect, is only in holding some less gross errors in the notion, but not in having the heart reformed and renewed, in which mainly the life of Christianity consisteth.

⁵⁸²⁵⁸²A Popish corrupt ministry all evils follow. §. VI. But the Popish errors concerning the ministry, which they have retained, are most of all to be regretted, by which chiefly the life and power of Christianity is barred out among them, and they kept in death, barrenness, and dryness; there being nothing more hurtful than an error in this respect. For where a false and corrupt ministry entereth, all manner of other evils follow upon it, according to that scripture adage, ⁵⁸³⁵⁸³Like people, like priest. Hos. iv. 9. Like people, like priest: for by their influence, instead of ministering life and righteousness, they minister death and iniquity. The whole backslidings of the Jewish congregation of old are hereto ascribed: The leaders of my people have caused them to err. The whole writings of the prophets are full of such complaints; and for this cause, under the New Testament, we are so often warned and guarded to beware of false prophets, and false teachers, &c. What may be thought then, where all, as to this, is out of order; where both the foundation, call, qualifications, maintenance, and whole discipline are different from and opposite to the ministry of the primitive church: yea, and necessarily tend to the shutting out of a spiritual ministry, and the bringing in and establishing of a carnal? This shall appear by parts.

⁵⁸⁴⁵⁸⁴Ques. I. §. V1I. That then which comes first to be questioned in this matter, is concerning the call of a minister; to wit, What maketh, or how cometh a man to be a minister, pastor, or teacher, in the church of Christ. ⁵⁸⁵⁵⁸⁵Answ. We answer; By the inward power and virtue of the Spirit of God. For, as saith our proposition, ⁵⁸⁶⁵⁸⁶The call of a minister & where in it consisteth. Having received the true knowledge of things spiritual by the Spirit of God, without which they cannot be known, and being the same in measure purified, and sanctified he comes thereby to be called and moved to minister to others; being able to speak, from a living experience, of what he himself is a witness; and therefore knowing the terror of the Lord, he is fit to persuade men, &c. 2 Cor. v. 11. and his words and ministry, proceeding from the inward power and virtue, reach to the heart of his hearers, and make them approve of him, and be subject unto him. ⁵⁸⁷⁵⁸⁷Object. Our adversaries are forced to confess, that this were indeed desirable and best; but this they will not have to be absolutely necessary. I shall first prove the necessity of it, and then show how much they err in that which they make more necessary than this divine and heavenly call.

⁵⁸⁸⁵⁸⁸Arg. ⁵⁸⁹⁵⁸⁹1. The necessity of an inward call to make a man a Christian. First; That which is necessary to make a man a Christian, so as without it he cannot be truly one, must be much more necessary to make a man a minister of Christianity; seeing the one is a degree above the other, and has it included in it: nothing less than he that supposeth a master, supposeth him first to have attained the knowledge and capacity of a scholar. They that are not Christians, cannot be teachers and ministers among Christians.

But this inward call, power, and virtue of the Spirit of God, is necessary to make a man a Christian; as we have abundantly proved before in the second proposition, according to these scriptures, He that hath not the Spirit of Christ, is none of his. As many as are led by the Spirit of God, are the Sons of God:

Therefore this call, moving and drawing of the Spirit, must be much more necessary to make a minister.

⁵⁹⁰⁵⁹⁰2. The ministry of the Spirit requires the operation and testimony of the Spirit. Secondly; All ministers of the New Testament ought to be ministers of the Spirit, and not of the letter, according to that of 2 Cor. iii. 6. and as the old Latin hath it, Not by the letter, but by the Spirit: But how can a man be a minister of the Spirit, who is not inwardly called by it, and who looks not upon the operation and testimony of the Spirit as essential to his call? As he could not be a minister of the letter who had thence no ground for his call, yea, who was altogether a stranger to, and unacquainted with it, so neither can he be a minister of the Spirit who is a stranger to it, and unacquainted with the motions thereof, and knows it not to draw, act, and move him, and go before him in the work of the ministry. I would willingly know, how those that take upon them to be ministers (as they suppose) of the gospel, merely from an outward vocation, without so much as being any ways sensible of the work of the Spirit, or any inward call therefrom, can either satisfy themselves or others that they are ministers of the Spirit, or wherein they differ from the ministers of the letter? For,

⁵⁹¹⁵⁹¹3. Under the law the people needed not to doubt, who should be priests and ministers. Thirdly; If this inward call, or testimony of the Spirit, were not essential and necessary to a minister, then the ministry of the New Testament would not only be no ways preferable to, but in divers respects far worse than that of the law. For under the law there was a certain tribe allotted for the ministry, and of that tribe certain families set apart for the priesthood and other offices, by the immediate command of God to Moses; so that the people needed not to be in any doubt who should be priests and ministers of the holy things: yea, and besides this, God called forth, by the immediate testimony of his Spirit, several at divers times to teach, instruct, 282 and reprove his people, as Samuel, Nathan, Elias, Elisha, Jeremiah, Amos, and many more of the prophets: but now under the new covenant, where the ministry ought to be more spiritual, the way more certain,and the access more easy unto the Lord, our adversaries, by denying the necessity of this inward and spiritual vocation, make it quite otherwise. For there being now no certain family or tribe to which the ministry is limited, we are left in uncertainty, to choose and have pastors at a venture, without any certain assent of the will of God; having neither an outward rule nor certainty in this affair to walk by: for that the scripture cannot give any certain rule in this matter, hath in the third proposition concerning it been already shown.

⁵⁹²⁵⁹²4. Christ the door. Fourthly; Christ proclaims them all thieves and robbers, that enter not by him the door into the sheepfold, but climb up some other way; whom the sheep ought not to hear: ⁵⁹³⁵⁹³John x. 1. but such as come in without the call, movings, and leadings of the Spirit of Christ, wherewith he leads his children into all truth, come in certainly not by Christ, who is the door, but some other way, and therefore are not true shepherds.

⁵⁹⁴⁵⁹⁴Succession pleaded by the false church from Christ and his apostles. §. VIII. To all this they object the succession of the church; alleging, That since Christ gave a call to his apostles and disciples, they have conveyed that call to their successors having power to ordain pastors and teachers; by which power the authority of ordaining and making ministers and pastors is successively conveyed to us; so that such, who are ordained and called by the pastors of the church, are therefore true and lawful ministers; and others, who are not so called, are to be accounted but intruders. Hereunto also some Protestants add a necessity, though they make it not a thing essential; That besides this calling of the church, every one, being called, ought to have the inward call of the Spirit, inclining him so chosen to his 283 work: but this they say is subjective, and not objective; of which before.

⁵⁹⁵⁵⁹⁵Answ. As to what is subjoined of the inward call of the Spirit, in that they make it not essential to a true call, but a supererogation as it were, it showeth how little they set by it: since those they admit to the ministry are not so much as questioned in their trials, whether they have this or not. ⁵⁹⁶⁵⁹⁶The call of the Spirit preferred to any other by primitive Protestants. Yet, in that it hath been often mentioned, especially by the primitive Protestants in their treatises on this subject, it showeth how much they were secretly convinced in their minds, that this inward call of the spirit was most excellent, and preferable to any other; and therefore in the most noble and heroic acts of the reformation, they laid claim unto it; so that many of the primitive Protestants did not scruple both to despise and disown this outward ⁵⁹⁷⁵⁹⁷* Succession. Modern Protestants denying the call of the Spirit. call, when urged by the Papists against them. But now Protestants, having gone from the testimony of the Spirit, plead for the same succession; and being pressed (by those whom God now raiseth up by his spirit to reform those abuses that are among them) with the example of their forefathers' practice against Rome, they are not at all ashamed utterly to deny that their fathers were called to their work by the inward and immediate vocation of the Spirit; clothing themselves with that call, which they say their forefathers had, as pastors of the Roman church. For thus (not to go further) affirmeth Nicolaus Arnoldus, ⁵⁹⁸⁵⁹⁸Who gives himself out Doctor and Professor of Sacred Theology, at Franeqaer. in a pamphlet written against the same propositions, called, A Theologick Exercitation, Sect. 40. averring, That they pretended not to an immediate act of the Holy Spirit; but reformed by the virtue of the ordinary vocation which they had in the church, as it then was, to wit, that of Rome, &c.

⁵⁹⁹⁵⁹⁹Absurdities Protestants fall into, by deriving their ministry through the church of Rome. §. IX. Many absurdities do Protestants fall into, by deriving their ministry thus through the church 284of Rome. As, first, They must acknowledge her to be a true church of Christ, though only erroneous in some things; which contradicts their forefathers so frequently, and yet truly, calling her Antichrist. Secondly, They must needs acknowledge, that the priests and bishops of the Romish church are true ministers and pastors of the church of Christ, as to the essential part; else they could not be fit subjects for that power and authority to have resided in; neither could they have been vessels capable to receive that power, and again transmit it to their successors. Thirdly, It would follow from this, that the priests and bishops of the Romish church are yet really true pastors and teachers: for if Protestant ministers have no authority but what they received from them, and since the church of Rome is the same she was at that time of the reformation in doctrine and manners, and she has the same power now she had then, and if the power lie in the succession, then these priests of the Romish church now, which derive their ordination from those bishops that ordained the first reformers, have the same authority which the successors of the reformed have, and consequently are no less ministers of the church than they are. But how will this agree with that opinion which the primitive Protestants had of the Romish priests and clergy, to whom Luther did not only deny any power or authority, but contrary-wise affirmed, That it was wickedly done of them, to assume to themselves only this authority to teach, and be priests and ministers, &c. ⁶⁰⁰⁶⁰⁰Luther affirmed, that a woman might be a preacher. For he himself affirmed, That every good Christian (not only men, but even women also) is a preacher.

⁶⁰¹⁶⁰¹The pretended succession of Papists and Protestants explained. §. X. But against this vain succession, as asserted either by the Papists or Protestants as a necessary thing to the call of a minister, I answer; That such as plead for it, as a sufficient or necessary thing to the call of a minister, do thereby 285 sufficiently declare their ignorance of the nature of Christianity, and how much they are strangers to the life and power of a Christian ministry, which is not entailed to succession, as an outward inheritance; and herein, as hath been often before observed, they not only make the gospel not better than the law, but even far short of it. For Jesus Christ, as he regardeth not any distinct particular family or nation in the gathering of his children; but only such as are joined to and leavened with his own pure and righteous seed, so neither regards he a bare outward succession, where his pure, immaculate, and righteous life is wanting; for that were all one. He took not the nations into the new covenant, that he might suffer them to fall into the old errors of the Jews, or to approve them in their errors, but that he might gather unto himself a pure people out of the earth. ⁶⁰²⁶⁰²The Jews' error of Abraham's outward succession. Now this was the great error of the Jews, to think they were the church and people of God, because they could derive their outward succession from Abraham, whereby they reckoned themselves the children of God, as being the offspring of Abraham, who was the Father of the Faithful. But how severely doth the scripture rebuke this vain and frivolous pretence? Telling them, That God is able of the stones to raise children unto Abraham; and that not the outward seed, but those that were found in the faith of Abraham are the true children of faithful Abraham. Far less then can this pretence hold among Christians, seeing Christ rejects all outward affinity of that kind: These, saith he, are my mother, brethren and sisters, who do the will of my Father which is in heaven: And again; He looked round about him, and said, Who shall do the will of God, these, saith he, are my brethren. ⁶⁰³⁶⁰³Mat. xii. 48 &c. Mark iii. 33 &c. So then, such as do not the commands of Christ, are not found clothed with his righteousness, are not his disciples; and that which a man hath not, he cannot give 286 to another: and it is clear, that no man nor church, though truly called of God, and as such having the authority of a church and minister, can any longer retain that authority, than they retain the power, life, and righteousness of Christianity; ⁶⁰⁴⁶⁰⁴The form of godliness is entailed to the power and substance, and not the substance to the form. for the form is entailed to the power and substance, and not the substance to the form. So that when man ceaseth inwardly in his heart to be a Christian (where his Christianity must lie) by turning to Satan, and becoming a reprobate, he is no more a Christian, though he retain the name and form, than a dead man is a man, though he hath the image and representation of one, or than the picture or statue of a man is a man: and though a dead man may serve to a painter to retain some imperfect representation of the man that once was alive, and so one picture may serve to make another by, yet none of those can serve to make a true living man again, neither can they convey the life and spirit of the man; it must be God, that made the man at first, that alone can revive him. ⁶⁰⁵⁶⁰⁵Succession interrupted. As death then makes such interruption of an outward natural succession, that no art nor outward form can uphold, and as a dead man, after he is dead, can have no issue, neither can dead images of men make living men: so that it is the living that are only capable to succeed one another; and such as die, so soon as they die cease to succeed, or to transmit succession. So it is in spiritual things; it is the life of Christianity, taking place in the heart, that makes a Christian; ⁶⁰⁶⁶⁰⁶The living members make the church: life lost, the church is ceased. and so it is a number of such, being alive, joined together in the life of Christianity, that make a church of Christ; and it is all those that are thus alive and quickened, considered together, that make the Catholic church of Christ: therefore when this life ceaseth in one, then that one ceaseth to be a Christian; and all power, virtue, and authority, which he had as a Christian, ceaseth with it; so 287that if he hath been a minister or teacher, he ceaseth to be so any more: and though he retain the form, and hold to the authority in words, yet that signifies no more, nor is it of any more real virtue and authority, than the mere image of a dead man. And as this is most agreeable to reason, so it is to the scriptures' testimony; for it said of Judas, Acts i. 25. ⁶⁰⁷⁶⁰⁷Judas fell from his ministry by transgression. That Judas fell from his ministry and apostleship by transgression; so his transgression caused him to cease to be an apostle any more: whereas, had the apostleship been entailed to his person, so that transgression could not cause him to lose it, until he had been formally degraded by the church, (which Judas never was so long as he lived,) Judas had been as really an apostle, after he betrayed Christ, as before. And as it is of one, so of many, yea, of a whole church: for seeing nothing makes a man truly a Christian, but the life of Christianity inwardly ruling in his heart; so nothing makes a church, but the gathering of several true Christians into one body. Now where all these members lose this life, there the church ceaseth to be, though they still uphold the form, and retain the name: for when that which made them a church, and for which they were a church, ceaseth, then they cease also to be a church: and therefore the Spirit, speaking to the church of Laodicea, because of her lukewarmness, Rev. iii. 16. threateneth to spew her out of his mouth. ⁶⁰⁸⁶⁰⁸The lukewarmness of the church of Laodicea. Now suppose the church of Laodicea had continued in that lukewarmness, and had come under that condemnation and judgment, though she had retained the name and form of a church, and had had her pastors and ministers, as no doubt she had at that time, yet surely she had been no true church of Christ, nor had the authority of her pastors and teachers been to be regarded, because of an outward succession, though perhaps some of them had it immediately from the apostles. From all 288 which I infer, That since the authority of the Christian church and her pastors is always united, and never separated from the inward power, virtue, and righteous life of Christianity; where this ceaseth, that ceaseth also. But our adversaries acknowledge, That many, if not most of those, by and through whom they derive this authority, were altogether destitute of this life and virtue of Christianity: therefore they could neither receive, have, nor transmit any Christian authority.

