sen, 1883; F. Lenormant, Lea Originze de- 'hiatoire d'aprda la Bible, vol. i., Paris, 1880, Eng. transl., Beginnings of History, London, 1883; J. wellhausen, Die Kamposition des Hexateucha, pp. 10 eqq.. 305, Berlin. 1889; H. E. Ryle, Early Narratives of Genesis, pp. 78-83, London, 1892; B. 8tade, in ZATW. xiv. (1894) 250 sqq.; EB, i . 822-825, iv. 4411-17; DB, i. 338-339. On the later Jewish mythology, J. A. Eisenmenger. Entdecktea Judenfhum, i. 462, 471, 832, 836, Frankfort, 1700.

CAIIQITES : According to Irenaeus (Her., i. 31), a sect of the Ophitea (q.v.) who worshiped Cain as an instrument of the Gnostic Sophia, treated with hostility by the demiurge. They saw in Judas the one who best of all knew the truth, celebrated his treason as a mystery, and had a " Gospel of Judas." The notices of Pseudo-Tertullian (Ilter., vii.), Philastriua (Ilcer., ii.), and Epiphaniua (Hcer., xxxviii.) accord with these statements. Cain was generated of higher power than Abel, and Judas was the benefactor of the human race, either because by his treason he frustrated Christ's intention to destroy truth (Philastrius), or because he compelled the archona to kill Christ, and so assisted in obtaining the salvation of the cross (Epiphanius). When Tertullian (Prieacriptio hcrreliconcm, xxxiii.; of. De btcptiamo, i.) mentions " Gaiana hereais" he probably refers to the Cainites. Cf. also 'Clement, Strom., vi. 108; Theodoret, Hcer., i. 15; Hippolytus, Phil., -viii. 20. For Cainitea, descendants of Cain, Bee CAIN, KENITEB. ~ G. KROCiER.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Meander. Christian Church, i. 448. 478, 848; Harnaek, Litteratur, II. i. 538 sqq.; see literature under GNOBTICIeM; OPHITEB.

CAIRD, JOHN: Church of Scotland: b. at Greenock (23 m. w.n.w. of Glasgow), R,enfrewahire, Dec. 15, 1820; d. there July 30, 1898. He was - educated at the University of Glasgow (18371838, 1840-45; M.A., 1845), interrupting his studies in 1838-39 while engaged. in his father's engineering works. After the completion of his education he was minister successively at Newton-on-Ayr (18451847),~Lady Yester's, Edinburgh (1847--49), Errol, Perthshire (1849-57), and the Park Church, Glasgow (18572). In 1862 he was appointed professor of theology in the University of Glasgow, where he became principal and vice-chancellor in 1$73, retaining both positions until his death, although he announced his intention of resigning early in 1898. He was Croall Lecturer at Edinburgh in 1878-79 and Gifford Lecturer at Glasgow in 1890-91 and 1896, though a stroke of paralysis forced him to discontinue this second course. He wrote: Sermons (Edinburgh, 1858); Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion (Croall lectures for 1878-79; Glasgow, 1880); Spinout (Edinburgh, 1886); and the posthumous University Addresses (Glasgow, 1898): University Sermons (1898); and The Fundamental Ideas of Christianity (Gifford lectures; 2 vole., 1899; ed., with a memoir of the author, by E. Caird).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: E. Caird, memoir Prefixed to his edition of The Fundamental Ideas of Christianity' 2 vols.,Glasgow, 1899; DNB, supplement, i. 368-369.

CAIRNS, JOHN: United Presbyterian Church, Scotland b. at Ayton Hill (7 m. n.w. of Berwickon-Tweed) Aug. 23, 1818; d. in Edinburgh Mar. 12, 1892. After being the wonder of his first school, he became the wonder of the University of Edin-

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burgh, where he studied arts (1834-40), and of Secession Hall, where he studied theology (1840-43). In 1843-44 he studied and traveled on the Continent and received impressions and made acquaintances, especially in Germany, which affected his life. From 1845 till 1876 he was minister of the Golden Square United Presbyterian Church, Berwick-onTweed. In frame he was massive, and he had apparently great powers of endurance, but he toiled too much, responded to too many calls in every direction; and on all sorts of errands, and so in 1855 broke down and after that was frequently laid aside. He early became one .of the leaders of his denomination, and developed into one of the foremost Scotchmen. He was from 1867 to 1876 professor of apologetics in the theological hall of his denomination in Edinburgh; in 1872 moderator of its general assembly. In 1876 he gave up his pastoral charge, and moving to Edinburgh received the joint professorship (with the principal) 'of systematic theology and apologetics-the terms of which had been lengthened from seven weeks to five months. In 1879 he succeeded to the principalsbip. 'In 1880 he visited America and was a prominent character in the second council of the Alliance of the Reformed Churches held in Philadelphia. He died of heart disease after a brief illness. . He never married.

.His beat work was done upon the platform and in the pulpit. The great respect felt for him there and as a man of affairs and counsel withheld criticism of him as an educator, for as such he was less successful. . He had considerable learning and remarkable gifts, especially in the way of language, and he acquired foreign languages readily, even such tongues as Assyrian and Arabic when in middle life. He was sprung from the common people, underaood how to address them, and was reverenced by them. His nature was genial, free from affectation and hauteur, and he was untiring in the service of others. He made a deep impression on his own generation by his broad-mindedness, moral courage, and fervent eloquence.

The topics upon which he spoke with convincing power, springing from deep conviction, were the freedom of the Church from the State; home and foreign missions; temperance,, and (after, 1874) in advocacy of total abstinence; modification of the Confession of Faith, by a declaratory statement (adopted 1879); union of the United Presbyterian, the Free Church, and the Church of Scotland (realized as far as the first two are concerned in 1900); and the disestabiishment of the Church of Scotland.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: A. R. Maeewen Life and Letters of John Cairns; London, 1898; Principal Cairns, in the Famous

CAIIlS, k@'us: The name of several characters in Roman history, of whom only two need be included here.