⁶⁰⁹⁶⁰⁹Object. But if it be objected, That though the generality of the bishops and priests of the church of Rome, during the apostacy, were such wicked men; yet Protestants affirm, and thou thyself seemest to acknowledge, that there were some good men among them, whom the Lord regarded, and who were true members of the Catholic church of Christ; might not they then have transmitted this authority

⁶¹⁰⁶¹⁰Answ. I answer; This saith nothing, in respect Protestants do not at all lay claim to their ministry as transmitted to them by a direct line of good men; which they can never show, nor yet pretend to: ⁶¹¹⁶¹¹The Protestants plead for a succession inherent. but generally place this succession as inherent in the whole pastors of the apostate church. Neither do they plead their call to be good and valid, because they can derive it through a line of good men, separate and observably distinguishable from the rest of the bishops and clergy of the Romish church; but they derive it as an authority residing in the whole: for they think it heresy, to judge that the quality or condition of the administrator doth any ways invalidate or prejudice his work.

This vain and pretended succession not only militates against, and fights with the very manifest purpose and intent of Christ in the gathering and calling of his church, but makes him (so to speak) more blind and less prudent than natural men are in conveying and establishing their outward inheritances. ⁶¹²⁶¹²An estate void of heirship devolves to the prince, none claims it, but whom he sees meet to give it; so the heirship of life is enjoyed from Christ, the true heir. For where an estate is 289 entailed to a certain name and family, when that family weareth out, and there is no lawful successor found of it, that can make a just title appear, as being really of blood and affinity to the family; it is not lawful for any one of another race or blood, because he assumes the name or arms of that family, to possess the estate, and claim the superiorities and privileges of the family: but, by the law of nations the inheritance devolves into the prince, as being Ultimus Haeres; and so he giveth it again immediately to whom he sees meet, and makes them bear the names and arms of the family, who then are entitled to the privileges and revenues thereof. So in like manner, the true name and title of a Christian, by which he hath right to the heavenly inheritance, and is a member of Jesus Christ, is inward righteousness and holiness, and the mind redeemed from the vanities, lusts, and iniquities of this world; and a gathering or company, made up of such members, makes a church. Where this is lost, the title is lost; and so the true seed, to which the promise is, and to which the inheritance is due, becomes extinguished in them, and they become dead as to it: and so it retires, and devolves itself again into Christ, who is the righteous heir of life; and he gives the title and true right again immediately to whom it pleaseth him, even to as many as being turned to his pure light in their consciences, come again to walk in his righteous and innocent life, and so become true members of his body, which is the church. So the authority, power and heirship are not annexed to persons, as they bear the mere names, or retain a form, holding the bare shell or shadow of Christianity; but the promise is to Christ, and to the seed, in whom the authority is inherent, and in as many as are one with him, and united unto him by purity and holiness, and by the inward renovation and regeneration of their minds.

Moreover, this pretended succession is contrary to scripture-definitions, and the nature of the church of Christ; and of the true members. For, first, The church is the house of God, the pillar and ground of truth, 1 Tim. iii. 15. ⁶¹³⁶¹³I. The house of God is no polluted nest; no atheist nor pretender can rest there. But according to this doctrine, the house of God is a polluted nest of all sorts of wickedness and abominations, made up of the most ugly, defiled and perverse stones that are in the earth; where the devil rules in all manner of unrighteousness. For so our adversaries confess, and history informs, the church of Rome to have been, as some of their historians acknowledge; and if that be truly the house of God, what may we call the house of satan? Or may we call it therefore the house of God, notwithstanding all this impiety, because they had a bare form, and that vitiated many ways also; and because they pretended to the name of Christianity, though they were antichristian, devilish, and atheistical in their whole practice and spirit, and also in many of their principles? Would not this infer yet a greater absurdity, as if they had been something to be accounted of, because of their hypocrisy and deceit, and false pretences? Whereas the scripture looks upon that as an aggravation of guilt, and calls it blasphemy, Rev. ii. 9. Of two wicked men, he is most to be abhorred, who covereth his wickedness with a vain pretence of God and righteousness: even so these abominable beasts, and fearful monsters, who looked upon themselves to be bishops in the apostate church, were never a whit the better, that they falsely pretended to be the successors of the holy apostles; unless to lie be commendable, and that hypocrisy be the way to heaven. Yea, were not this to fall into that evil condemned among the Jews, Jer. vii. 4. Trust ye not in lying words, saying, The temple of the Lord, the temple of the Lord, the temple of the Lord are these; thoroughly amend your ways, &c. as if such outward names and things were the thing the Lord regarded, 291 and not inward holiness? Or can that then be the pillar and ground of truth, which is the very sink and pit of wickedness, from which so much error, superstition, idolatry, and all abomination spring? Can there be any thing more contrary both to scripture and reason?

⁶¹⁴⁶¹⁴II. ⁶¹⁵⁶¹⁵Christ is the head, his body undefiled. Secondly, The church is defined to be the kingdom of the dear Son of God, into which the saints are translated, being delivered from the power of darkness. It is called the body of Christ, which, from him by joints and bands having nourishment ministered and knit together, increaseth with the increase of God, Col. ii. 19. But can such members, such a gathering as we have demonstrated that church and members to be, among whom they allege their pretended authority to have been preserved, and through which they derive their call; can such, I say, be the body of Christ, or members thereof? Or is Christ the head of such a corrupt, dead, dark, abominable, stinking carcase? If so, then might we not as well affirm against the apostle, 2 Cor. vi. 14. ⁶¹⁶⁶¹⁶What fellowship hath Christ with Belial? That righteousness hath fellowship with unrighteousness, that light hath communion with darkness, that Christ hath concord with Belial, that a believer hath part with an infidel, and that the temple of God hath agreement with idols? Moreover no man is called the temple of God, nor of the Holy Ghost, but as his vessel is purified, and so he fitted and prepared for God to dwell in; and many thus fitted by Christ become his body, in and among whom he dwells and walks, according as it is written, I will dwell in them, and walk in them, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. It is therefore that we may become the temple of Christ and people of God, that the apostle in the following verse exhorts, saying out of the prophet, Wherefore come out from among them, and be ye separate, saith the Lord, and touch not the unclean thing, and I will receive you; and I will be a father unto you, and ye shall be my sons and daughters, 292 saith the Lord Almighty. ⁶¹⁷⁶¹⁷2 Cor. vi. 17, 18. But to what purpose is all this exhortation? And why should we separate from the unclean, if a mere outward profession and name be enough to make the true church; and if the unclean and polluted were both the church and lawful successors of the apostles, inheriting their authority, and transmitting it to others? Yea, how can the church be the kingdom of the Son of God, as contra-distinguished from the kingdom and power of darkness? And what need, yea, what possibility, of being translated out of the one into the other, if those that make up the kingdom and power of darkness be real members of the true church of Christ, and not simply members only, but the very pastors and teachers of it? But how do they increase in the increase of God, and receive spiritual nourishment from Christ the head, that are enemies of him in their hearts by wicked works, and openly go into perdition? ⁶¹⁸⁶¹⁸Priests' frivolous distinction of enemies to God by practice, and members of his church by office. Verily as no metaphysical and nice distinctions, (as that though they were practically as to their own private states enemies to God and Christ, and so servants of Satan; yet they were, by virtue of their office, members and ministers of the church and so able to transmit the succession,) I say, as such invented and frivolous distinctions will not please the Lord God, neither will he be deluded by such, nor make up the glorious body of his church with such mere outside hypocritical shows, nor be beholden to such painted sepulchres to be members of his body, which is sound, pure, and undefiled, and therefore he needs not such false and corrupt members to make up the defects of it; so neither will such distinctions satisfy truly tender and Christian consciences; especially considering the apostle is so far from desiring us to regard this, that we are expressly commanded to turn away from such as have a form of godliness, but deny the power of it. 293 For we may well object against these, as the poor man did against the proud prelate, that went about to cover his vain and unchristian-like sumptuousness, by distinguishing that it was not as bishop but as prince he had all that splendour; to which the poor rustic wisely is said to have answered, ⁶¹⁹⁶¹⁹The answer of a poor rustic to a proud prelate. When the prince goeth to hell, what shall become of the prelate?And indeed this were to suppose the body of Christ to be defective, and that to fill up these defective places, he puts counterfeit and dead stuff instead of real living members; like such as lose their eyes, arms, or legs, who make counterfeit ones of wood or glass instead of them. But we cannot think so of Christ, neither can we believe for the reasons above adduced, that either we are to account, or that Christ doth account, any man or men a whit the more members of his body, because though they be really wicked, they hypocritically and deceitfully clothe themselves with his name, and pretend to it; for this is contrary to his own doctrine, where he saith expressly, John xv. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, &c. That he is the vine, and his disciples are the branches; that except they abide in him, they cannot bear fruit; and if they be unfruitul, they shall be cast forth as a branch, and wither. ⁶²⁰⁶²⁰A withered branch can draw no nourishment, so hath no life nor virtue. Now I suppose these cut and withered branches are no more true branches nor members of the vine; they can no more draw sap nor nourishment from it, after that they are cut off, and so have no more virtue, sap, nor life: What have they then to boast or glory of any authority, seeing they want that life, virtue, and nourishment from which all authority comes? So such members of Christ as are become dead to him through unrighteousness, and so derive no more virtue nor life from him, are cut off by their sins, and wither, and have no longer any true or real authority, and their boasting of any is but an aggravation of their iniquity by hypocrisy and deceit. But further, would not this 294make Christ's body a mere shadow and phantasm? Yea, would it not make him the head of a lifeless, rotten, stinking carcase, having only some little outward false show, while inwardly full of rottenness and dirt? ⁶²¹⁶²¹A living head on a lifeless body, what a monster would that be! And what a monster would these men make of Christ's body, by assigning it a real, pure, living, quick head, full of virtue and life, and yet tied to such a dead lifeless body as we have already described these members to be, which they allege to have been the church of Christ? Again, the members of the church of Christ are specified by this definition, to wit, as being the sanctified in Christ Jesus, 1 Cor. i. 2. But this notion of succession supposeth not only some unsanctified members to be of the church of Christ, but even the whole to consist of unsanctified members; yea, that such as were professed necromancers and open servants of Satan were the true successors of the apostles, and in whom the apostolic authority resided, these being the vessels through whom this succession is transmitted; though many of them, as all Protestants and also some Papists confess, attained these offices in the (so called) church not only by such means as Simon Magus sought it, but by much worse, even by witchcraft, traditions, money, treachery, and murder, which Platina himself confesseth ⁶²²⁶²² In the Life of Benedict 4. of John 16. of Sylvester 3. of Boniface 8. of Steph. 6. of John 8 Also Onuphriua's Annotations upon this Papess (or Popess) towards the end. of divers bishops of Rome.

§. XI. But such as object not this succession of the church, which yet most Protestants begin now to do, distinguish in this matter, affirming, that in a great apostacy, such as was that of the church of Rome, God may raise up some singularly by his Spirit, who from the testimony of the scriptures perceiving the errors into which such as bear the name of Christians are fallen, may instruct and teach them, and then become authorized by the people's joining with and accepting of their ministry only. Most of them also will 295affirm, That the Spirit herein is subjective, and not objective.

⁶²³⁶²³Object. But they say, That where a church is reformed, (such as they pretend the Protestant churches are) there an ordinary orderly call is necessary; and that of the Spirit, as extraordinary, is not to be sought after: alleging, that Res aliter se habet in ecclesia constituenda, quam in ecclesia constituta; that is, There is a difference in the constituting of a church, and after it is constituted.

⁶²⁴⁶²⁴Answ.I answer, This objection as to us saith nothing, seeing we accuse, and are ready from the scriptures to prove the Protestants guilty of gross errors, and needing reformation, as well as they did and do the Papists; and therefore we may justly lay claim, if we would, to the same extraordinary call, havingthe same reason for it, and as good evidence to prove ours as they had for theirs. ⁶²⁵⁶²⁵A difference objected between constituting a church and one as constituted. As for that maxim, viz. That the case is different in constituting a church, and a church constituted, I do not deny it; and therefore there may be a greater measure of power required to the one than to the other, and God in his wisdom distributes the same as he sees meet; but that the same immediate assistance of the Spirit is not necessary for ministers in a gathered church, as well as in gathering one, I see no solid reason alleged for it: for sure Christ's promise was to be with his Children to the end of the world, and they need him no less to preserve and guide his church and children than to gather and beget them. Nature taught the Gentiles this maxim,

Non minor est virtus, quam quaerere, parta tueri.

To defend what we attain, requires no less strength than what is necessary to acquire it.

For it is by this inward and immediate operation of the Spirit, which Christ hath promised to lead his children with into all truth, and to teach them all 296 things, that Christians are to be led in all steps, as well last as first, which relate to God's glory and their own salvation, as we have heretofore sufficiently proved, and therefore need not now repeat it. ⁶²⁶⁶²⁶It is a device of Satan for men to put the Spirit's leadings far off to former times. And truly this device of Satan, whereby he has got people to put the immediate guidings and leadings of God's Spirit as an extraordinary thing afar off, which their forefathers had, but which they now are neither to wait for nor expect, is a great cause of the growing apostacy upon the many gathered churches, and is one great reason why a dry, dead, barren, lifeless, spiritless ministry, which leavens the people into the same death, doth so much abound, and is so much overspreading even the Protestant nations, that their preaching and worships, as well as their whole conversation, is not to be discerned from Popish by any fresh living zeal, or lively power of the Spirit accompanying it, but merely by the difference of some notions and opinions.

⁶²⁷⁶²⁷Object. §. XII. Some unwise and unwary Protestants do sometimes object to us, That if we have such an immediate call as we lay claim to, we ought to confirm it by miracles.

⁶²⁸⁶²⁸Answ. But this being an objection once and again urged against the primitive Protestants by the Papists, we need but in short return the answer to it that they did to the Papists, to wit, ⁶²⁹⁶²⁹Whether miracles be now necessary to confirm the gospel? That we need not miracles, because we preach no new gospel, but that which is already confirmed by all the miracles of Christ and his apostles; and that we offer nothing but that which we are ready and able to confirm by the testimony of the scriptures, which both already acknowledge to be true: ⁶³⁰⁶³⁰John Baptist and divers prophets did none. and that John the Baptist and divers of the prophets did none that we hear of, and yet were both immediately and extraordinarily sent. This is the common Protestant answer, therefore may suffice in this place; though, if need were, I could say more to this purpose, but that I study brevity. 297 §. XIII. There is also another sort of Protestants, to wit, ⁶³¹⁶³¹The constitution of the independent church. the English Independents, who, differing from the Calvinistical Presbyterians, and denying the necessity of this succession, or the authority of any national church, take another way; affirming, That such as have the benefit of the scriptures, any company of people agreeing in the principles of truth as they find them there declared, may constitute among themselves a church, without the authority of any other, and may choose to themselves a pastor, who by the church thus constituted and consenting, is authorized, requiring only the assistance and concurrence of the pastors of the neighbouring churches, if any such there be; not so much as absolutely necessary to authorize, as decent for order's sake. Also, they go so far as to affirm, That in a church so constituted, ⁶³²⁶³²Gifted brethren. any gifted brother, as they call them, if he find himself qualified thereto, may instruct, exhort, and preach in the church; though, as not having the pastoral office, he cannot administer those which they call their sacraments.

To this I answer, That this was a good step out of the Babylonish darkness, and no doubt did proceed from a real discovery of the truth, and from the sense of a great abuse of the promiscuous national gatherings. Also this preaching of the gifted brethren, as they call them, did proceed at first from certain lively touches and movings of the Spirit of God upon many; but alas! because they went not forward, that is much decayed among them; and the motions of God's Spirit begin to be denied and rejected among them now, as much as by others.

⁶³³⁶³³The Scriptures give no call to persons individual. But as to their pretended call from the scripture, I answer, The scripture gives a mere declaration of true things, but no call to particular persons; so that though I believe the things there written to be true, and deny the errors which I find there testified against, yet as to those things which 298 may be my particular duty, I am still to seek; and therefore I can never be resolved in the scripture whether I (such a one by name) ought to be a minister? And for the resolving this doubt I must needs recur to the inward and immediate testimony of the Spirit, as in the proposition concerning the Scriptures is shown more at large.

§. XIV. From all this then we do firmly conclude, that not only in a general apostacy it is needful men be extraordinarily called, and raised up by the Spirit of God, but that even when several assemblies or churches are gathered by the power of God, not only into the belief of the principles of truth, so as to deny errors and heresies, but also into the life, spirit, and power of Christianity, so as to be the body and house of Christ indeed, and a fit spouse for him, ⁶³⁴⁶³⁴True ministers qualifications, call, & title. that he who gathers them doth also, for the preserving them in a lively, fresh, and powerful condition, raise up and move among them, by the inward immediate operation of his own Spirit, ministers and teachers, to instruct and teach, and watch over them, who being thus called, are manifest in the hearts of their brethren, and their call is thus verified in them, who by the feeling of that life and power that passeth through them, being inwardly builded up by them daily in the most holy faith, become the seals of their apostleship. And this is answerable to another saying of the same apostle Paul, 2 Cor. xiii. 3. Since ye seek a proof of Christ's speaking in me, which to you-wards is not weak, but is mighty in you. ⁶³⁵⁶³⁵Their laying on of hands a mock to God and man; a keeping the shadow, whilst the substance is wanting. So this is that which gives a true substantial call and title to a minister, whereby he is a real successor of the virtue, life, and power that was in the apostles, and not of the bare name: and to such ministers we think the outward ceremony of ordination or laying on of hands not necessary, neither can we see the use of it, seeing our adversaries who use it acknowledge that the virtue and 299 power of communicating the Holy Ghost by it is ceased among them. And is it not then foolish and ridiculous for them, by an apish imitation, to keep up the shadow, where the substance is wanting? And may not they by the same rule, where they see blind and lame men, in imitation of Christ and his apostles, bid them see and walk? Yea, is it not in them a mocking of God and men, to put on their hands, and bid men receive the Holy Ghost, while they believe the thing impossible, and confess that that ceremony hath no real effect? Having thus far spoken of the call, I shall proceed next to treat of the qualifications and work of a true minister.

⁶³⁶⁶³⁶ Ques. 2. ⁶³⁷⁶³⁷The qualification of a minister. §. XV. As I have placed the true call of a minister in the motion of this Holy Spirit, so is the power, life, and virtue thereof, and the pure grace of God that comes therefrom, and the chief and most necessary qualification, without which he can no ways perform his duty, neither acceptably to God nor beneficially to men. ⁶³⁸⁶³⁸Philosophy and school divinity will never make a gospel minister. Our adversaries in this case affirm, that three things go to the making up of a minister, viz. 1. Natural parts, that he be not a fool. 2. Acquired parts, that he be learned in the Ianguages, in philosophy, and school divinity. 3. The grace of God.

The two first they reckon necessary to the being of a minister, so as a man cannot be one without them; the third they say goeth to the well-being of one, but not to the being; so that a man may truly be a lawful minister without it, and ought to be heard and received as such. But we, supposing a natural capacity, that one be not an ideot, judge the grace of God indispensably necessary to the very being of a minister, as that without which any can neither be a true, nor lawful, nor good minister. As for letter-learning, we judge it not so much necessary to the well-being of one, though accidentally sometimes in certain respects it may concur, but 300more frequently it is hurtful than helpful, as appeared in the example of Taulerus, ⁶³⁹⁶³⁹A poor laic instructed the learned Taulerus. who being a learned man, and who could make an eloquent preaching, needed nevertheless to be instructed in the way of the Lord by a poor laic. I shall first speak of the necessity of grace, and then proceed to say something of that literature which they judge so needful.

⁶⁴⁰⁶⁴⁰Proof I. First then, as we said in the call, so may we much more here, if the grace of God be a necessary qualification to make one a true Christian, it must be a qualification much more necessary to constitute a true minister of Christianity. That grace is necessary to make one a true Christian I think will not be questioned, since it is by grace we are saved, Eph. ii. 8. ⁶⁴¹⁶⁴¹God's grace alone doth constitute a true and lawful teaoher. It is the grace of God that teacheth us to deny ungodliness, and the lusts of this world, and to live godlily and righteously, Tit. ii. 11. Yea, Christ saith expressly, That without him we can do nothing, John xv. 5. and the way whereby Christ helpeth, assisteth, and worketh with us is by his grace: hence he saith to Paul, My grace is sufficient for thee. A Christian without grace is indeed, no Christian, but an hypocrite, and a false pretender. Then I say, If grace be necessary to a private Christian, far more to a teacher among Christians, who must be as a father and instructer of others, seeing this dignity is bestowed upon such as have attained a greater measure than their brethren. Even nature itself may teach us that there is more required in a teacher than in those that are taught, and that the master must be above and before the scholar in that art or science which he teacheth others. Since then Christianity cannot be truly enjoyed, neither any man denominated a Christian without the true grace of God, therefore neither can any man be a true and lawful teacher of Christianity without it.

⁶⁴²⁶⁴²Pr. II. ⁶⁴³⁶⁴³Arg. ⁶⁴⁴⁶⁴⁴Who first must be a member of the body, and then life is received, & virtue from the head. Secondly, No man can be a minister of the church of Christ, which is his body, unless he be a member of the body, and receive of the virtue and life of the head:

But he that hath not true grace can neither be a member of the body, neither receive of that life and nourishment which comes from the head:

Therefore far less can he be a minister to edify the body.

That he cannot be a minister who is not a member is evident; because he who is not a member is shut out and cut off, and hath no place in the body; whereas the ministers are counted among the most eminent members of the body. But no man can be a member unless he receive of the virtue, life, and nourishment of the head; for the members that receive not this life and nourishment decay and wither, and then are cut off. And that every true member doth thus receive nourishment and life from the head, the apostle expressly affirmeth, Eph. iv. 16. From whom the whole body being fitly joined together, and compacted by that which every joint supplieth, according to the effectual working in the measure of every part, makes increase of the body unto the edifying of itself in love. Now this that thus is communicated, and which thus uniteth the whole, is no other than the grace of God; and therefore the apostle in the same chapter, ver. 7. saith, But unto every one of us is given grace according to the measure of the gift of Christ; and ver. 11. he showeth how that by this grace and gift both apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors, and teachers are given for the work of the ministry; and edifying of the body of Christ. And certainly then no man destitute of grace is fit for this work, seeing that all that Christ gives are so qualified; and these that are not so qualified, are not given nor sent of Christ, are not to be heard, nor received, nor acknowledged as ministers of the gospel, ⁶⁴⁵⁶⁴⁵The sheep of Christ neither ought nor will hear the the stranger's voice. because his sheep neither ought nor will hear the voice of a stranger. This is also clear from 1 Cor. xii. throughout; for the apostle in that chapter, treating of the diversity of gifts and members of the body, showeth how by the workings 302 of the same Spirit in different manifestations or measures in the several members of the body the whole body is edified, saying, ver. 13. That we are all baptized by the one Spirit into one body; and then, ver. 28. he numbers up the several dispensations thereof, which by God are set in the church through the various workings of his Spirit for the edification of the whole. Then if there be no true member of the body which is not thus baptized by the Spirit, neither any thing that worketh to the edifying of it, but according to a measure of grace received from the Spirit, surely without grace none ought to be admitted to work or labour in the body, because their labour and work, without this grace and Spirit, would be but ineffectual.

§. XVI. Thirdly, That this grace and gift is a necessary qualification to a minister, is clear from that of the apostle Peter, 1 Pet. iv. 10, 11. As every man hath received the gift, even so minister the same one to another, as good stewards of the manifold grace of God. If any man speak, let him speak as the oracles of God: if any man minister, let him do it as of the ability which God giveth; that God in all things may be glorified through Jesus Christ; to whom be praise and dominion forever, Amen. ⁶⁴⁶⁶⁴⁶The ministering must be by the gift and grace received. >From which it appears, that those that minister must minister according to the gift and grace received; but they the that have not such a gift, cannot minister according thereunto. Secondly, As good stewards of the manifold grace of God: but how can a man be a good steward of that which he hath not? ⁶⁴⁷⁶⁴⁷Good stewardship of what? Of God's abounding grace, which is the ability and stewardship received. Can ungodly men, that are not gracious themselves, be good stewards of the manifold grace of God? And therefore in the following verses he makes an exclusive limitation of such that are not thus furnished, saying, If any man speak, let him speak as the oracles of God; and if any man minister, let him do it as of the ability that God giveth: which is as much 303 as if he had said, they that cannot thus speak, and thus minister, ought not to do it: for this [If] denotes a necessary condition. Now what this ability is, is manifest by the former words, to wit, the gift received, and the grace whereof they are stewards, as by the immediate context and dependency of the words doth appear. Neither can it be understood of a mere natural ability, because man in this condition is said not to know the things of God, and so he cannot minister them to others. And the following words show this also, in that he immediately subjoineth, that God in all things may be glorified; but surely God is not glorified, but greatly dishonoured, when natural men, from their mere natural ability, meddle in spiritual things, which they neither know nor understand.

⁶⁴⁸⁶⁴⁸Pr. IV. Fourthly, That grace is a most necessary qualification for a minister, appears by those qualifications which the apostle expressly requires, 1 Tim. iii. 2. Tit. i. &c. where he saith, A bishop must be blameless, vigilant, sober, of good behaviour, apt to teach, patient, a lover of good men, just, holy, temperate, as the steward of God, holding fast the faithful word as he hath been taught. Upon the other hand, He must neither be given to wine, nor a striker, nor covetous, nor proud, nor self-willed, nor soon angry. ⁶⁴⁹⁶⁴⁹How can a bishop have these virtues without the grace of God? Now I ask if it be not impossible that a man can have all these above-named virtues, and be free of all these evils, without the grace of God? If then these virtues, for the producing of which in a man grace is absolutely necessary, be necessary to make a true minister of the church of Christ according to the apostle's judgment, surely grace must be necessary also.

Concerning this thing a learned man, and well skilled in antiquity, about the time of the reformation, writeth thus: ⁶⁵⁰⁶⁵⁰Whatsoever is done in the church without the ministry of God's Spirit is vain & wicked. Whatsoever is done in the church, either for ornament or edification of religion, whether in choosing magistrates or 304instituting ministers of the church, except it be done by the ministry of God's Spirit, which is as it were the soul of the church, it is vain and wicked. For whoever hath not been called by the Spirit of God to the great office of God and dignity of apostleship, as Aaron was, and hath not entered in by the door, which is Christ, but hath otherways risen in the church by the window, by the favours of men, &c. ⁶⁵¹⁶⁵¹Who is Judas Iscariot's vicar? truly such a one is not the vicar of Christ and his apostles, but a thief and robber, and the vicar of Judas Iscariot and Simon the Samaritan. Hence it was so strictly appointed concerning the election of prelates, which holy Dionysius calls the sacrament of nomination, that the bishops and apostles who should oversee the service of the church should be men of most entire manners and life, powerful in sound doctrine, to give a reason for all things.

So also another, ⁶⁵²⁶⁵²Franciscus Lambertua Avenionensis, in his book concerning Prophecy, Learning, Tongues, and the Spirit of Prophecy. Argent. excus. anno. 1516, de prov. cap. 24. about the same time writeth thus:

Therefore it can never be, that by the tongues or learning any can give a sound judgment concerning the holy scriptures, and the truth of God. "Lastly," saith he, the sheep of Christ seeks nothing but the voice of Christ, which he knoweth by the Holy Spirit, wherewith he is filled: he regards not learning, tongues, or any outward thing, so as therefore to believe this or that to be the voice of Christ his true shepherd; he knoweth that there is need of no other thing but the testimony of the Spirit of God.

⁶⁵³⁶⁵³Obj. 1. §. XVII. Against this absolute necessity of grace they object, That if all ministers had the saving grace of God, then all ministers should be saved, seeing none can fall away from or lose saving grace.

⁶⁵⁴⁶⁵⁴Answ. But this objection is built upon a false hypothesis, purely denied by us; and we have in the former proposition concerning perseverance already refuted it.

Secondly, It may be objected to us, That since ⁶⁵⁵⁶⁵⁵Obj. 2. we afirm that every man hath a measure of true and saving grace, there needs no singular qualification either to a Christian or minister; for seeing every man hath this grace, then no man needs forbear to be a minister for want of grace.

I answer, We have above shown that there is ⁶⁵⁶⁶⁵⁶Answ. necessary to the making a minister a special and particular call from the Spirit of God, which is something besides the universal dispensation of grace to all, according to that of the apostle, No man Heb. v. 4. taketh this honour unto himself, but he that is called of God, as was Aaron. Moreover, we understand by ⁶⁵⁷⁶⁵⁷All have God's grace which calls to righteousness, but all are not so leavened into its nature as to bring forth fruits of a blameless holy life. grace as a qualification to a minister, not the mere measure of light, as it is given to reprove and call him to righteousness; but we understand grace as it hath converted the soul, and operateth powerfully in it, as hereafter, concerning the work of ministers, will further appear. So we understand not men simply as having grace in them as a seed, which we indeed affirm all have in a measure; but we understand men that are gracious, leavened by it into the nature thereof, so as thereby to bring forth those good fruits of a blameless conversation, and of justice, holiness, patience, and temperance, which the apostle requires as necessary in a true Christian bishop and minister.

Thirdly, They ⁶⁵⁸⁶⁵⁸So Nic. Arnoldus Sect. 32. upon Thesis 4. object the example of the false ⁶⁵⁹⁶⁵⁹Obj. 3. prophets, of the Pharisees, and of Judas.

But First, As to the false prophets, there can ⁶⁶⁰⁶⁶⁰Answ. nothing be more foolish and ridiculous; as if because there were false prophets, really false, without the grace of God, therefore grace is not necessary to a true christian minister. Indeed if they had proved that true prophets wanted this grace, they had ⁶⁶¹⁶⁶¹The false not the true prophets want the grace of God. said something; but what have false prophets common with true ministers, but that they pretend falsely that which they have not? And because false 306 prophets want true grace, will it therefore follow. that true prophets ought not to have it, that they may be true and not false? The example of the Pharisees and priests under the law will not answer to the gospel times, because God set apart a particular ⁶⁶²⁶⁶²The service under the law was not purely spiritual, but figurative, for the performance of which, as they behoved to be purified from their outward pollutions, so the ministers of the gospel must be inwardly without blemish. tribe for that service, and particular families, to whom it belonged by a lineal succession; and also their service and work was not purely spiritual, but only the performance of some outward and carnal observations and ceremonies, which were but a shadow of the substance that was to come; and therefore their work made not the comers thereunto perfect, as appertaining to the conscience seeing they were appointed only according to the law of a carnal commandment, and not according to the power of an endless life. Notwithstanding as in the figure they were to be without blemish as to their outward man, and in the performance of their work they were to be washed and purified from their outward pollutions, so now, under the gospel times, the ministers in the antitype must be inwardly without blemish in their souls and spirits, being, as the apostle requires, blameless, and in their work and service must be pure and undefiled from their inward pollutions, and so clean and holy, that they may offer up spiritual sacr!flces acceptable to God by Jesus Christ, ⁶⁶³⁶⁶³The ministry of the disciples of Christ before the work was finished was more legal than evangelical. 1 Pet. ii. 5. As to Judas, the season of his ministry was not wholly evangelical, as being before the work was finished, and while Christ himself and his disciples were yet subject to the Jewish observances and constitutions, and therefore his commission, as well as that which the rest received with him at that time, was only to the house of Israel, Mat. x. 5, 6. which made that by virtue of that commission the rest of the apostles were not empowered to go forth and preach after the resurrection until they had waited at Jerusalem for the pouring forth of the Spirit: so that it appears Judas's ministry was more legal than evangelical. Secondly, Judas's case, as all307 will acknowledge, was singular and extraordinary, ⁶⁶⁴⁶⁶⁴Judas was immediately called of Christ & preached freely, which our adversaries will not do; altho' they make him a pattern of their graceless ministry, saying, he had not the least measure of God's grace at that time. he being immediately called by Christ himself, and accordingly furnished and empowered by him to preach, and do miracles; which immediate commission our adversaries do not so much as pretend to, and so fall short of Judas, who trusted in Christ's words, and therefore went forth and preached, without gold or silver, or scrip for his journey; giving freely as he had freely received; which our adversaries will not do, as hereafter shall be observed: also that Judas at that time had not the least measure of God's grace, I have not as yet heard proved. But is it not sad, that even Protestants should lay aside the eleven good and faithful apostles, and all the rest of the holy disciples and ministers of Christ, and betake them to that one, of whom it was testified that he was a devil, for a pattern and example to their ministry? Alas! it is to be regretted, that too many of them resemble this pattern over-much.

Another objection is usually made against the ⁶⁶⁵⁶⁶⁵Object. necessity of grace, ⁶⁶⁶⁶⁶⁶Ibid. Nic Arnoldus. That in case it were necessary, then such as wanted it could not truly administer the sacraments; and consequently the people would be left in doubts and infinite scruples, as not knowing certainly whether they had truly received them, because not knowing infallibly whether the administrators were truly gracious men.

But this objection hitteth not us at all, because ⁶⁶⁷⁶⁶⁷Answ. the nature of that Spiritual and Christian worship, which we according to the truth plead for, is such as is not necessarily attended with these carnal and outward institutions, from the administering of which the objection ariseth; and so hath not any such absurdity following upon it, as will afterwards more clearly appear.

⁶⁶⁸⁶⁶⁸What true learning is. §. XVIII. Though then we make not human learning necessary, yet we are far from excluding true learning; to wit, that learning which proceedeth from the inward teachings and instructions of308 the Spirit, whereby the soul learneth the secret ways of the Lord, becomes acquainted with many inward travails and exercises of the mind; and learneth by a living experience how to overcome evil, and the temptations of it, by following the Lord, and walking in his light, and waiting daily for wisdom and knowledge immediately from the revelation thereof; and so layeth up these heavenly and divine lessons in the good treasure of the heart, as honest Mary did the sayings which she heard, and things which she observed: and also out of this treasure of the soul, as the good scribe, brings forth things new and old, according as the same Spirit moves, and gives true liberty, and as the glory of God requires, for whose glory the soul, which is the temple of God, learneth to do all things. This is that ⁶⁶⁹⁶⁶⁹The good learning which is necessary to a true minister. good learning which we think necessary to a true minister; by and through which learning a man can well instruct, teach, and admonish in due season, and testify for God from a certain experience; as did David, Solomon, and the holy prophets of old, and the blessed apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ, who testifed of what they had seen, heard, felt, and handled of the word of life, 1 John i. 1. Ministering the gift according as they had received the same, as good stewards of the manifold grace of God; and preached not the uncertain rumours of men by hearsay, which they had gathered merely in the comprehension, while they were strangers to the thing in their own experience in themselves: as to teach people how to believe, while themselves were unbelieving; or how to overcome sin, while themselves are slaves to it, as all ungracious men are; or to believe and hope for an eternal reward, which themselves have not as yet arrived at, &c.

⁶⁷⁰⁶⁷⁰Literature is first the knowledge of Latin, §. XIX. But let us examine this literature, which they make so necessary to the being of a minister, as, in the first place, the knowledge of 309 the tongues, at least of the Latin, Greek, and ⁶⁷¹⁶⁷¹ Greek, & Hebrew. Hebrew. The reason of this is, That they may read the scripture, which is their only rule, in the original languages, and thereby be the more capable to comment upon it, and interpret it, &c. That also which made this knowledge be the more prized by the primitive Protestants, was indeed the dark barbarity that was over the world in the centuries immediately preceding the reformation; the knowledge of the tongues being about that time, (until it was even then restored by Erasmus and some others,) almost lost and extinct. And this ⁶⁷²⁶⁷²Before the reformation the prayers of the people were in the Latin tongue. barbarity was so much the more abominable, that the whole worship and prayers of the people were in the Latin tongue; and among that vast number of priests, monks, and friars, scarce one of a thousand understood his breviary, or that mass which he daily read and repeated: the scripture being, not only to the people, but to the greater part of the clergy, even as to the literal knowledge of it, as a sealed book. I shall not at all discommend the ⁶⁷³⁶⁷³The zeal & endeavurs of the first reformers commended. zeal that the first reformers had against this Babylonish darkness, nor their pious endeavours to translate the Holy Scriptures: I do truly believe, according to their knowledge, that they did it candidly: and therefore to answer the just desires of ⁶⁷⁴⁶⁷⁴The knowledge of languages commendable, and schools necessary. those that desire to read them, and for other very good reasons, as maintaining a commerce and understanding among divers nations by these common languages, and others of that kind, we judge it necessary and commendable that there be public schools for the teaching and instructing such youth, as are inclinable thereunto, in the languages. And although that papal ignorance deserved justly to be abhorred and abominated, we see nevertheless, that ⁶⁷⁵⁶⁷⁵The Papists literature and knowledge, especially the Jesuits. the true reformation consists not in that knowledge; because although since that time the Papists, stirred up through emulation of the Protestants, have more applied themselves to literature, and it now more 310 flourisheth in their universities and cloisters, than before, (especially in the Ignatian or Jesuitic sect, ) they are as far now as ever from a true reformation, and more hardened in their pernicious doctrines. But all this will not make it a necessary qualification to a minister, far less a more necessary qualification than the grace of God and his spirit; because the Spirit and grace of God can make up this want in the most rustic and ignorant; but this knowledge can no ways make up the want of the Spirit in the ⁶⁷⁶⁶⁷⁶The Spirit is the truest interpreter of the scriptures, whether from the original languages, or without them. most learned and eloquent. For all that which man by his own industry, learning, and knowledge in the languages, can interpret of the scriptures, or find out, is nothing without the Spirit; he cannot be certain, but may still miss of the sense of it: Whereas a poor man, that knoweth not a letter, when he heareth the scriptures read, by the same Spirit, he can say, This is true; and by the same Spirit he can understand, open, and interpret it, if need be: yea, finding his condition to answer the condition and experience of the saints of old, he knoweth and possesseth the truths there delivered, because they are sealed and witnessed in his own heart by the same Spirit. And this we have plentiful experience of in many of those illiterate men, whom God hath raised up to be ministers in his church in this day; so that some such, by his Spirit, have corrected some of the errors of the translators, as in the third proposition concerning ⁶⁷⁷⁶⁷⁷A poor shoemaker that could not read, refutes a professor of divinity's false assertions from scripture. the Scriptures I before observed. Yea, I know myself a poor shoe-maker, that cannot read a word, who being assaulted with a false citation of scripture, from a public professor of divinity, before the magistrate of a city, when he had been taken up for preaching to some few who came to hear him; I say, I know such a one, and he is yet alive, who, though the professor, who also is esteemed a learned man, constantly asserted his saying to be a scripture-sentence, yet affirmed, not through any certain311 letter-knowledge he had of it, but from the most certain evidence of the Spirit in himself, that the professor was mistaken; and that the Spirit of God never said any such thing as the other affirmed: and the Bible being brought, it was found as the poor shoemaker had said. . XX. The second part of their literature is ⁶⁷⁸⁶⁷⁸ 2. Logic and philosophy not needful to a preacher. logic and philosophy, an art so little needful to a true minister, that if one that comes to be a true minister hath had it, it is safest for him to forget and lose it; for it is the root and ground of all contention and debate, and the way to make a thing a great deal darker, than clearer. For under the pretence of regulating man's reason into a certain order and rules, that he may find out (as they pretend) the truth, it leads into such a labyrinth of contention, as is far more fit to make a sceptic than a Christian, far less a minister of Christ; yea, it often hinders man from a clear understanding of things that his own reason would give him; and therefore through its manifold rules and divers inventions, it often gives occasion for a man, that hath little reason, foolishly to speak much to no purpose; seeing a man, that is not very wise, may notwithstanding be a perfect logician. And then, if ye would make a man a fool to purpose that is not very wise, do but teach him logic and, philosophy; and whereas before he might have been fit for something, he shall then be good for nothing, but to speak nonsense; for these notions will so swim in his head, that they will make him extremely busy about nothing. The use that wise and solid men make of it, is, to ⁶⁷⁹⁶⁷⁹ The use of logic is to see its emptiness. see the emptiness thereof; therefore saith one, It is an art of contention and darkness, by which all other sciences are rendered more obscure, and harder to be understood.

If it be urged, That thereby the truth may be maintained and confirmed, and heretics confuted; 312 ⁶⁸⁰⁶⁸⁰Answ. I answer,. The truth, in men truly rational, needeth not the help thereof; and such as are obstinate, this will not convince; for by this they may learn twenty tricks and distinctions, how to shut out the truth: and the truth proceeding from an honest heart, and spoken forth from the virtue and Spirit of God, will have more influence, and take sooner and more effectually, than by a thousand ⁶⁸¹⁶⁸¹An heathen philosopher disputing with the bishops in the council of Nice, was converted to the Christian faith by an ignorant old man, when they could not. demonstrations of logic; as that heathen philosopher ⁶⁸²⁶⁸²LucÆ Osiandri Epit. Hist. Eccles. lib. 2. cap. 5. cent. 4. acknowledged, who, disputing with the Christian bishops in the council of Nice, was so subtile, that he could not be overcome by them; but yet by a few words spoken by a simple old rustic, was presently convinced by him, and converted to the Christian faith; and being inquired how he came to yield to that ignorant old man, and not to the bishops; he said, That they contended with him in his own way, and he could still give words for words; but there came from the old man that virtue, which he was not able to resist. This secret virtue and power ought to be the logic and philosophy wherewith a true Christian minister should be furnished: and for which they need not be beholden to Aristotle. ⁶⁸³⁶⁸³ Natural logic useful. As to natural logic, by which rational men, without that art and rules, or sophistical learning, deduce a certain conclusion out of true propositions, which scarce any man of reason wants, we deny not the use of it; and I have sometimes used it in ⁶⁸⁴⁶⁸⁴ 3. Ethics, or the manner-rules to Christians not needful. this treatise; which also may serve without that dialectic art. As for the other part of philosophy, which is called moral, or ethics, it is not so necessary to Christians, who have the rules of the holy scriptures, and the gift of the Holy Spirit, by ⁶⁸⁵⁶⁸⁵ 4. Physics, and the metaphysics, make no preachers of the truth. which they can be much better instructed. The physical and metaphysical part may be reduced to the arts of medicine and the mathematics, which have nothing to do with the essence of a Christian 313 minister. And therefore the apostle Paul, who well understood what was good for Christian ministers, and what hurtful, thus exhorted the Colossians, Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit. And to his beloved disciple Timothy he writes also thus, O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science, falsely so called. §. XXI. The third and main part of their literature is ⁶⁸⁶⁶⁸⁶III. The learned school-divinity obnoxious; a monster; a letter knowledge heathenized. school-divinity, a monster, made up of some scriptural notions of truth, and the heathenish terms and maxims; being, as it were, the heathenish philosophy christianized, or rather, the literal external knowledge of Christ heathenized. It is man in his first, fallen, natural state, with his devilish wisdom, pleasing himself with some notions of truth, and adorning them with his own sensual and carnal wisdom, because he thinks the simplicity of the truth too low and mean a thing for him; and so despiseth that simplicity, wheresoever it is found, that he may set up and exalt himself, puffed up with this his monstrous birth. It is the devil, darkening, obscuring, and veiling the knowledge of God, with his serpentine and worldly wisdom; that so he may the more securely deceive the hearts of the simple, and make the truth, as. it is in itself, despicable and hard to be known and understood, by multiplying a thousand difficult and needless questions, and endless contentions and debates. All which, he who perfectly knoweth, is not a whit less the servant of sin than he was; but ten times more so, in that he is exalted, and proud of iniquity, and so much the farther from receiving, understanding, or learning the truth, as it is in its own naked simplicity; because he is full, learned, rich, and wise in his own conceit: and so those that are most skilled in it, wear out their day, and spend their pre-

314 cious time about the infinite and innumerable questions they have feigned and invented concerning it. A certain learned man called it, A two-fold discipline, like the race of the Centaurs, partly proceeding from divine sayings, partly from philosophical reasons. A thousand of their questions they ⁶⁸⁷⁶⁸⁷ Its needless questions and endless janglings. confess themselves to be no-ways necessary to salvation; and yet many more of them they could never agree upon, but are, and still will be, in endless janglings about them. The volumes that have been written about it, a man in his whole age could scarce read, though he lived to be very old; and when he has read them all, he has but wrought himself a great deal more vexation and trouble of spirit than he had before. These certainly are the words multiplied without knowledge; by which counsel hath been darkened, 1 They make the scripture the text of all this mass; and it is concerning the sense of it that their voluminous debates arise. But a man of a good upright heart may learn more in half an hour, and be more certain of it, by waiting upon God, and his Spirit in the heart, than by reading a thousand of their volumes; which, by filling his head with many needless imaginations, may well stagger his faith, but never confirm it: and indeed those that give themselves most to it, are most capable to fall into error, as appeareth by the example of Origen, who, by his learning, was one of the first, that falling into this way of interpreting the scriptures, wrote so many volumes, and in them so many errors, as very much troubled the church. Also ⁶⁸⁸⁶⁸⁸ Whereby Arius fell into error and schism. Arius, led by this curiosity and human scrutiny, despising the simplicity of the gospel, fell into his error, which was the cause of that horrible heresy which so much troubled the church. Methinks the simplicity, plainness, and brevity of the scriptures themselves, should be a sufficient reproof for such a science; and

the apostles, being honest, plain, illiterate men, may be better understood by such kind of men now, than with all that mass of scholastic stuff, which neither Peter, nor Paul, nor John, ever thought of.

~. XXII. But this invention of Satan, wherewith ⁶⁸⁹⁶⁸⁹The apostacy and its dangerous consequences. he began the apostacy, hath been of dangerous consequence; for thereby he at first spoiled the simplicity of truth, by keeping up the heathenish learning, which occasioned such uncertainty, even among those called Fathers, and such debate, ⁶⁹⁰⁶⁹⁰ Many of the Fathers do not only contradict each other, but themselves also, and why. that there are few of them to be found, who, by reason of this mixture, do not only frequently contradict one another, but themselves also. And therefore, when the apostacy grew greater, he, as it were, buried the truth with this veil of darkness, wholly shutting out people from true knowledge, and making the learned (so accounted) busy themselves with idle and needless questions; while the weighty truths of God were neglected, and went, as it were, into disuse.

Now, though the grossest of these abuses be swept away by Protestants; yet the evil root still remains, and is nourished and upheld; and the science kept up, as being deemed necessary for a minister: for, while the pure learning of the Spirit of truth is despised and neglected, and made ineffectual, man's fallen earthly wisdom is upheld; and so in that he labours and works with the scriptures, being out of the Life and Spirit which those that wrote them were in, by which only they are rightly understood, and made use of. And so he that is to be ⁶⁹¹⁶⁹¹ Merchandising with the scriptures, what is. See also 2Pet.ii.2. a minister, must learn this art or trade of merchandising with the scriptures, and be that which the apostle would not be, to wit, a trader with them, 1 That he may acquire a knack from a verse of scripture, by adding his own barren notions and conceptions to it, and his uncertain 316 conjectures, and what he hath stolen out of books; for which end he must have of necessity a good many by him, and may each sabbath-day, as they call it, or oftener, make a discourse for an hour ⁶⁹²⁶⁹² And this they call the preaching of the word. long; and this is called the the preaching of the word: whereas the gift, grace, and Spirit of God, to teach, open, and instruct, and to preach a word in season, is neglected; and so man's arts and parts, ⁶⁹³⁶⁹³ Thus Antichrist is established above the seed of the kingdom. and knowledge, and wisdom, which is from below, are set up and established in the temple of God, yea, and above the little seed; which in effect is Antichrist, working in the mystery. And so the devil may be as good and able a minister as the best of ⁶⁹⁴⁶⁹⁴ How the devil may be a minister of the priests' gospel. them; for he has better skill in languages, and more logic, philosophy, and school-divinity, than any of them; and knows the truth in the notion better than they all, and can talk more eloquently than all those preachers. But what availeth all this? Is it not all but as death, as a painted sepulchre, and dead carcase, without the power, life and spirit of Christianity, which is the marrow and substance of a Christian ministry? And he that hath this, and can speak from it, though he be a poor shepherd, or a fisherman, and ignorant of all that learning, and of all those questions and notions; yet speaking from the Spirit, his ministry will have more influence towards the converting of a sinner unto God, than all of them who are learned after the flesh; as in that example of the old man at the council of Nice did appear.

⁶⁹⁵⁶⁹⁵ The power of God by weak instruments restoring the simplicity of truth. §. XXIII: And if in any age, since the apostles' days, God hath purposed to show his power by weak instruments, for the battering down of that carnal and heathenish wisdom, and restoring again the ancient simplicity of truth, this is it. For in our day, God hath raised up witnesses for himself, as he did fishermen of old; many, yea, most of whom, are labouring and mechanic men, who, altogether without that learning, have, by the

317 power and Spirit of God, struck at the very root and ground of Babylon; and in the strength and might of this power, have gathered thousands, by reaching their consciences, into the same power and life, who, as to the outward part, have been far more knowing than they, yet not able to resist the virtue that proceeded from them. Of which I myself am a true witness; and can declare from certain experience, because my heart hath been often greatly broken and tendered by that virtuous life that proceeded from the powerful ⁶⁹⁶⁶⁹⁶ The powerful ministry of illiterate men. ministry of those illiterate men: so that by their very countenance, as well as words, I have felt the evil in me often chained down, and the good reached to and raised. What shall I then say to you, who are lovers of learning, and admirers of knowledge? Was not I also a lover and admirer of it, who also sought after it, according to my age and capacity? But it pleased God in his unutterable love, early to withstand my vain endeavours, while I was yet but eighteen years of age; and made ⁶⁹⁷⁶⁹⁷ The time of the author's first convincement. me seriously to consider, (which I wish also may befall others,) That without holiness and regeneration, no man can see God; and that ⁶⁹⁸⁶⁹⁸Job xxviii. 28. the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom, and to depart from iniquity, a good understanding; and how much knowledge puffeth up, and leadeth away from that inward quietness, stillness, and humility of mind, where the Lord appears, and his heavenly wisdom is revealed. If ye consider these things, then will ye say with me, that all this learning, wisdom, and knowledge, gathered in this fallen nature, is but as dross and dung, in comparison of the cross of Christ; especially being destitute of that power, life, and virtue, which I perceive these excellent (though despised, because illiterate) witnesses of God to be filled with: and therefore seeing, that in and among them, I, with many others, have found the heavenly food that gives content- 318 ment, let my soul seek after thislearning, and wait for it for ever. ⁶⁹⁹⁶⁹⁹ Ques 3.

§. XXIV. Having thus spoken of the call and qualifications of a gospel-minister, that which comes next to be considered, is, ⁷⁰⁰⁷⁰⁰ The work of a minister. What his proper work is, how, and by what rule, he is to be ordered? Our adversaries do all along go upon externals, and therefore have certain prescribed rules and methods, contrived according to their human and earthly wisdom: we, on the contrary, walk still upon the same foundation, and lean always upon the immediate assistance and influence of that ⁷⁰¹⁷⁰¹ The Holy Spirit, a Spirit of order, and not of confusion. Holy Spirit, which God hath given his children, to teach them all things, and lead them in all things: which Spirit, being the Spirit of order, and not of confusion, leads us, and as many as follow it, into such a comely and decent order as becometh the church of God. But our adversaries, having shut themselves nut from this immediate counsel and influence of the Spirit, have run themselves into many confusions and disorders, seeking to establish an ⁷⁰²⁷⁰² Popish orders and offices, &c. order in this matter. For some will have first a chief bishop, or pope, to rule and be a prince over all; and under him, by degrees, cardinals, patriarchs, archbishops, priests, deacons, sub-deacons; and besides these, Acoluthi, Tonsorati, Ostiarii, &c. And in their theology, (as they call it,) professors, bachelors, doctors, &c. And others would have every nation independent of another, having its own metropolitan or patriarch; and the rest in order subject to him, as before. Others again are against all precedency among pastors, and constitute their subordination not of persons, but of powers: as first the consistory, or session; then the class, or presbytery; then the provincial; and then the national synod, or assembly. Thus they tear one another, and contend among themselves concerning the ordering, distinguishing, and making their several orders and offices; concerning which there hath been no less The work of a minister. The Holy Spirit, a Spirit of order, and not of confusion. 319 contest, not only by way of verbal dispute, but even by fighting, tumults, wars, devastations, and bloodshed, ⁷⁰³⁷⁰³ Wars and bloodshed about church government. than about the conquering, overturning, and establishing of kingdoms. And the histories of late times are as full of the various tragedies, acted on account of this spiritual and ecclesiastical monarchy and commonwealth, as the histories of old times are of the wars and contests that fell out both in the Assyrian, Persian, Greek, and Roman empires: these last upon this account, though among those that are called Christians, have been no less bloody and cruel than the former among heathens, concerning their outward empires and governments. Now all this, both among ⁷⁰⁴⁷⁰⁴ The ground & cause thereof. Papists and Protestants, proceedeth, in that they seek in imitation to uphold a form and shadow of things, though they want the power, virtue, and substance; while for many of their orders and forms they have not so much as the name in the scripture. But in opposition to all this mass of formality, and heap of orders, rules and governments, we say, the substance is chiefly to be sought after, and the power, virtue, and spirit, is to be known and waited for, which is one in all the different names and offices the scripture makes use of; as appears by 1 Cor. xii. 4. (often before-mentioned,) There are diversities of gifts, but the same Spirit. And after the apostle, throughout the whole chapter, hath shown how one and the self-same Spirit worketh in and quickeneth each member; then, in verse 28. he showeth how thereby God hath set in the church, first apostles, secondly prophets, teachers, &c. And likewise to the same purpose, Eph. iv. 11. he showeth, how by these gifts he hath given some apostles, some prophets, some evangelists, some pastors, some teachers, &c. Now it never was Christ's purpose, nor the apostles', that Christians should, without this Spirit and heavenly gift, set up a shadow and form of these orders, and so make several ranks 320 and degrees, to establish a carnal ministry of men's making, without the life, power, and spirit of ⁷⁰⁵⁷⁰⁵The work of Antichrist and mystery of iniquity. Christ: this is that work of Antichrist, and mystery of iniquity, that hath got up in the dark night of apostacy. But in a true church of Christ, gathered together by God, not only into the belief of the principles of truth, but also into the power, life, and Spirit of Christ, the Spirit of God is the orderer, ruler, and governor; as in each particular, so in the general. And when they assemble together to wait upon God, and to worship and adore ⁷⁰⁶⁷⁰⁶Such as the Spirit sets apart to the ministry, their brethren hear them. him; then such as the Spirit sets apart for the ministry, by its divine power and influence opening their mouths, and giving them to exhort, reprove, and instruct with virtue and power; these are thus ordained of God and admitted into the ministry, and their brethren cannot but hear them, receive them, and also honour them for their work's sake. And so this is not monopolized by a certain ⁷⁰⁷⁷⁰⁷The clergy and laics. kind of men, as the clergy, (who are to that purpose educated and brought up as other carnal artists,) and the rest to be despised as laics; but it is left to the free gift of God to choose any whom he seeth meet thereunto, whether rich or poor, servant or master, young or old, yea, male or ⁷⁰⁸⁷⁰⁸Women may preach. female. And such as have this call, verify the gospel, by preaching not in speech only, but also in power, and in the Holy Ghost, and in much fulness, 1 Thess. i. 5. and cannot but be received and heard by the sheep of Christ.

⁷⁰⁹⁷⁰⁹Object. §. XXV. But if it be objected here, That I seem hereby to make no distinction at all betwixt ministers and others; which is contrary to the apostle's saying, 1 Cor. xii. 29. Are all apostles? Are all prophets? Are all teachers? &c. From thence they insinuate, That I also contradict his comparison in that chapter, of the church of Christ with a human body; as where he saith, verse 17. If the whole body were an eye, where were the hearing? If the whole were hearing,321 where were the smelling? &c. Also the apostle not only distinguisheth the ministers of the church in general from the rest of the members, but also from themselves; as naming them distinctly and separately, apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors, teachers, &c.

As to the last part of this objection, to which ⁷¹⁰⁷¹⁰Ans. 1. I shall first answer; it is apparent, that this diversity ⁷¹¹⁷¹¹Diversity of names makes no distinct offices; but which may coincide, or be together in one person. of names is not to distinguish separate offices, but to denote the different and various operations offices; of the Spirit; a manner of speech frequent with the apostle Paul, wherein he sometimes expatiates to the illustrating of the glory and praise of God's grace: as in particular, Rom. xii. 6. Having then gifts differing according to the grace that is given us, whether prophecy, let us prophesy according to the proportion of faith; or ministry, let us wait on our ministering; or he that teacheth, on teaching; or he that exhorteth, on exhortation. Now none will say from all this, that these are distinct offices, or do not or may not coincide in one person, as may all those other things mentioned by him in the subsequent verses, viz. Of loving, being kindly affectioned, fervency of Spirit, hospitality, diligence, blessing, rejoicing, &c. which he yet numbers forth as different gifts of the Spirit, and according to this objection might be placed as distinct and separate offices, which were most absurd.

Secondly, In these very places mentioned it is clear that it is no real distinction of separate offices: because all acknowledge, that pastors and teachers, (which the apostle there no less separateth and distinguisheth, than pastors and prophets, or apostles,) are one and the same, and coincide in the same office and person; and therefore may be said so of the rest. For [prophecy] as it signifies the foretelling ⁷¹²⁷¹²Prophecy & prophesying, its two-fold signification. of things to come, is indeed a distinct gift, but no distinct office; and therefore our adversaries do not place it among their several orders: neither will they deny, but that it both may be and hath 322 been given of God to some, that not only have been pastors and teachers, and that there it hath coincided in one person with these other offices, but, also to some of the laics: and so it hath been found, according to their own confession, without ⁷¹³⁷¹³To prophesy, a privilege of teachers, and of all the saints. the limits of their clergy. Prophecy in the other sense, to wit, as it signifies a speaking from the Spirit of truth, is not only peculiar to pastors and teachers, who ought so to prophesy; but even a common privilege to the saints. For though to instruct, teach, and exhort, be proper to such as are more particularly called to the work of the ministry; yet it is not so proper to them, as not to be (when the saints are met together, as any of them are moved by the Spirit) common to others: for some acts belong to all in such a relation; but not only to those within that relation: Comptunt omni, sed non soli. Thus to see and hear are proper acts of a man; seeing it may be properly predicated of him, that he heareth and seeth: yet are they common to other creatures also. So to prophesy in this sense, is indeed proper to ministers and teachers; yet not so, but that it is common and lawful to other saints, when moved thereunto, though it be not proper to them by way of relation: because, notwithstanding that motion, they are not particularly called to the work of the ministry, as appears by 1 Cor. xiv. where the apostle at large declaring the order and ordinary method of the church, saith, vers. 30, 31. But if any thing be revealed to another that sitteth by, let the first hold his peace; for ye may all prophesy one by one, that all may learn, and all be comforted: which showeth that none is here excluded. But yet that there is a subordination, according to the various measures of the gift received, the next verse showeth: And the spirits of the prophets are subject to the prophets: for God is not the author of confusion, but of peace. Now that prophesying, in this sense, may be common to all saints, 323 appears by verse 39. of the same chapter, where speaking to [all] in general, he saith, Wherefore, brethren, covet to prophesy; and verse 1. he exhorts them, saying, Desire spiritual gifts, but rather that ye may prophesy.

Secondly, As to evangelists the same may be said; ⁷¹⁴⁷¹⁴Who are evangelists; and whether any may term themselves so now-a-days. for whoever preacheth the gospel is really an evangelist, and so consequently every true minister of the gospel is one; else what proper office can they assign to it, unless they should be so foolish as to affirm that none were evangelists but Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, who wrote the account of Christ's life and sufferings? and then it were neither a particular office, seeing John and Matthew were apostles, Mark and Luke pastors and teachers, so that there they coincided in one. And indeed it is absurd to think, that upon that particular account the apostle used the word [evangelist.] Calvin acknowledgeth, that such as preach the gospel in purity, after some time of apostacy, may be truly called evangelists, and therefore saith, that there were apostles in his time; and hence the Protestants, at their first coming forth, termed themselves evangelici, or evangelics.

Lastly, An apostle, if we look to the etymology ⁷¹⁵⁷¹⁵Who is an apostle. of the word, signifies one that is sent; and in respect every true minister is sent of God, in so far he is an apostle; though the twelve, because of their being specially sent of Christ, were therefore called apostles κατ’ ἐξοχὴν, or per eminentiam, i.e. by way of excellency. And yet that there was no limitation ⁷¹⁶⁷¹⁶They were not limited to such a number. to such a number, as some foolishly imagine, appears, because after that number was filled up, the apostle Paul was afterwards so called; therefore we judge that these are no distinct separate offices, but only names used upon occasion to express the more eminent arising and shining forth of God's grace. As if any minister of Christ should now proselyte and turn a whole nation to the Christian324⁷¹⁷⁷¹⁷Whether any man be called an apostle at this day. faith, though he had no distinct office, yet I doubt not but both Papists and Protestants would judge it tolerable to call such an one an apostle, or an evangelist; for on this account the Jesuits call some of their sect apostles of India and of Japan; and Calvin testifies that there were apostles and evangelists in his time, in respect to the reformation; ⁷¹⁸⁷¹⁸Upon what account John Knox was called the apostle of Scotland. upon which account also we have known John Knox often called the apostle of Scotland. So that we conclude that ministers, pastors, or teachers do comprehend all, and that the office is but one, and therefore in that respect we judge there ought to be no precedency among them: to prove which I shall not here insist, seeing it is shown largely, and treated of by such as have denied the Diocesan Episcopacy, as they call it.

§. XXVI. As to the first part of the objection, ⁷¹⁹⁷¹⁹Ans. 2. viz. That I seem to make no distinction betwixt the minister and people, I answer, If it be understood of ⁷²⁰⁷²⁰Liberty to prophesy all have by the Spirit. a liberty to speak or prophesy by the Spirit, I say all may do that, when moved thereunto, as above is shown; but we do believe and affirm that some are more particularly called to the work of the ministry, and therefore are fitted of the Lord for that purpose; whose work is more constantly and particularly to instruct, exhort, admonish, oversee, and watch over their brethren; and that as there is something more incumbent upon them in that respect than upon every common believer, so also, as in that relation, there is due to them from the flock such obedience and subjection as is mentioned in these testimonies of the scripture, Heb. xiii. 17. 1 Thess. v. 12, 13. 1 Tim. v. 17. 1 Pet. v. 5. ⁷²¹⁷²¹The elders take care for the widows, the poor, and the fatherless. Also besides these who are thus particularly called to the ministry, and constant labour in the word and doctrine, there are also the elders, who though they be not moved to a frequent testimony by way of declaration in words, yet as 325 such are grown up in the experience of the blessed work of truth in their hearts, they watch over and privately admonish the young, take care for the widows, the poor, and fatherless, and look that nothing be wanting, but that peace, love, unity, concord, and soundness be preserved in the church of Christ; and this answers to the deacons mentioned Acts vi.

That which we oppose, is the distinction of ⁷²²⁷²²The distinction of clergy and laity not to be found in scripture. laity and clergy, which in the scripture is not to be found, whereby none are admitted unto the work of the ministry but such as are educated at schools on purpose, and instructed in logic and philosophy, &c. and so are at their apprenticeship to learn the art and trade of preaching, even as a man learns any other art, whereby all other honest mechanic men, who have not got this heathenish art, are excluded from having this privilege. And so he that is a scholar thus bred up must not have any honest trade whereby to get him a livelihood, if he once intend for the ministry, but he must see to get him a place, and then he hath his set hire for a livelihood to him. He must ⁷²³⁷²³Their garb. also be distinguished from the rest by the colour of his clothes, for he must only wear black; and must be a master of arts: but more of this hereafter.

§. XXVII. As this manner of separating men for the ministry is nothing like the church in the apostles' days, so great evils have and do follow upon it. For first, Parents seeing both the honour and profit that attends the clergy, do allot their children sometimes from their infancy to it, and so breed them up on purpose. And others, come to age, upon the same account betake them to the same trade, and having these natural and acquired parts that are judged the necessary qualifications of a minister, are thereby admitted, and so are bred up in idleness and pleasure thinking 326 it a disgrace for them to work with their hands; ⁷²⁴⁷²⁴The clergy's study out of books, the gift of God neglected. and so just study a little out of their books, to make a discourse once or twice a week during the running of an hour-glass whereas the gift, grace, and Spirit of God, to call and qualify fo the ministry, is neglected and overlooked. And many covetous, corrupt, earthly, carnal men, having a mere show and form, but strangers to, and utterly ignorant of, the inward work and grace upon their hearts, are brought in and intrude themselves, and so through them death, barrenness, and darkness, and by consequence, superstition, error, and idolatry have entered and leavened the church. And they that will narrowly observe, shall find that it was thus the apostacy came to take place; of the truth of which I could give many examples, which for brevity's sake I omit. Thus the office, reverence, and respect due to it were annexed to the mere name, so that when once a man was ordained a bishop or a priest, he was heard and believed, though he had nothing of the Spirit, power, and life that the true apostles and ministers were in. And thus in a short time the succession came to be of the name and title, and the office was thereto annexed; and not of the nature, virtue, and life; which in effect made them to cease to be the ministry and ministers of Christ, but only a shadow and vain image of it; which also decaying, was in some ages so metamorphosed, that not only the substance was lost, but the very form wholly ⁷²⁵⁷²⁵The marred church compared to Theseus's pieced boat. vitiated, altered, and marred; so that it may be far better said of the pretended Christian church, as was disputed of Theseus's boat, (which by the piecing of many new pieces of timber was wholly altered,) whether indeed it were the same or another? But in case that the first had been of oak, and the pieces last put in but of rotten fir, and that also the form had been so far changed as to be nothing like the first, I think it would have suf 327 fered no dispute, but might have easily been concluded to be quite another, retaining nothing but the name, and that also unjustly. Secondly, From ⁷²⁶⁷²⁶The abuse follwwing the distinction of laity & clergy. this distinction of laity and clergy this abuse also follows, that good, honest, mechanic men, and others who have not learned the art and trade of preaching, and so are not licentiated according to these rules they prescribe unto themselves; such, I say, being possessed with a false opinion that it is not lawful for them to meddle with the ministry, nor that they are any ways fit for it, because of the defect of that literature, do thereby neglect the gift in themselves, and quench many times the pure breathings of the Spirit, of God in their hearts; which, if given way to, might prove much more for the edification of the church than many of the conned sermons of the learned. And so by this means the apostle's command and advice is slighted, who exhorteth, 1 Thess. v. 19, 20. not to quench the Spirit, nor despise prophesyings. And all this is done by men pretending to be Christians, who glory that the first preachers and propagators of their religion were such kind of plain mechanic men, and illiterate. And even Protestants do no less than ⁷²⁷⁷²⁷Both Protestants & Papists exclude mechanic men from preaching, who greatly contributed to the reformation. Papists exclude such kind of men from being ministers among them, and thus limit the Spirit and gift, of God; though their Fathers, in opposition to Papists, asserted the contrary; and also their own histories declare how that kind of illiterate men did, without learning, by the Spirit of God, greatly contribute in divers places to the Reformation.

By this it may appear, that as in calling and qualifying, so in preaching and praying, and the other particular steps of the ministry, every true minister is to know the Spirit of God by its virtue and life to accompany and assist him; but because this relates to worship, I shall speak of it more largely in the next proposition, which is concerning worship. 328 The last thing to be considered and inquired into is, concerning the maintenance of a gospel minister; but before I proceed, I judge it fit to speak something in short concerning the preaching of women, and to declare what we hold in that matter.

⁷²⁸⁷²⁸Women's public preaching & praying asserted. Seeing male and female are one in Christ Jesus, and that he gives his Spirit no less to one than to the other, when God moveth by his Spirit in a woman, we judge it no ways unlawful for her to preach in the assemblies of God's people. Neither think we that of Paul, 1 Cor. xiv. 34. to reprove the inconsiderate and talkative women among the Corinthians, who troubled the church of Christ with their unprofitable questions, or that, 1 Tim. ii. 11, 12. that women ought to learn in silence, not usurping authority over the man, any ways repugnant to this doctrine; because it is clear that women have prophesied and preached in the church, else had that saying of Joel been ill applied by Peter, Acts ii. 17. And seeing Paul himself, in the same epistle to the Corinthians, giveth rules how women should behave themselves in their public preaching and praying, it would be a manifest contradiction if that other place were taken in a larger sense. And the same Paul speaks of a woman that laboured with him in the work of the gospel: and it is written ⁷²⁹⁷²⁹Acts xxi. 9. that Philip had four daughters that prophesied. And Lastly, It hath been observed, that God hath effectually in this day converted many souls by the ministry of women; and by them also frequently comforted the souls of his children; which manifest ⁷³⁰⁷³⁰Ques. 4. Ministers' maintenance. experience puts the thing beyond all controversy. But now I shall proceed to speak of the maintenance of ministers.

§. XXVIII. We freely acknowledge, as the proposition ⁷³¹⁷³¹The ministers' food and their maintenance stated. holds forth, that there is an obligation upon such to whom God sends, or among whom he raiseth up a minister, that, if need be, they minister to his necessities. Secondly, That it is lawful329 for him to receive what is necessary and convenient. To prove this I need not insist, for our adversaries will readily grant it to us; for the thing we affirm is, that this is all that these scripture testimonies relating to this thing do grant, Gal. vi. 6. 1 Cor. ix. 11, 12, 13, 14. 1 Tim. v. 16. That which we then oppose in this matter is, First, That it should be constrained and limited. Secondly, That it should be superfluous, chargeable, and sumptuous. And Thirdly, The manifest abuse thereof, of which I shall also briefly treat.

As to the First, our adversaries are forced to ⁷³²⁷³²I. Against constrained maintenance. recur to the example of the law; a refuge they use in defending most of their errors and superstitions, which are contrary to the nature and purity of the gospel.

They say, God appointed the Levites the tithes, ⁷³³⁷³³Object. therefore they belong also to such as minister in holy things under the gospel.

I answer, All that can be gathered from this is, ⁷³⁴⁷³⁴Answ. that as the priests had a maintenance allowed them under the law, so also the ministers and preachers ⁷³⁵⁷³⁵Tithes were appointed for the Levites, not for gospel preachers. under the gospel, which is not denied; but the comparison will not hold that they should have the very same; since, First, There is no express gospel command for it, neither by Christ nor his apostles. Secondly, The parity doth no ways hold betwixt the Levites under the law, and the preachers under the gospel; because the Levites were one of the tribes of Israel, and so had a right to a part of the inheritance of the land as well as the rest of their brethren; and having none, had this allotted to them in lieu of it. Next, The tenth of the tithes was only allowed to the priests that served at the altar, the rest being for the Levites, and also to be put up in store-houses, for entertaining of widows and strangers. But these preachers, notwithstanding they inherit what they have by their parents, as well as other men, yet claim the330 whole tithes, allowing nothing either to widow or stranger. But as to the tithes I shall not insist, because divers others have clearly and learnedly treated of them apart, and also divers Protestants do confess them not to be jure divino; and the parity as to the quota doth not hold, but only in general as to the obligation of a maintenance ; which maintenance, though the hearers be obliged to give, and fail of their duty if they do not, yet that it ⁷³⁶⁷³⁶Reas. 1. ought neither to be stinted, nor yet forced, I ⁷³⁷⁷³⁷The gospel freely to be preached without so much a year. prove; because Christ, when he sent forth his apostles, said, Freely ye have received, freely give, Mat. x. 8. and yet they had liberty to receive meat and drink from such as offered them, to supply their need. Which shows that they were not to seek or require any thing by force, or to stint, or make a bargain before hand, as the preachers as well among Papists as Protestants do in these days, who will not preach to any until they be first sure of so much a year; but on the contrary, these were to do their duty, and freely to communicate, as the Lord should order them, what they had received, without seeking or expecting a reward.

⁷³⁸⁷³⁸Nic. Arnoldus' answer to Freely ye have received, &c. The answer given to this by Nicolaus Arnoldus, Exercit. Theolog. Sect. 42, 43. is not to be forgotten, but indeed to be kept upon record for a perpetual remembrance of him and his brethren; for he frankly answers after this manner, We have not freely received, and therefore are not bound to give freely. The answer I confess is ingenuous and good; for if those that receive freely are to give freely, it would seem to follow by the rule of contraries, that those that receive not freely ought not to give freely, and I shall grant it; only they must grant me, that they preach not by and according to the gift and grace of God received, nor can they be good stewards of the manifold grace of God, as every true minister ought to be; or else they331 ⁷³⁹⁷³⁹Simon Magus have gotten this gift or grace by money, as Simon Magus would have been compassing it, since they think themselves not bound to give it without money again. But to be plain, l believe he intended not that it was from the gift or grace of God they were to preach, but from their acquired arts and studies, which have cost them much labour, and also some money at the university; and therefore, as he that puts his stock into the public bank expects interest again, so these scholars, having spent some money in learning the art of preaching, think they may boldly say they have it not freely; for it hath cost them both money and pains, and therefore they expect both money and ease again. And therefore, as Arnoldus gets money for teaching his young students the art and trade of preaching, so he intends they should be repaid before they give it again to others. It was of old said, Omnia venalia Romae, i.e. All things are set to sale at Rome; ⁷⁴⁰⁷⁴⁰All things are set to sale at Rome, to Franequer applied. but now the same proverb may be applied to Franequer. And therefore Arnoldus's students, when they go about to preach, may safely seek and require hereby, telling their hearers their master's maxim, Nos gratis non accepimus, ergo neque gratis dare tenemur. But then they may answer again, That they find them and their master to be none of his ministers, who, when he sent forth his disciples, gave them this command, Freely ye have received, freely give, and therefore we will have none of your teaching, because we perceive you to be of the number of those that look for their gain from their quarter. ⁷⁴¹⁷⁴¹Isa. lvi. 11.

§. XXIX. Secondly, The scripture testimonies ⁷⁴²⁷⁴²Reas. 2 that urge this are in the same nature of those that press charity and liberality towards the poor, and command hospitality, &c. but these are not nor ⁷⁴³⁷⁴³Mere voluntary deeds no man can stint them. can be stinted to a certain quantity, because they are deeds merely voluntary, where the obedience to the command lieth in the good will of 332 the giver, and not in the matter of the thing given, as Christ showeth in the example of the widow's mite. So that though there be an obligation upon Christians to minister of outward things to their ministers, yet there can be no definition of the quantity but by the giver's own consent, and a little from one may more truly fulfil the obligation than a great deal from another. And therefore asacts of charity and hospitality can neither be limited nor forced, so neither can this. ⁷⁴⁴⁷⁴⁴Object. If it be objected, That ministers may and ought to exhort, ersuade, yea, and earnestly press Christians, if they find them defective therein, to acts of charity and hospitality, and so may they do also to the giving of maintenance; ⁷⁴⁵⁷⁴⁵Answ. I answer, All this saith nothing for a stinted and forced maintenance, for which there cannot so much as the show of one solid argument be brought from scripture. I confess ministers may use exhortation in this as much as in any other case, even as the apostle did to theCorinthians, showing them ⁷⁴⁶⁷⁴⁶ Paul's labour was that the gospel might be without charge. their duty; but it were fit for ministers that so do (that their testimony might have the more weight, and be the freer of all suspicion of covetousness and self-interest) that they might be able to say truly in the sight of God that which the same apostle subjoins upon the same occasion, 1Cor. ix. 15, 16, 17, 18. But I have used none of these things; neither have I written these things, that it should be so done unto me: f'or it were better for me to die, than that any man should make my glorying void. For though I preach the gospel, I have nothing to glory of; for necessity is laid upon me, yea, woe is unto me if I preach not the gospel. For if I do this thing willingly, I have a reward; but if against my will, a dispensation of the gospel is committed unto me, what is my reward then? Verily that when I preach the gospel, I may make the gospel of Christ without charge, that I abuse not my power in the gospel. 333 Thirdly, As there is neither precept nor example ⁷⁴⁷⁷⁴⁷Reas. 3. for this forced and stinted maintenance in the scripture, so the apostle, in his solemn farewell to the pastors and elders of the church of Ephesus, guards them against it, Acts xx. 33, 34, 35. But if the thing had been either lawful or practised, he would rather have exhorted them to be content with their stinted hire, and not to covet more; whereas he showeth them, first, by his own example, that they were not to covet or expect any man's silver ⁷⁴⁸⁷⁴⁸Paul coveted no body's silver or gold. or gold; secondly, that they ought to work with their hands for an honest livelihood, as he had done; and lastly, he exhorts them so to do from the words of Christ, because it is a more blessed thing to give than to receive; showing that it is so far from a thing that a true minister ought to aim at, or expect, that it is rather a burden to a true minister, and cross to him, to be reduced to the necessity of wanting it.

§. XXX. Fourthly, If a forced and stinted ⁷⁴⁹⁷⁴⁹Reas.4. maintenance were to be supposed, it would make the ministers of Christ just one with those hirelings ⁷⁵⁰⁷⁵⁰No hireling fitting the gospel of Christ whom the prophets cried out against. For certainly if a man make a bargain to preach to people for so much a year, so as to refuse to preach unless he have it, and seek to force the people to give it by violence, it cannot be denied that such a one preacheth for hire, and so looks for his gain ⁷⁵¹⁷⁵¹Mic. iii. 5. from his quarter, yea, and prepares war against such as put not into his mouth; but this is the particular special mark of a false prophet and an hireling, and therefore can no ways belong to a true minister of Christ.

Next, that a superfluous maintenance, that is, ⁷⁵²⁷⁵²Moderate Protestants and Papists exclaim against the excess of the clergy's revenues. more than in reason is needful, ought not to be received by Christian ministers, will not need much proof, seeing the more moderate and sober, both among Papists and Protestants, readily confess it, who with one voice exclaim against the 334 excessive revenues of the clergy; and that it may not want a proof from scripture, what can be more plain than that of the apostle to Timothy? 1 Tim. vi. 7, 8, 9, 10. where he both shows wherewith we ought to be content, and also the hazard of such as look after more; and indeed, since that very obligation of giving maintenance to a minister is founded upon their need, and such as have opportunity to work are commended rather in not receiving than in receiving, it can no ways be supposed lawful for them to receive more than is sufficient. And indeed, were they truly pious and right, though necessitous, they would rather incline to take too little, than be gaping after too much.

⁷⁵³⁷⁵³II. §. XXXI. Now that there is great excess and ⁷⁵⁴⁷⁵⁴The excess of the priests and bishops' revenues. abuse hereof among Christians, the vast revenues which the bishops and priests have, both Papists and Protestants, do declare; since I judge it may be said without any hyperbole, that some particular persons have more paid them yearly than Christ and his apostles made use of in their whole lifetime, who yet wanted not what was needful as to the outward man, and no doubt deserved it far better than those that enjoy that fulness. But it is manifest these bishops and priests love their fat benefices, and the pleasure and honour that attends them, so well, that they purpose neither to follow Christ nor his apostles' example or advice in this matter.

⁷⁵⁵⁷⁵⁵Object. But it is usually objected, That Christians are become so hard-hearted, and generally so little heed spiritual things, that if ministers had not a settled and stinted maintenance secured them by law, they and their families might starve for want of bread.

⁷⁵⁶⁷⁵⁶Answ. I answer, This objection might have some weight as to a carnal ministry, made up of natural men, who have no life, power, nor virtue with them, and so may insinuate some need of such 335 a maintenance for such a ministry; but it saith nothing as to such as are called and sent of God, who ⁷⁵⁷⁷⁵⁷They wanted nothing whom God sent; they laboured with their hands. sends no man a wayfaring upon his own charges; and so go forth in the authority and power of God, to turn people from darkness to light; for such can trust to him that sendeth them and do believe that he will provide for them, knowing that he requireth nothing of any but what he giveth power to perform; and so when they return, if he inquire, can say they wanted nothing. And such also when they stay in a place, being immediately furnished by God, and not needing to borrow and steal what they preach from books, and take up their time that way, fall a working at their lawful employments and labour with their hands, as Paul did when he gathered the church at Corinth. And indeed if this objection had any weight, the apostles and primitive pastors should never have gone forth to convert the nations, for fear of want. Doth not the doctrine of Christ teach us to venture all, and part with all, to serve God? Can they then be accounted ministers of Christ who are afraid to preach him lest they get not money for it, or will not do it until they be sure of their payment? What serves the ministry for but to perfect the saints, and so to convert them from that hard-heartedness?

But thou wilt say, I have laboured and preached to ⁷⁵⁸⁷⁵⁸Object. them, and they are hard-hearted still, and will, not give me any thing:

Then surely thou hast either not been sent to ⁷⁵⁹⁷⁵⁹Answ. them of God, and so thy ministry and preaching hath not been among them in the power, virtue, and life of Christ, and so thou deservest nothing; or else they have rejected thy testimony, and so are not worthy, and from such thou oughtest not ⁷⁶⁰⁷⁶⁰ Mat. x. 14, to expect, yea, nor yet receive, any thing, if they If they reject thy testimony, shake the dust from off thy feet. would give thee, but thou oughtest to shake off the dust from thy feet, and leave them. And how frivolous this objection is, appears, in that in the 336 darkest and most superstitious times the priests' revenues increased most, and they were most richly rewarded, though they deserved least. So that he that is truly sent of God, as he needs not, so neither will he, be afraid of want, so long as he serves so good a master; neither will he ever forbear to do his work for that cause. And indeed such as make this objection show truly that they serve not the Lord Christ, but their own belly, and that makes them so anxious for want of food to it.

⁷⁶¹⁷⁶¹II. §. XXXII. But lastly, As to the abuses of this ⁷⁶²⁷⁶²The many abuses priests' maintenance brings. kind of maintenance, indeed he that would go through them all, though he did it passingly, might make of it alone a huge volume, they are so great and numerous. For this abuse, as others, crept in with the apostacy, there being nothing of this in the primitive times: then the ministers claimed no tithes, neither sought they a stinted or forced maintenance; but such as wanted had their necessity supplied by the church, and others wrought with their hands. But the persecutions being over, and the emperors and princes coming under the name of Christians, the zeal of those great men was quickly abused by the covetousness of the clergy, who soon learned to change their cottages with the palaces of princes, and rested not until by degrees some of them came to be princes themselves, nothing inferior to them in splendor, luxury, and magnificence; a method of living that honest Peter and John, the fishermen, and Paul the tent-maker, never coveted; and perhaps as little imagined that men pretending to be their successors should have arrived to these things. And so soon as the bishops were thus seated and constituted, forgetting the life and work of a Christian, they went usually by the ears together about the precedency and revenues, each coveting the chiefest and fattest benefice. It is also 337 to be regretted to think how soon this mischief crept in among Protestants, who had scarce well ⁷⁶³⁷⁶³The Protestants having forsaken the pope, yet would not forsake the rich popish revenues. appeared when the clergy among them began to speak at the old rate, and show that though they had forsaken the bishop of Rome, they were not resolved to part with their old benefices; and therefore so soon as any princes or states shook off the Pope's authority, and so demolished the abbies, nunneries, and other monuments of superstition, the reformed clergy began presently to cry out to the magistrates to beware of meddling with the church's patrimony, severely exclaiming against making a lawful use of those vast revenues that had been superstitiously bestowed upon the church, so called, to the good and benefit of the commonwealth, as no less than sacrilege.

But by keeping up of this kind of maintenance ⁷⁶⁴⁷⁶⁴1 The clergy's covetousness. for the ministry and clergymen, so called, there is first a bait laid for covetousness, which is idolatry, and of all things most hurtful; so that for covetousness' sake, many, being led by the desire of filthy lucre, do apply themselves to be ministers, that they may get a livelihood by it. If a man have several children, he will allot one of them to be a minister; which if he can get it to be, he reckons it as good as a patrimony: so that a fat benefice hath always many expectants; and then what bribing, what courting, what industry, and shameful actions are used to acquire these things, is too openly known, and needs not to be proved.

The scandal that by these means is raised among Christians is so manifest; that it is become a proverb, ⁷⁶⁵⁷⁶⁵The greedy kirk, a proverb. that the kirk is always greedy. Whereby the gift and grace of God being neglected, they have for the most part no other motive or rule in applying themselves to one church more than another but the greater benefice. For though they 338 hypocritically pretend, at their accepting of and entering into their church, that they have nothing before them but the glory of God and the salvation of souls; yet if a richer benefice offer itself, they presently find it more for God's glory to remove from the first, and go thither. And thus they make no difficulty often to change, while notwithstanding they accuse us that we allow ministers to go from place to place, and not to be tied to one place; but we allow this not for the gaining of money, but as moved of God. For if a minister be called to minister in a particular place, he ought not to leave it, except God call him from it, and then he ought to obey: for we make the will of God inwardly revealed, and not the love of money and more gain, the ground of removing.

⁷⁶⁶⁷⁶⁶2. The clergy's luxury. Secondly, From this abuse hath proceeded that luxury and idleness that most of the clergy live in, even among Protestants as well as Papists, to the great scandal of Christianity. For not having lawful trades to work with their hands, and being so superfluously and sumptuously provided for, they live in idleness and luxury; and there doth more pride, vanity, and worldly glory appear in their wives and children than in most others, which is open and evident to all.

⁷⁶⁷⁷⁶⁷3. The clergy's cruelty. Thirdly, They become hereby so glued to the love of money, that there is none like them in malice, rage, and cruelty. If they be denied their hire, they rage like drunken men, fret, fume, and as it were go mad. A man may sooner satisfy the severest creditor than them; the general voice of the poor doth confirm this. For in deed they are far more exact in taking up the tithes of sheep, geese, swine, and eggs, &c. and look more narrowly to it than to the members of their flock: they will not miss the least mite; 339 and the poorest widow cannot escape their ⁷⁶⁸⁷⁶⁸Poor widow's mite cannot escape the priests' greedyhands. avaricious hands. Twenty lies they will hear unreproved; and as many oaths a man may swear in their hearing without offending them; and greater evils than all this they can overlook. But If thou owest them aught, and refusest to pay it, then nothing but war will they thunder against thee, and they will stigmatize thee with the horrible title of sacrilege, and send thee to hell without mercy, as if thou hadst committed the sin against the Holy Ghost. Of all people we can ⁷⁶⁹⁷⁶⁹The work of Antichrist is fury, envy, malice. best bear witness to this; for God having shown us this corrupt and antichristian ministry, and called us out from it, and gathered us unto his own power and life; to be a separate people, so that we dare not join with; nor hear these antichristian hirelings, neither yet put into their mouths, or feed them; oh! what malice, envy, and fury hath this raised in their hearts against us! That though we get none of their wares, neither will buy them, as knowing them to be naught, yet will they force us to give them money: and because we cannot for conscience' sake do it, our sufferings upon that account have been unutterable. Yea, to give account of their cruelty, and several sorts of inhumanity used against us, would make no small history. These avaricious hirelings have come to that degree of malice and rage, that several poor labouring men have been carried hundreds of miles from their own dwellings, and shut up in prison, some two, some three, yea, some seven years together, for the value of one pound sterling, and less. I know ⁷⁷⁰⁷⁷⁰A widow for the tithe of geese about four years in prison. myself a poor widow, that for the tithes of her geese, which amounted not to five shillings, was about four years kept in prison, thirty miles from her house. Yea, they by violence for this cause have plundered of men's goods the hundred-fold, and prejudiced as muchmore; yea, hundreds have340 hereby spilt their innocent blood, by dying in the ⁷⁷¹⁷⁷¹Some lost their Iives in nasty holes, some wounded by the priests, &c. filthy noisome holes and prisons. And some of the priests have been so enraged, that goods thus ravished could not satisfy them; but they must also satisfy their fury by beating, knocking, and wounding with their hands innocent men and women, for refusing (for conscience' sake) to put into their mouths.

The only way then soundly to reform and remove all these abuses, and take away the ground and occasion of them, is, to take away all stinted ⁷⁷²⁷⁷²Whoso heap teachers to themselves, let them provide their stipend. and forced maintenance and stipends. And whoever call or appoint teachers to themselves, let them accordingly entertain them: and for such as are called and moved to the ministry by the Spirit of God, those that receive them, and taste of the good of their ministry, will no doubt provide things needful for them, and there will be no need of a law to force a hire for them: for he that sends them, will take care for them; and they also, having food and raiment, will therewith be content.

⁷⁷³⁷⁷³The difference between the ministry of the Quakers and their adversaries. §. XXXIII. The sum then of what is said is, That the ministry that we have pleaded for, and which also the Lord hath raised up among us is, in all its parts, like the true ministry of the apostles and primitive church. Whereas the ministry our adversaries seek to uphold and plead for, as it doth in all its parts differ from them, so, on the other hand, it is very like the false prophets and teachers testified against and condemned in the scripture, as may be thus briefly illustrated.

⁷⁷⁴⁷⁷⁴The true ministers' call. I. The ministry and ministers we plead for, are such as are immediately called and sent forth by Christ and his Spirit unto the work of the ministry: so were the holy apostles and prophets, as appears by these places, Mat. x.1, 5. Eph. iv. 11. Heb. v. 4.

1. But the ministry and ministers our opposers plead for, are such as have no immediate call from341 Christ, to whom the leading and motion of the Spirit is not reckoned necessary; but who are called, sent forth, and ordained by wicked and ungodly men: such were of old the false prophets and teachers, as appears by, these places, Jer. xiv. 14, 15. item, chap. xxiii. 21. and xxvii. 15.

II. The ministers we plead for, are such as are ⁷⁷⁵⁷⁷⁵True ministers guide. actuated and led by God's spirit, and by the power and operation of his grace in their hearts, are in some measure converted and regenerate, and so are good, holy, and gracious men: such were the holy prophets and apostles, as appears from 1 Tim. iii. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Tit. i. 7, 8, 9.

2. But the ministers our adversaries plead for, are such to whom the grace of God is no needful qualification; and so may be true ministers, according to them, though, they be ungodly, unholy, and profligate men: such were the false prophets and apostles, as appears from Mic. iii. 5, 11. 1 Tim. vi. 5, 6, 7, 8, &c. 2 Tim. iii. 2. 2 Pet. ii. 1, 2, 3.

Ill. The ministers we plead for, are such as act, ⁷⁷⁶⁷⁷⁶True ministers work. move, and labour in the work of the ministry, not from their own mere natural strength and ability, but as they are actuated, moved, supported, assisted, and influenced by the Spirit of God, and minister according to the gift received, as good stewards of the manifold grace of God: such were the holy prophets and apostles, 1 Pet. iv. 10, 11. 1 Cor. i. 17. ii. 3, 4, 5, 13. Acts ii. 4. Mat. x. 20. Mark xiii. 11. Luke xii. 12. 1 Cor. xiii. 2.

3. But the ministers our adversaries plead for, are such as wait not for, nor expect, nor need the Spirit of God to actuate and move them in the work of the ministry; but what they do they do from their own mere natural strength and ability, and what they have gathered and stolen from the letter of the scripture, and other books, and so speak it forth in the strength of their own wisdom and eloquence, and not in the evidence and demonstration of the Spirit and power: such were the false 342 prophets arid apostles, as appears, Jer. xxiii. 30, 31, 32, 34, &c. 1 Cor. iv. 18. Jude 16.

⁷⁷⁷⁷⁷⁷True ministers' humility. IV. The ministers we plead for, are such as, being holy and humble, contend not for precedency and priority, but rather strive to prefer one another, and serve one another in love; neither desire to be distinguished from the rest by their garments and large phylacteries, nor seek greetings in the market-places, nor the uppermost places at feasts, nor the chief seats in the synagogues; nor yet to be called of men master, &c. such were the holy prophets and apostles, as appears from Mat. xxiii. 8, 9, 10. and xx. 25, 26, 27.

4. But the ministers our adversaries plead for, are such as strive and contend for superiority, and claim precedency over one another; affecting and ambitiously seeking after the forementioned things: such were the false prophets and apostles in time past, Mat. xxiii. 5, 6, 7.

⁷⁷⁸⁷⁷⁸True ministers' free gift. V. The ministers we plead for, are such as having freely received, freely give; who covet no man's silver, gold, or garments; who seek no man's goods, but seek them, and the salvation of their souls: whose hands supply their own necessities, working honestly for bread to themselves and their families. And, if at any time they be called of God, so as the work of the Lord hinder them from the use of their trades, take what is freely given them by such to whom they have communicated spirituals; and having food and raiment, are therewith content: such were the holy prophets and apostles, as appears from Mat. x. 8. Acts xx. 33, 34, 35. 1 Tim. vi. 8.

5. But the ministers our adversaries plead for, are such as not having freely received, will not freely give; but are covetous, doing that which they ought not, for filthy lucre's sake; as to preach for hire, and divine for money, and look for their gain from their quarter, and prepare war against such as put not into their mouths, &c. Greedy dogs, which can never have enough. Shepherds who feed themselves, and not 343 the flock; eating the fat, and clothing themselves with the wool; making merchandise of souls; and following the way of Balaam, that loved the wages of unrighteousness; such were the false prophets and apostles, Isai. lvi. 11. Ezek. xxxiv. 2, 3, 8. Mic. iii.. 5, 11. Tit. i. 10, 11. 2 Pet. ii. 1, 2, 3, 14, 15.

And in a word, We are for a holy, spiritual, pure, ⁷⁷⁹⁷⁷⁹True ministers' life and qualifications. and living ministry, where the ministers are both called, qualified, and ordered, actuated and influenced, in all the steps of their ministry by the Spirit of God; which being wanting, we judge they cease to be the ministers of Christ.

But they, judging this life, grace, and Spirit no essential part of their ministry, are therefore for the upholding of an human, carnal, dry, barren, fruitless, and dead ministry; of which, alas! we have seen the fruits in the most part of their churches of whom that saying of the Lord is certainly verified, Jer. xxiii. 32.---I sent them not, nor commanded them, therefore they shall not profit this people at all, saith the LORD.